[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar programas de computador em linguagem FORTRAN de vários tópicos de um projeto de ar condicionado, acompanhado de explicações sobre sua utilização, bem como os fundamentos teóricos em que se basearam. A partir das equações da Mecânica dos Fluidos e da Transmissão de Calor, obtém as equações para o dimensionamento de uma rede de dutos pelos métodos da Recuperação Estática e Igual Perda, para o cálculo do fluxo de calor transferido ao fluido, escoando dentro dos dutos, para a determinação da temperatura de insuflamento do ar, para o cálculo da quantidade de chapa e isopor necessária à fabricação dos dutos para a determinação do coeficiente global de Transmissão de Calor e para o cálculo de carga térmica por transmissão e para cálculo da perda de carga. Com o auxílio de um diagrama de bloco pode-se acompanhar o raciocínio lógico do programa. Diversas sub-rotinas forma desenvolvidas para resolver equações algébricas não lineares. / [en] The main purpose of this work is to show computer programs in FORTRAN language of several topics of an air conditioning design, followed by specifications about its utilization, as well as the theoretical foundations in which they are based. Since we have the Fluid Mechanical’s and Heat Transfer’s equations, it is possible to obtain equations for air duct design by Static Regain and Equal Friction method, for avaliation of the heat transfer to fluid, flowing inside the ducts, for the avaliation of the inlet temperature of the air, for the avaliation of the galvanized steel and styropor quantities, for the avaliation of the overall Heat Transfer coefficient, for the avaliation of the heat transmition to an ambient, for the avaliation of the head loss in the flow. With the auxiliary of a bloc diagram we can follow logical ratiotination of the program. Several subroutines where developed in order to solve non linear algebraic equations.

A presente dissertação apresenta como objeto de estudo os projetos de reforma para apartamentos situados em edifícios projetados e construídos nas décadas de 1940 e 1950 no bairro de Higienópolis, em São Paulo. Para possibilitar o registro e a caracterização da transformação desses apartamentos, foram elaborados meios de leitura aplicados em cinco estudos de caso. Os meios de leitura recorrem ao redesenho das plantas e foram baseados em um referencial teórico que trata de análises de projetos utilizando recursos gráficos. O objetivo desta dissertação é a compreensão das transformações dos espaços internos dos apartamentos que foram projetados com preceitos modernistas. Para além de tal questão, a pesquisa tem como objetivos específicos identificar características do projeto de requalificação do espaço, aferindo em que medida o projeto original ofereceu flexibilidade suficiente para que o habitat pudesse absorver a dinâmica do modo de vida. A verificação de uma lacuna teórica acerca de projetos de requalificações residenciais, evidenciou a relevância do tema, sugerindo a necessidade do desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de pesquisa. Ainda, esse estudo indicou que os recursos gráficos se apresentaram fundamentais para a leitura do espaço interno dos apartamentos. / The present dissertation presents as an object of study the renovation projects for apartments located in buildings built in the 1940s and 1950s in the district of Higienópolis, in São Paulo. In order to make possible the registration and the characterization of the transformation of these apartments, means of reading were developed in five case studies. The means of reading refers to the redesign of the plants and were based on a theoretical reference that deals with projetct analyzes using graphic resources. The purpose of this dissertation is to understand the transformations of the internal spaces of the apartments that were designed with modernist precepts. In addition to such an issue, the research has the specific objectives of identifying characteristics of the space requalification project, assessing to what extent the original project offered enough flexibility so that the habitat could absorb the dynamics of the way of life. The verification of a theoretical gap regarding residential requalification projects, evidenced the relevance of the theme, suggesting the need to develop a research methodology. Still, this study indicated that the graphic resources were fundamental for reading the internal space of the apartments.

This study aims to review thirteen coastal restoration projects considering the various ecosystem services provided by restoration and estimates the economic value of one of the ecosystem services of restoration. These ecosystem services include water quality improvement, fish and benthic species productivity, shoreline stabilization, oyster abundance, and marsh growth. The projects represent a set of large-scale projects within Alabama and Mississippi, with construction and monitoring costs ranging from $2.3 million to $50 million per project. To determine the economic value of one of the ecosystem services of coastal restoration projects, I used the meta-analysis method to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for coastal water quality improvements. The estimated function from the meta-analysis is applied to parameters specific to the study area. The WTP for improved coastal water quality, from a baseline of fishable but likely to degrade, to an improved fishing catch rate, is $203 per household annually among residents of Alabama and Mississippi.

Machine Learning has significantly influenced development across domains by leveraging incoming and existing data. However, despite its advancements, criticism persists regarding its failure to adequately address real-world problems, with the construction domain being an example. Construction sector is crucial for global economic growth, yet it remains largely unexplored, lacking sufficient research and technological utilization of its extensive data. Despite increasing publications on adapting technological advancements, the primary focus is on urging industry innovation through digitization. Recently, adopting Machine Learning to address operational challenges has gained attention. While some studies have explored potential ML integration opportunities in construction, there is a gap in understanding the factors and barriers hindering its adoption across projects. This study investigates the factors restricting organizations from implementing ML in construction projects and their consequent operational impacts. This study employs a comprehensive literature review of ML concepts and identifies gaps in construction data. Qualitative interviews have been conducted in a semi-structured manner with five industry professionals offering practical insights, preceding a thematic analysis of interview data. Themes are analyzed and discussed in relation to theoretical material to identify connections. Finally, a risk assessment based on identified risks is evaluated through a risk matrix. The results of this study discuss the challenges and potential benefits of implementing ML within the construction industry. The study further emphasizes the necessity of knowledge to understand project-specific datasets. With a primary focus on unstructured text and image data, the study uncovers challenges related to data inconsistency that affect data reliability. While recognizing ML’s potential to streamline construction operations, the study underscores challenges such as data security and digitalization. In summary, this study emphasizes the importance of data quality, security, and cultural transformation in harnessing ML’s capabilities to improve construction project management and operations.

Cette thèse entend contribuer à la compréhension du processus de conception architecturale par le biais du concept de tectonique, notion dont l’historicité confirme une certaine diversité de significations, mais qui suscite une réflexion fondamentale sur le rapport entre l’esthétique architecturale et les moyens constructifs. La connaissance technique de la construction, constituée principalement au 18ème siècle, permettra une nouvelle réflexion sur le rapport entre l’esthétique architecturale et les moyens constructifs. Au 19ème siècle, moment de l’apparition du concept de « tectonique » dans le contexte du débat sur la notion de style, l’indéniable contribution de l’architecte et théoricien Gottfried Semper reconnaît la complexité matérielle de l’édifice. La reprise du terme au 20ème siècle par l’historien et théoricien Kenneth Frampton va quant à elle déplacer le sens de la tectonique vers l’idée d’un « potentiel d’expression constructive ». Ces deux auteurs représentent deux grandes approches tectoniques convergeant sur la nécessité, pour toute théorie de l’architecture, d’encourager une réflexion critique de la construction. Cette thèse se développe en deux parties, l’une retraçant l’histoire et les enjeux de la tectonique, l’autre, de nature plus concrète, cherchant à tester l’actualité du concept à travers une série d’analyses tectoniques de projets modernes et contemporains. À la croisée de deux contextes géographiques différents, le Canada et le Brésil, le corpus de projets de concours que nous avons constitué considère la tectonique comme un phénomène transculturel. Nous formulons l’hypothèse d’une « tectonique du projet », c’est-à-dire d’un espace théorique dans lequel les questions relatives au bâtiment s’élaborent dans des « tensions » dialectiques. L’actualité des catégories semperiennes, dans lesquelles les différents « éléments » du bâtiment représentent différentes techniques de construction, est revisitée à partir de l’étude des projets de Patkau Architects (1986) et de MMBB Arquitetos (1990). Une tension entre les expressions symbolique et formelle issues du matériau brut est plus explicite dans l’étude des projets de Ramoisy Tremblay architectes (2002) et de Brasil Arquitetura (2005). La théorie de la transformation de matériau (Stoffwechseltheorie) de Semper est réexaminée parallèlement dans les projets d’Arthur Erickson et Geoffrey Massey (1967) et de Paulo Mendes da Rocha (1969). Dans l’ensemble de tensions tectoniques présentes tout au long de la conception, nous avons retenu plus particulièrement : le contact avec le sol, la recherche d’une homogénéité constructive, ou son opposé, la recherche d’une variété matérielle et, finalement la tension entre la dimension représentationnelle et la dimension technique de l’architecture. La modélisation du concept de tectonique, par un ensemble de tensions auxquelles les concepteurs doivent s’adresser en phase de projet, confirme que des questions en apparence simplement « techniques » concernent en fait tout autant le génie de l’invention que la connaissance historique des idées architecturales. / This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of the architectural design process through the concept of tectonic, a notion that historically has assumed different meanings and raised essential considerations on the relationship between architectural aesthetics and techniques of construction. The technical knowledge of building processes developed during the 18th century encouraged a new theoretical approach to the question of the rapport between architectural aesthetics and construction. The following century, when the concept of tectonic made its appearance in architectural discourse in the context of the debate on the notion of style, architect and theorist Gottfried Semper emphasized the material complexity of construction. A century later, historian and critic Kenneth Frampton resurrected the notion of tectonic shifting its meaning to signify the “expressive potential” of construction. The diverse positions of Semper and Frampton converge on the assumption of the necessity for any theory of architecture to encourage a critical thinking of construction. The present thesis consists of two parts: the first traces the history and significance of the concept of tectonic; the second tests the operational capacity of the notion through a series of investigations of projects from the 1970s to the present. This survey isolates a number of Canadian and Brazilian competition projects selected as privileged examples of innovation and research. In the diverse geopolitical contexts of Canada and Brazil, tectonic is considered as a trans-cultural phenomenon. According to the preliminary hypothesis the ‘tectonic of the project’ considers a theoretical space in which building issues are elaborated in dialectic tensions. The Semperian categories according to which the various ‘elements’ of the building represent different construction techniques are revisited in the study of projects by Patkau Architects (1986) and MMBB Arquitetos (1990). The tension between the formal and symbolic expressions in raw materials is made explicit in the study of architectural projects by Ramoisy Tremblay (2002) and Brasil Arquitetura (2005). Semper’s theory of material transformation (Stoffwechseltheorie) is investigated in relation to the projects of Arthur Erickson and Geoffrey Massey (1967) and Paulo Mendes da Rocha (1969). Among the general tectonic tensions, present in design processes, particular emphasis is devoted to: the contact with the ground; the research for constructive homogeneity (or at the opposite of the spectrum, the multiplicity of building materials); the tension between the representational and the technical aspect of architecture. The shaping of the concept of tectonic, throughout the ensemble of dialectic tensions that inform the design of a building, confirms that questions that may appear merely 'technical' include not only the genius of invention but also the historical knowledge of architectural ideas.

[pt] O setor elétrico brasileiro vem sofrendo fortes mudanças estruturais, cujo principal objetivo é criar um caráter competitivo para permitir ao setor crescer não mais por investimentos estatais, mas sim pela atuação do capital privado. Assim sendo, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) passa a oferecer uma multiplicidade de oportunidades de investimentos, geradas principalmente pela recente implantação dos leilões de unidades geradoras de energia (em sua maioria hidrelétricas) e de linhas transmissoras. Em vista disso, essa dissertação propõe um modelo de avaliação de projetos de geração hidrelétrica sob condições de incerteza utilizando-se a metodologia de opções reais. Este trabalho busca incorporar a flexibilidade gerencial à avaliação de projetos através do uso de Árvores Binomiais de Decisão, com probabilidades neutras ao risco, para a avaliação por Opções Reais em Tempo Discreto. O método é computacionalmente intenso, mas de modelagem mais simples e intuitiva que os métodos tradicionais de Opções Reais, permitindo assim uma maior flexibilidade na elaboração do modelo. A aplicação prática foi realizada através da avaliação da opção de venda de energia de uma Pequena Central Hidrelétrica (PCH). / [en] The Brazilian electric sector comes suffering strong structural changes, whose main objective is to create a competitive to allow the sector to grow not more for state investments, but for the private capital. The Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) starts to offer a multiplicity of chances of investments, generated mainly for the recent implantation of the auctions of generating units of energy (in its hydroeletrics majority) and of transmission lines. In sight of this, this work propose a model to hydroelectric generation asset valuation under uncertainty conditions using real options methodology. This work aims to incorporate managerial flexibility to the projects valuation using Decision Trees, with neutral probabilities to the risk, for the Real Options Valuation in Discrete Time. The method is computational intense, but simpler and more intuitive than the traditional methods of Real Options, thus allowing a bigger flexibility in the modeling of the problem.The practical application is applied to the problem of option of energy sale valuation of Small Hydroeletric Generation Asset.

Forest plantations provide essential services for human beings. More recently, population and economic growth has increasingly intensified the demand for forest products. Forest activities are expanding to new areas due to low land prices and governmental incentives in Brazil. Among others; Timberland Investment Management Organizations (TIMOs) are the type of invertors that have significantly increased their participation in the timberland market. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate investor\'s strategies and the mains aspects related to forest investments in Brazil. The thesis is divided into two chapters. The first chapter investigates the strategies used by TIMOs in Brazil and their declared expectations on returns. The second chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of the level and variability of the return rate for three different regions in Brazil. / As plantações florestais fornecem serviços vitais para os seres humanos. Devido ao crescimento populacional e econômico, a demanda por produtos oriundos de florestas plantadas cresceu rapidamente nos últimos anos.Entre os países que possuem uma forte base florestal, Brasil ocupa um papel essencial como produtor de florestas plantadas. A disponibilidade de terra e a alta produtividade atraíram diversos tipos de investidores para o país. As Timberland Investment Management Organization (TIMOs) estão entre os tipos de investidores ampliou seus investmentos no mercado florestal brasileiro. Em paralelo, o setor florestal brasileiro tem expandido para novas áreas devido ao menor custo da terra e incentivos governamentais. Essa dissertação tem como principal objetivo investigar as estratégias e espectativas dos investidores estrangeiros e os principais aspectos relacionados a projetos florestais no Brasil. A dissertação está dividida em dois capítulo. O primeiro capítulo investiga as principais estratégias e os retornos esperados das TIMOs em investimentos florestais no país. O segundo capítulo analiza os níveis de atratividade e seus retornos em três diferentes regiões do país.

Cette thèse entend contribuer à la compréhension du processus de conception architecturale par le biais du concept de tectonique, notion dont l’historicité confirme une certaine diversité de significations, mais qui suscite une réflexion fondamentale sur le rapport entre l’esthétique architecturale et les moyens constructifs. La connaissance technique de la construction, constituée principalement au 18ème siècle, permettra une nouvelle réflexion sur le rapport entre l’esthétique architecturale et les moyens constructifs. Au 19ème siècle, moment de l’apparition du concept de « tectonique » dans le contexte du débat sur la notion de style, l’indéniable contribution de l’architecte et théoricien Gottfried Semper reconnaît la complexité matérielle de l’édifice. La reprise du terme au 20ème siècle par l’historien et théoricien Kenneth Frampton va quant à elle déplacer le sens de la tectonique vers l’idée d’un « potentiel d’expression constructive ». Ces deux auteurs représentent deux grandes approches tectoniques convergeant sur la nécessité, pour toute théorie de l’architecture, d’encourager une réflexion critique de la construction. Cette thèse se développe en deux parties, l’une retraçant l’histoire et les enjeux de la tectonique, l’autre, de nature plus concrète, cherchant à tester l’actualité du concept à travers une série d’analyses tectoniques de projets modernes et contemporains. À la croisée de deux contextes géographiques différents, le Canada et le Brésil, le corpus de projets de concours que nous avons constitué considère la tectonique comme un phénomène transculturel. Nous formulons l’hypothèse d’une « tectonique du projet », c’est-à-dire d’un espace théorique dans lequel les questions relatives au bâtiment s’élaborent dans des « tensions » dialectiques. L’actualité des catégories semperiennes, dans lesquelles les différents « éléments » du bâtiment représentent différentes techniques de construction, est revisitée à partir de l’étude des projets de Patkau Architects (1986) et de MMBB Arquitetos (1990). Une tension entre les expressions symbolique et formelle issues du matériau brut est plus explicite dans l’étude des projets de Ramoisy Tremblay architectes (2002) et de Brasil Arquitetura (2005). La théorie de la transformation de matériau (Stoffwechseltheorie) de Semper est réexaminée parallèlement dans les projets d’Arthur Erickson et Geoffrey Massey (1967) et de Paulo Mendes da Rocha (1969). Dans l’ensemble de tensions tectoniques présentes tout au long de la conception, nous avons retenu plus particulièrement : le contact avec le sol, la recherche d’une homogénéité constructive, ou son opposé, la recherche d’une variété matérielle et, finalement la tension entre la dimension représentationnelle et la dimension technique de l’architecture. La modélisation du concept de tectonique, par un ensemble de tensions auxquelles les concepteurs doivent s’adresser en phase de projet, confirme que des questions en apparence simplement « techniques » concernent en fait tout autant le génie de l’invention que la connaissance historique des idées architecturales. / This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of the architectural design process through the concept of tectonic, a notion that historically has assumed different meanings and raised essential considerations on the relationship between architectural aesthetics and techniques of construction. The technical knowledge of building processes developed during the 18th century encouraged a new theoretical approach to the question of the rapport between architectural aesthetics and construction. The following century, when the concept of tectonic made its appearance in architectural discourse in the context of the debate on the notion of style, architect and theorist Gottfried Semper emphasized the material complexity of construction. A century later, historian and critic Kenneth Frampton resurrected the notion of tectonic shifting its meaning to signify the “expressive potential” of construction. The diverse positions of Semper and Frampton converge on the assumption of the necessity for any theory of architecture to encourage a critical thinking of construction. The present thesis consists of two parts: the first traces the history and significance of the concept of tectonic; the second tests the operational capacity of the notion through a series of investigations of projects from the 1970s to the present. This survey isolates a number of Canadian and Brazilian competition projects selected as privileged examples of innovation and research. In the diverse geopolitical contexts of Canada and Brazil, tectonic is considered as a trans-cultural phenomenon. According to the preliminary hypothesis the ‘tectonic of the project’ considers a theoretical space in which building issues are elaborated in dialectic tensions. The Semperian categories according to which the various ‘elements’ of the building represent different construction techniques are revisited in the study of projects by Patkau Architects (1986) and MMBB Arquitetos (1990). The tension between the formal and symbolic expressions in raw materials is made explicit in the study of architectural projects by Ramoisy Tremblay (2002) and Brasil Arquitetura (2005). Semper’s theory of material transformation (Stoffwechseltheorie) is investigated in relation to the projects of Arthur Erickson and Geoffrey Massey (1967) and Paulo Mendes da Rocha (1969). Among the general tectonic tensions, present in design processes, particular emphasis is devoted to: the contact with the ground; the research for constructive homogeneity (or at the opposite of the spectrum, the multiplicity of building materials); the tension between the representational and the technical aspect of architecture. The shaping of the concept of tectonic, throughout the ensemble of dialectic tensions that inform the design of a building, confirms that questions that may appear merely 'technical' include not only the genius of invention but also the historical knowledge of architectural ideas.

The thesis Water is Life describes the natural science project realized over seven years at elementary school in Chrudim. The theoretical part is dedicated to comparison of the transmissive and constructive-based teaching. It also defines the terms: project, project- based teaching, projective method and research-based teaching. Further chapters deal with contrasting the project-based teaching with integrated theme-based teaching and implementation of the topic Water in the Framework Education Programme for Elementary Education. The analytical part of the thesis describes the process of realization of the Water is Life project from the methodology to the final evaluation. It also employs critical analysis of the project with emphasis on "projectivity" of the projects and necessity of following the basic criteria for the project-based teaching. The main aim of this thesis is to describe the problematic parts and the possible alterations of the described project. KEYWORDS Project teaching, cross-curricular relationships, water, project analysis, observation, inquiry-based science education

[pt] Os métodos tradicionais de avaliação de projetos vem sendo questionados por não considerarem possíveis incertezas associadas ao investimento. Neste contexto, a Teoria das Opções Reais busca aplicar o conceito de opções a ativos reais, com a finalidade de agregar o valor da flexibilidade gerencial aos métodos tradicionais de avaliação de investimentos. A avaliação por Opções Reais é considerada complexa devido à difícil modelagem de incertezas e das flexibilidades, além da necessidade de se ter mercados completos. Este estudo busca incorporar a flexibilidade gerencial à avaliação de projetos através do uso de Árvores Binomiais de Decisão, com probabilidades neutras ao risco, para a avaliação por Opções Reais em Tempo Discreto. Utilizamos programação dinâmica para a aplicação desta metodologia, a qual é computacionalmente intensa, porém de solução simples e intuitiva. A aplicação prática foi realizada através da valoração da opção de expandir e da opção de abandonar enfrentada por uma empresa de Tecnologia. / [en] The traditional methods of Valuation are being questioned as they do not consider possible uncertainties related to investment decisions. In this scenario, Real Options Theory applies option`s concept to real assets, aiming to add the value of managerial flexibility to traditional Valuation techniques. The evaluation for Real Options is considered complex due to the difficulty of modeling uncertainties and flexibilities, beyond the need to have complete markets. This work aims to add the managerial flexibility to Valuation by binomial lattice and decision tree techniques, with risk neutral probabilities, in a discrete time approach to evaluation for Real Options. Using dynamic programming to apply this method, which is computationally intense, but simple and intuitive. The practical application consists in valuing an option to expand and to abandon faced by an IT company.