Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Foi estudada a interaÃÃo enxerto/porta-enxerto nas caracterÃsticas morfolÃgicas e produtivas de plantas de cajueiro anÃo nas fases de produÃÃo das mudas e cultivo no campo sob regime de sequeiro na Fazenda Planalto (CIONE), localizada no municÃpio piauiense Pio IX, semi-Ãrido nordestino. Em novembro de 2004 foram semeados os porta-enxertos CP 76, CP 06, CP 09, BRS 226, CAC 38 e CAC 40 avaliando as variÃveis emergÃncia de plÃntulas e vigor do porta-enxerto antes da enxertia, que ocorreu em janeiro de 2005, utilizando os clones CCP 76 e BRS 226. Transcorridos 60 dias da enxertia, as variÃveis rendimento da enxertia e vigor das plantas foram analisadas e, em seguida, transplantadas sob DBC em esquema fatorial 6 x 2 com quatro repetiÃÃes e nove plantas por parcela, espaÃamento 8 m entre linhas e 6 m entre plantas. As variÃveis desenvolvimento morfolÃgico e produÃÃo total foram avaliadas anualmente entre 2005 e 2008 enquanto caracterizaÃÃo de castanha e pedicelo na Ãltima safra. Os dados foram submetidos à anÃlise de variÃncia e comparados pelo teste de mÃdias. O uso de diferentes porta-enxertos afetou o porte das plantas e a produtividade de castanhas e pseudofrutos de cajueiro anÃo precoce, sem, contudo, afetar o tamanho e a massa das castanhas e amÃndoas produzidas. As combinaÃÃes BRS 226/CAC 38 e BRS 226/CP 09 sÃo consideradas as mais promissoras / We studied the interaction between stock and rootstock in the morphological and productive characteristics in dwarf cashew trees, in the stages of runner plant production and cultivation on the field, under unirrigated conditions. The experiment took place in the Planalto Farm (CIONE), located in Pio IX-Piaui, in the northeast. In November of 2004 we planted the rootstocks CP 76, CP 06, CP 09, BRS 226, CAC 38 and CAC 40, when we evaluated the seedling emergence and rootstock vigor before grafting (in January of 2005) using the clones CCP 76 e BRS 226. Sixty days after grafting, we analyzed the seedling yield and plant vigor and afterwards we transplanted them under DBC in factorial scheme (6 x 2) with four repetitions and nine plants per plot, spacing 8 m between lines and 6 m between plants. The variables of morphological development and total production were evaluated annually from 2005 to 2008, observing the characteristics of cashew nuts and pedicels from the last crop. The data was used in the analysis of variance and then compared using the means test. The use of different rootstocks affected the plant sizes and nut production and pseudofruits in early dwarf cashew trees, however it did not affect the size and the mass of cashew nuts and kernels produced. The most promising combinations are BRS 226/CAC 38 e BRS 226/CP 09

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Amburana cearensis (cumaru) apresenta uma grande importÃncia agrÃcola, florestal, ornamental e medicinal, sendo importante o conhecimento sobre biometria de sementes, recipientes e substratos para a produÃÃo das mudas desta espÃcie. Objetivou-se atravÃs desse trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos e recipientes sobre a qualidade de mudas de Amburana cearensis. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no Campus do Pici, da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, em Fortaleza-CE, no perÃodo de junho a novembro de 2008. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, referentes a trÃs tamanhos de recipientes grande (28 x 40 cm); mÃdio (20 x 30 cm) e pequeno(15 x 25 cm) e trÃs substratos: S1 (2 terra + 1 areia vermelho + 1 bagana de carnaÃba ); S2 (2 terra + 1 areia vermelho 1 + composto orgÃnico polefÃrtil) e S3 (2 terra + 1 areia vermelho + 1 hÃmus). Foram utilizados nove tratamentos com quatro repetiÃÃes de sete recipientes (sacos plÃsticos). Os tratamentos influenciaram as variÃveis de crescimento inicial das plantas. Os tamanhos dos recipientes nÃo influenciaram no crescimento e altura das mudas. A InteraÃÃo recipiente x substrato foi significativa na altura e nÃmero de folhas, comprimento de raiz, massa fresca e seca da parte aÃrea, sendo que a interaÃÃo recipiente x substrato nÃo foi significativa nos diÃmetros do caule e do xilopÃdio, massas fresca e seca da raiz. A associaÃÃo do recipiente grande com substrato S3 proporcionou maior crescimento das mudas, o recipiente de tamanho pequeno com os substratos S1 e S2 produziram mudas de qualidade inferior. Para produÃÃo de mudas de cumaru de boa qualidade recomenda-se a utilizaÃÃo do recipiente grande com substrato S3. / Amburana cearensis (cumaru) presents a major agricultural, Forestry, ornamental and medicinal is important to know about biometrics seed, containers and substrate for the quality of seedlings of this species. It aimed, through the conduction of the experimental works, to evaluate the effect of the three subtract different and container size different about the initial development of Amburana cearensis. The rehearsals were led Campus of Pici of Federal University of Cearà (UFC), in Fortaleza-CE, during the period from June to November of 2008. The experimental outline was entirely random in 3 x 3 factorial design, whit three container [big (28 x 40 cm)-R1; average (: 20 x 30 cm)-R2 and small (15 x 25 cm)-R3, and totally three subtract [S1 (2 soil + 1 red sand + 1 carnauba butt); S2(2 soil + 1 commercial organic compost polefÃrtil ) and S3(2 soil + 1 red sand + 1 humus)] the used nine treatments with four repetition of seven container. The experiment showed that the treatments affected the growth of the variables used in the evaluation of responses in the plant. The size containers not influence the growth of seedling height of cumaru. The Container and substrate interaction significant in growth and development of height, number of leaf, length of root, fresh and dry weight of shoot. Does container x substrate interaction was not significant in the development diameter of the collection, diameter of xylophodio, fresh weight of root, the root dry mass and index quality of Dickson. Size large containers with substrate S3 majority provide greater growth of seedlings, over there, the small container com substrate S1 and S2 minority provide greater growth seedling. To produce good quality of cumaru, it is recommended to use a large container with substrate S3 in long time, and use medium and small container with the same substrate short time.

O estudo de perturbações em buracos negros tem sido um campo de pesquisa ativo nas últimas décadas, levando a importantes contribuições para o entendimento da física de corpos compactos em geral. Para o caso de geometrias esféricas assintoticamente planas quadridimensionais, existe um panorama muito bem delineadi para a dinâmica de diversos campos de interesse. A introdução de uma constante cosmológica nas equações de Eisntein muda o caráter assintótico das soluções tipo buraco negro e neste caso, muito menos é conhecido. No trabalho desenvolvido nesta tese abordamos alguns aspectos da propagação de campos em geometrias esféricas assintoticamente de Sitter e anti-de Sitter, considerando inclusive geometrias com dimensão maios que quatro. No regime quase extremo a dinâmica é mais simples. Neste caso, são obtidas expressões analíticas para os potenciais efetivos e para os modos quase-normais, caracterizando completamente a dinâmica. Em geral, entretando, somos forçados a recorrer a métodos semi-analíticos e numéricos. Empregamos estes métodos para uma análise ampla da forma de decaimento dos diversos campos. Nossos resultados esboçam um quadro geral bastante coeso em uma grande gama de situações. / The study of pertubations in Black holes hás been na active Field of research in the last decades, leading to a better understanding of the physics of compact objects in general. In the case of asymptotically flat spherical geometries with four dimensions, there is a schematic Picture regarding the dynamics of many fields of interest. The introduction of a cosmological Constant in the Einstein equations changes the asymptotic character of the Black hole solutions, and in this case much less is known. In the work developed in this thesis we treat some aspects of the fiels propagation in spherically symmetric geometries which are asymptotically de Sitter and anti-de Sitter, considering also geometries with dimension greater than four. In the near extreme regime the dynamics is simpler. In this case, we obtain analytic expressions to the effective potentials and to the quasinormal modes, completely characterizing the dynamics. In general we are forced to use semi-analytics and numerical methods.These methods are employed in na extensive analysis of the decay modes of the fields cosidered. Our results sketch a general Picture in a wide sample of situations.

[pt] Este trabalho teve como objetivo o levantamento de parâmetros para o auxílio no cálculo de desempenho e dimensionamento de sistemas digitais terrestres. Estes parâmetros forma obtidos através de medidas em enlaces analógicos pertencentes a Empresa Brasileira de telecomunicações e a Telesc, espalhados por todo o Brasil. Toda estrutura necessária para obtenção destes dados foi desenvolvida no CETUC. As principais características dos sistemas experimentais de medidas, programas para análise de dados, bem como uma descrição detalhada dos experimentos são apresentadas neste trabalho. Os resultados principais apresentados são as análises estatísticas de parâmetros de propagação em condições de céu claro. Nestes resultados estão incluídos as distribuições anuais, pior mês, desvanecimentos máximos e retardo. Os resultados obtidos foram também usados para avaliação de performance de alguns enlaces digitais. / [en] The aim this work was to obtain design parameters for terrestrial digital systems, and to Access their reliability and quality. These design parameters were obtained from measurements made in analogic links operated by the Brazilian telecommunication company Telebrás and Telesc, localised throughout Brazil.The techniques necessary to obtain the data were developed at CETUC. The main characteristcs of experimental links used in this work are presented, as well as the software used for the analyses. A complete description of the experimental set-up is also presented. The main results are the statistical analyses of the propagation parameters for cleae sky. Thes eresults include the annual attenuation, worst month attenuation, relative delay and maximum fading distributions. The results obtained were also used for performance evaluation of some digital links.

[pt] Este trabalho trata do problema da propagação à longa distância por dutos troposféricos, sendo usado um modelo bi-linear para caracterizar a variação do índice de refração com a altura. Apesar da complexidade matemática, os resultados teóricos são de grande utilidade para uma análise qualitativa deste mecanismo de propagação. Entretanto, sob o ponto de vista quantitativo, tanto pela idealização da formulação teórica, como pela dificuldade de calcular numericamente as expressões resultantes, o mesmo não acontece. Assim, é imprescindível que se disponha de dados experimentais para complementar as informações que podem ser obtidas através do modelo matemático. / [en] This work considers the propagation problem in long distances by tropospheric ducts. A bi-linear model is used in order to characterize the refraction index variation as a function of height. Inspite of the mathematical sophistication, the theoretical results are vey useful in perfoming a qualitative analysis concerning this propagation scheme. On the other hand, by a quantitative viewpoint, the same is not true; and this is due to the idealization of theorectical formulation, as well as the dificulty of numerical implementation of resultant expressions. In this way, it is definitely necessary to have access to expressions. In this way, it is definitely necessary to have access to experimental data to complement the information supplied by the mathematical model.

Ce travail de thèse concerne l’étude du processus d’instabilité modulationnelle (MI) dans des fibres optiques présentant un profil de dispersion périodique. La MI est un phénomène bien connu mais la majorité des études réalisées dans le contexte des fibres optiques concerne le cas de dispersion uniforme axialement. L’objectif de ces travaux est de démontrer expérimentalement l’établissement de la MI dans une fibre optique micro-structurée (PCF) dont la dispersion varie de façon sinusoïdale. La première partie présente les principales caractéristiques des fibres optiques et les principaux processus physiques mis en jeu, ainsi que les outils de simulations numériques employés. La seconde partie débute par une présentation du contexte de l’étude et est ensuite consacrée aux résultats. Tout d’abord, nous introduisons le concept du mécanisme de quasi-accord de phase (QPM) dans les systèmes périodiques longitudinaux. Ensuite, nous présentons la démonstration expérimentale du processus de MI dans ce type de fibre. Le spectre obtenu est composé de dix lobes de MI sur 10 THz. De plus, nous proposons une description détaillée de la dynamique de formation des différents lobes de MI. Nous démontrons théoriquement et expérimentalement la génération d’une nouvelle famille de lobes de MI due à une combinaison entre la dispersion oscillante et la dispersion d’ordre quatre. Enfin, cette seconde partie est clôturée par l’élaboration d’un outil analytique, basé sur le modèle à trois ondes tronqué. Il permet d’interpréter simplement la dynamique de formation des lobes de MI et de contrôler le spectre de MI d’une fibre à dispersion oscillante. / This thesis concerns the modulation instability (MI) process in optical fibers with a periodic dispersion landscape. MI is a well-known phenomenon but in the context of optical fibers most studies were performed in the presence of uniform dispersion. The aim of this work is to experimentally demonstrate the MI process in a special type of fiber: a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) presenting a sinusoidal dispersion profile. Part 1 focuses on the main characteristics of optical fibers, on the main physical processes occurring in fibers and on three numerical tools used. Part 2 starts with the context of the study. First, we introduce the quasi-phase matching (QPM) mechanism in longitudinal periodic systems. Then, we report an experimental demonstration of the MI process in this kind of fiber. The experimental MI spectrum is composed of ten MI lobes in a range of 10 THz. We propose a detailed description of MI lobes dynamics. We then study the impact of fourth-order dispersion on the MI process in DOFs. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally the presence of a new MI windows due to a combination of oscillating second-order dispersion and fourth-order dispersion. Finally, this second part ends with the development of an analytical tool based on the truncated three-wave model. It allows simple interpretations of MI lobes dynamics during their propagation. We show that this tool is very accurate and allows controlling MI spectrum of a DOF.

Les problèmes d'ordonnancement à contraintes de ressource ont été largement étudiés dans la littérature. Cependant, dans la plupart des cas, il est supposé que les activités ont une durée fixe et nécessitent une quantité constante de la ressource durant toute leur exécution. Dans cette thèse, nous nous proposons de traiter un problème d'ordonnancement dans lequel les tâches ont une durée et un profil de consommation de ressource variables. Ce profil, qui peut varier en fonction du temps, est une variable de décision du problème dont dépend la durée de la tâche associée. Par ailleurs, la considération de fonctions de rendement linéaires et non linéaires pour la représentation de l'utilisa- tion des ressources complexifie le problème et permet de modéliser de manière réaliste les transferts de ressources énergétiques. Pour ce problème NP-complet, nous présentons plusieurs propriétés per- mettant de dériver des modèles et méthodes de résolution. Ces méthodes de résolution sont divisées en deux parties. La première partie visualise ce problème du point de vue de la Programmation Par Contraintes et plusieurs méthodes dérivées de ce paradigme sont détaillées dont le développement du raisonnement énergétique sur le problème étudié. La seconde partie de la thèse est dédiée à des approches de Programmation Linéaire Mixte et plusieurs modèles, notamment un modèle à temps continu basé sur les événements, ainsi que des analyses théoriques et des techniques d'amélioration de ces modèles sont présentés. Enfin, des expérimentations viennent appuyer les résultats présentés dans ce manuscrit. / Resource-constrained scheduling problems have been widely studied in the literature. However, in most cases, it is assumed that the activities have a fixed duration and require a constant amount of the resource throughout their execution. In this thesis, we propose to treat a scheduling problem in wich tasks have a variable duration and a variable resource consumption profile. This profile, which may vary over time, is a decision variable of the problem on wich depends the ruration of the associated task. Furthermore, we consider linear and nonlinear efficiency functions to represent resource usage, which makes more complex the problem and permits the modeling of energy transfers. For this NP-complete problem, we present several properties allowing us to derive models and solution methods. These solution methods are divided into two parts. The first part studies the problem from the perspective of Constraint Programmming and several methods derived from this paradigm are detailed, among which new developments on energetic reasoning for the considered problem. The second part of the thesis, dedicated to Mixed Integer Linear Programming approches, presents several models, including a novel continuous time model based on events as well theoretical analysis of the models and improvement of theses techniques. Finally, experiments show the relative effectiveness of the results presented in this thesis.

La modélisation de la propagation acoustique longue distance du bang sonique dans l’air nécessite de prendre en compte la complexité des phénomènes en interaction : turbulence atmosphérique, gradients de célérité du son, impédance et rugosité du sol, et propagation non-linéaire. L’évaluation des nuisances sonores, et la validation des modèles par la comparaison avec des mesures en extérieur est délicate, car les conditions atmosphériques ne peuvent être ni suffisamment contrôlées ni caractérisées de façon extensive. Une alternative est la réalisation d’expériences à l’échelle du laboratoire où le milieu de propagation, la source sonore et les récepteurs peuvent être contrôlés et caractérisés. Ce travail porte sur la propagation à travers la turbulence d’ondes dites ’en N’, de forte amplitude et de courte durée, en champ libre ou en présence d’une paroi plane, avec un gradient de célérité du son causant une ”zone d’ombre” près du sol. Les impulsions sonores sont expérimentalement générées par claquage électrique entre deux électrodes. La turbulence est créée par convection libre au-dessus d’une grille de résistances chauffées, et la zone d’ombre acoustique est obtenue au moyen d’une paroi cylindrique. La mesure est réalisée à l’aide de microphones 1/8”.Pour l’étude de la source, une technique de strioscopie a été mise en œuvre afin de déterminer la forme d’onde. Le niveau de pression doit cependant être déterminé par une analyse complémentaire, basée sur la théorie des chocs faibles avec une forme d’onde différente de l’onde en N idéale. Un des facteurs limitant des expériences à l’échelle du laboratoire est la transposition vers une gamme ultrasonore, afin que le rapport longueur d’onde - distance de propagation reste du même ordre de grandeur que pour l’atmosphère. Constatant qu’il n’existe pas de méthode de calibration adaptée dans une gamme de fréquence de 10 kHz à 1 MHz (typique des expériences à l’échelle du laboratoire), une nouvelle méthode de calibration a été proposée et appliquée avec succès. En champ libre, la turbulence thermique cause en moyenne une atténuation du pic de pression. Des zones de focalisation aléatoire existent néanmoins, où l’amplitude de l’onde est multipliée par 3. Les répartitions statistiques du pic de pression ont été décrites avec un excellent accord par une loi de probabilité de type Gamma généralisée. La présence d’une frontière peut en outre donner lieu à des réflexions irrégulières, en raison des niveaux de pression importants. Nous avons mis en évidence ce phénomène dans l’air avec une paroi plane ou cylindrique. Pour l’étude de la propagation en zone d’ombre acoustique, un résultat important de la thèse est que, contrairement à la propagation en champ libre, la probabilité que la turbulence atténue le pic de pression en zone d’ombre est nulle. Cette observation suggère qu’avec turbulence, le mécanisme dominant de propagation est la diffusion acoustique par les structures turbulentes. Ceci aurait pour conséquence dans le cas du bang sonique l’extension de la zone d’exposition sonore sous la trace de l’avion (carpette primaire). / Long range sound propagation in the atmosphere is influenced by several effects: atmospheric turbulence, sound-speed gradients, ground properties (impedance, rugosity) etc. In the context of supersonic aircraft, nonlinear propagation of the sonic boom has to be taken into account. To evaluate the influence of these different effects, a statistical analysis is needed. However, field measurements suffer from a lack of control on atmosphere characteristics, and the statistical analysis remains circumscribed by the limited number of aircraft flight tests. An alternative to outdoor measurements is to perform experiments under well-controlled laboratory conditions. These experiments allow to study the effects purely related to the turbulent layer and to the sound-speed gradient. The propagation of high amplitude and short duration N-waves through thermal turbulence is studied. In particular, the influence of a rigid boundary and a negative sound-speed gradient resulting in a shadow-zone near the boundary, are pointed out. An experimental setup has been designed : N-waves are generated using a spark source. Thermal turbulence is obtained with a grid of electrical resistors, and the shadow-zone is obtained used a curved boundary. Measurements are performed using 1/8” microphones, and a schlieren shadowgraphy technique. The real pressure waveform (different from the ideal N-wave) delivered by the spark source has been obtained using the strioscopy technique, up to a multiplicative constant. Weak-shock theory enables to estimate the pressure level under the assumption that the pressure waveform is an ideal N-wave. This method has been modified to take into account the real pressure waveform. Because of the geometrical scaling, laboratory-scale experiments lead to a shift to a higher frequency domain : typically, 10 kHz – 1 MHz. In this frequency range, no calibration method is available up to now. A new method has been proposed and successfully applied. Free-field propagation of high-amplitude N-waves through the turbulent layer leads to a mean attenuation of the pressure level. However, random focus of the pressure waves can be observed, up to factor of 3. Probability densities of the shock overpressure have been described with an excellent agreement by a generalized Gamma probability distribution. With a rigid boundary, irregular reflections of shockwaves can be observed because of the high pressure level. This type of irregular reflections has been outlined either with a plane or a cylindrical boundary. Propagation in an acoustical ”shadow zone” lead to an amplification of the pressure, contrary to the free-field observations. An important result of the experiment is that the probability to observe an attenuation of the pressure level is null, for every single wave propagating in the ”shadow zone”. This result suggests that, with turbulence, the dominant propagation mechanism into the shadow-zone is scattering by sound-speed in homogeneities. In the context of sonic boom exposure on the ground, this would lead to an extension of the primary carpet of the aircraft.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Mathematics

La propagation de lumière dans un réseau de guides s'effectue par couplages successifs et diffère ainsi fortement de la propagation en milieu libre. De plus, il existe, entre le formalisme du couplage optique décrivant cette propagation, de grandes similarités avec l'équation de Schrödinger. Nous utilisons ces similarités pour réaliser, dans des structures optiques composées de guides d'ondes, des analogies à des phénomènes quantiques. Les guides d'ondes sont analogues à des niveaux discrets d'énergie tandis que les constantes de couplage entre les guides sont analogues aux fréquences de Rabi des pulses laser couplant ces niveaux d'énergie. Pour la démonstration de ces analogies riches d'enseignement et potentiellement attractives pour des applications, il est intéressant de pouvoir disposer de structures optiques polyvalentes pouvant être reconfigurées. Notre approche est basée sur la réalisation de ces structures par la technique d'illumination latérale développée au laboratoire. Contrairement à la majorité des techniques d'inscriptions classiques (CVD, échange d'ions, inscription par laser femtoseconde, etc.) qui conduisent à des structures fixes et très difficilement modifiables, cette technique donne des structures reconfigurables. Elle consiste en l'éclairement contrôlé d'un cristal photoréfractif soumis à un champ électrique, permettant d'inscrire des guides grâce à la photo-conductivité du matériau et à l'effet Pockels. Dès lors, nous montrons qu'il est possible de réaliser au sein du même cristal, différentes structures de réseaux de guides, de design, périodicités et contrastes d'indice différents. Nous mettons ensuite à profit ces différents résultats pour la démonstration d'analogies à des effets quantiques. En premier lieu nous démontrons un transfert adiabatique de lumière similaire au phénomène de STIRAP ("STImulated Raman Adiabatic Passage"). La lumière, couplée à l'entrée dans un guide, est transférée à un guide de sortie éloigné, à travers plusieurs guides intermédiaires (jusqu'à neuf) si les constantes de couplage sont modulées longitudinalement dans un ordre dit "contre-intuitif". Nous utilisons ensuite ce transfert adiabatique de lumière pour la réalisation d'un diviseur de faisceau multi-ports, dont les ratios d'intensité dans les ports de sorties sont déterminés par le rapport des constantes de couplage de la structure. Nous démontrons également que ce diviseur de faisceau est très robuste et très largement achromatique sur plus de 200 nm. Puis, nous réalisons une analogie au phénomène d'EIT ("Electromagnetically Induced Transparency") dans une structure optique composée de trois guides. La présence d'un troisième guide très proche du deuxième empêche tout transfert de lumière depuis le premier guide qui devient alors "transparent". Enfin, en créant un désaccord dans les constantes de propagation longitudinale des trois guides, le transfert de lumière peut être réactivé pour deux valeurs particulières du désaccord, similairement à l'effet quantique Autler-Townes / The propagation of light in an array of waveguides differs strongly from the one in free space. In coupled waveguides, light propagation can be described using a coupled wave theory leading to an equation similar to the Schrödinger equation. We use this similarity in order to study optical-quantum analogies in waveguides array. Waveguides are analogous to discrete energy levels whereas coupling constants between the waveguides are similar to the Rabi frequencies of pulses that couple these levels. In order to demonstrate these analogies, versatile structures are highly desirable. However, all conventional techniques of waveguide inscription (CVD, ion/proton exchange or photo-inscription using femtosecond laser) provide static and non reconfigurable structures. Our approach is based on a proper lateral illumination of a biased photorefractive crystal. The photo-induction of the structure is possible thanks to the crystal photo-conductivity and the Pockels effect. Thus, we show that, using our approach, different versatile structures can be realized in the same sample. We use these structures in order to demonstrate different quantum optical analogies. Firstly, we investigate an optical analogy to the STIRAP effect (STImulated Raman Adiabatic Passage). The light, initially injected into the first waveguide, is transferred to the last waveguide through an array composed of up to nine waveguides. This transfer is achieved only if the longitudinally modulated coupling constants are arranged in a counter-intuitive order. Moreover, we use this analogy to demonstrate theoretically and experimentally an achromatic beam splitter where the intensity ratio in the output ports depends only on the ratio of the coupling constants. We also realize an analogy to the EIT effect (Electromagnetically Induced Transparency) in an optical structure composed of three coupled waveguides. If the third waveguide is placed very close to the second one, light transfer from the first becomes "transparent". Finally, we demonstrate that by detuning the propagation constant of the first waveguide, the light transfer can be re-activated for two particular values of the detuning in analogy to the Autler-Townes effect