Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ivan Roberto Santana Casella / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2017. / Com o desligamento das transmissoes do sinal de TV analogica e o crescimento de novas instalações do sinal de TV digital em todo territorio nacional para os proximos anos, existe a necessidade de um conhecimento mais aprofundado das caractersticas dos canais de propagação, possibilitando a implantação desses novos sistemas de forma mais otimizada e efciente. Os modelos de propagação propostos para o Sistema Brasileiro de TV Digital seguem recomendações nacionais e internacionais baseadas nos modelos de propagação de larga escala, propostos na literatura cientifica. Contudo, em algumas situaçõess, esses modelos não caracterizam com precisão a propagação da onda eletromagnetica na comunicação entre o transmissor e o receptor, devido aos fenomenos de propagação e interferencias que degradam o sinal. Assim sendo, aplicou-se nesse projeto 03 tecnicas de Redes Neurais Artificiais como aproximadores de funções: Perceptron Multicamadas, Redes de Funções de Base Radial e Rede Neurais com Regressão Generalizada, sendo treinadas com os dados coletados de um levantamento de campo dos canais abertos de TV digital na cidade de São Paulo. Apos a fase de treinamento e utilizando metodos de otimização adequados para redução de overfitting, as melhores configurações de Redes Neurais Artificiais foram analisadas com resultados de saída mais adequados para representar o canal de propagação para o sistema de TV digital e resultados generalizados para diferentes distancias, frequencias e alturas foram gerados. Por fim, uma analise estatistica foi realizada comparando os valores de saida das Redes Neurais Artificiais, com valores praticos do levantamento de campo e os resultados teoricos calculados atraves dos modelos de propagação classicos da literatura cientifica, sinalizando que o uso das tecnicas de Redes Neurais Artificiais é possível na predição de canal de propagação com relativa eficiência de resultados. / With the switch-off of the analogue TV signal transmissions and the new digital TV signal installations throughout the national territory for the next years, there is a need for a more in-depth knowledge of the characteristics of the propagation channels, enabling the deployment of these new systems in a more optimized and eficient way. The propagation models proposed for the Brazilian Digital TV System follow national and international recommendations based on the large scale propagation models proposed in the scientific literature. However, in some situations, these models do not accurately characterize the propagation of the electromagnetic wave in the communication between the transmitter and the receiver, due to propagation phenomena and interferences that degrade the signal. Thus, we applied in this project 03 techniques of Artificial Neural Networks as approximations of functions: Multi layer Perceptron, Radial Base Functions Networks and Generalized Regression Neural Network, being trained with data collected from a field survey of open channels of digital TV in the city of S~ao Paulo. After the training phase and using appropriate optimization methods to reduce overfitting, the best configurations of Artificial Neural Networks were analyzed with better output results to represent the propagation channel for the digital TV system and generalized results for diferent distances, Frequencies and heights of the profiles were generated. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed comparing the output values of the Artificial Neural Networks with practical values of the field survey and the theoretical results calculated through the classical propagation models of the scientific literature, signaling that the use of Artificial Neural Networks techniques is possible in the prediction of propagation channel with relative eficiency of results.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering

At present, the current 4G systems provide a universal platform for broadband mobile services; however, mobile traffic is still growing at an unprecedented rate and the need for more sophisticated broadband services is pushing the limits on current standards to provide even tighter integration between wireless technologies and higher speeds. This has led to the need for a new generation of mobile communications: the so-called 5G. Although 5G systems are not expected to penetrate the market until 2020, the evolution towards 5G is widely accepted to be the logical convergence of internet services with existing mobile networking standards leading to the commonly used term “mobile internet” over heterogeneous networks, with several Gbits/s data rate and very high connectivity speeds. Therefore, to support highly increasing traffic capacity and high data rates, the next generation mobile network (5G) should extend the range of frequency spectrum for mobile communication that is yet to be identified by the ITU-R. The mm-wave spectrum is the key enabling feature of the next-generation cellular system, for which the propagation channel models need to be predicted to enhance the design guidance and the practicality of the whole design transceiver system. The present work addresses the main concepts of the propagation channel behaviour using ray tracing software package for simulation and then results were tested and compared against practical analysis in a real-time environment. The characteristics of Indoor-Indoor (LOS and NLOS), and indoor-outdoor (NLOS) propagations channels are intensively investigated at four different frequencies; 5.8 GHz, 26GHz, 28GHz and 60GHz for vertical polarized directional, omnidirectional and isotropic antennas patterns. The computed data achieved from the 3-D Shooting and Bouncing Ray (SBR) Wireless Insite based on the effect of frequency dependent electrical properties of building materials. Ray tracing technique has been utilized to predict multipath propagation characteristics in mm-wave bands at different propagation environments. Finally, the received signal power and delay spread were computed for outdoor-outdoor complex propagation channel model at 26 GHz, 28 GHz and 60GHz frequencies and results were compared to the theoretical models.

[pt] No cenário atual das telecomunicações móveis, os arranjos de antenas voltaram a receber grande atenção dos pesquisadores, especialmente quando esquemas adaptativos de modificação de seus diagramas de radiação são utilizados. Uma das aplicações que exploram o potencial dos arranjos de antenas é o seu uso como forma de aumentar consideravelmente a eficiência espectral dos sistemas móveis atuais e da próxima geração. A outra aplicação em evidência está voltada para sistemas de localização de posição, pois algumas das técnicas conhecidas envolvem a estimação de ângulos-de-chegada usando arranjos de antenas. Diante destas possibilidades, cresce em importância o estudo das variações do canal de propagação rádio móvel no domínio em que o uso dos arranjos de antenas atua: o espacial. O presente trabalho procura contribuir para o contexto em questão, com uma investigação experimental do canal real rádio-móvel nos domínios temporal (retardos) e espacial (ângulos-de-chegada). No que se refere ao contexto nacional, contribuições similares baseadas em simulações já são encontradas; baseadas em medidas não. Em particular, sondagens na faixa de 1,8 GHz em ambientes internos típicos foram realizadas. Duas técnicas distintas de sondagem temporalespacial foram implementadas, tomando por base uma sonda de canal faixa-larga montada e testada com sucesso, como contribuição principal de uma dissertação de mestrado recentemente apresentada por um integrante do mesmo grupo de pesquisa ao qual esta tese está vinculada. Uma das técnicas sintetiza o arranjo realizando as sondagens com uma única antena que é sucessivamente deslocada para ocupar as posições correspondentes às dos elementos do arranjo. A outra técnica emprega um arranjo real. Em ambas, a configuração mais simples para um arranjo foi utilizada: a linear uniforme. As sondagens não forneciam diretamente os espectros espaciais-temporais. As estimativas dos espectros foram processadas posteriormente, aplicando técnicas como o correlograma para o domínio do retardo, e quatro técnicas distintas para o domínio espacial, que foi o foco principal deste trabalho: duas convencionais; e duas paramétricas, com potencial de aumentar a resolução das estimativas, assumindo hipóteses razoáveis sobre as respostas esperadas. De posse das respostas espectrais estimadas, comparações com estimativas teóricas permitiram uma análise de desempenho das técnicas utilizadas. Adicionalmente à investigação experimental do canal espacial, procurou-se verificar o potencial da aplicação da teoria de wavelets ao estudo do canal rádiomóvel. Em especial, uma das principais aplicações daquela teoria foi testada como técnica de pós-processamento das respostas espectrais no domínio do retardo. A supressão de ruído por decomposição wavelet foi aplicada a um vasto conjunto de medidas de canal disponíveis, fruto de trabalhos anteriores do grupo de pesquisa ao qual esta tese está vinculada, com resultados expressivos. / [en] In the present mobile communications scenario, researchers have turned once again special attention to antennae arrays, particularly when adaptive schemes are employed to modify its radiation patterns. One of its main applications results in considerable increases to the spectral efficiency of present and next generation mobile systems. The other major application is headed towards position location systems, since some of the known techniques comprise angle-of-arrival estimation using antennae arrays. Under such possibilities, mobile radio propagation channel variations studies grow in relevance, specially regarding the antennae arrays main domain of action: the spatial domain. The present work tries to contribute to the overstated context, experimentally investigating the actual mobile radio channel over the temporal (delays) and spatial (angles of arrival) domains. Regionally speaking, similar contributions based on simulations are already found, but none based on measurements. In special, 1.8 GHz indoor soundings have been carried out. Two different temporal spatial sounding techniques have been deployed, based on na available wideband channel sounder successfully assembled and tested as the major contribution of a MSc. dissertation recently presented by a member of the same research team to which this thesis belongs. One of such techniques sinthesyzes the array carrying the sounding out with a single antenna, which is successively moved to occupy the spots corresponding to the array elements. The other method employs an actual array. For both cases, the simplest array configuration has been used: the uniform linear one. Space-time spectra were not directly available in real time during the soundings. Its estimates have been processed later, applying techniques such as the correlogram over the delay domain, and four distinct methods over the spatial domain, the main focus of the present work. Two conventional methods have been used, as well as two parametric ones, potentially capable to increase the estimates resolution, assuming reasonable hypotheses regarding the expected responses. With the estimated spectral responses in hands, comparisons with theoretical estimates allowed a performance assessment of the employed methods. In addition to the spatial channel experimental investigation, the wavelets theory potential of application to the mobile-radio channel study has been checked out. Notably, one of the wavelets theory major applications has been tested as a post-processing technique to improve delay-domain spectral responses. Wavelet decomposition based de-noising has been applied to a huge measurements ensemble, available as the product of previous works of the research group to which this thesis is attached, leading to remarkable results.

Les bandes de fréquences utilisées conventionnellement pour les systèmes fixes de télécommunication par satellites (bandes C et Ku i.e. 4-15 GHz) sont congestionnées. Néanmoins, le marché des télécommunications civil et de défense accuse une demande de plus en plus importante en services multimédia haut-débit. Par conséquent, l'augmentation de la fréquence porteuse vers les bandes Ka et Q/V (20-40/50 GHz)est activement étudiée. Pour des fréquences supérieures à 5 GHz, la propagation des signaux radioélectriques souffre de l'atténuation troposphérique. Parmi les différents contributeurs à l'affaiblissement troposphérique total(atténuation, scintillation, dépolarisation, température de bruit du ciel), les précipitations jouent un rôle prépondérant. Pour compenser la détérioration des conditions de propagation, des techniques de compensation des affaiblissements (FMT: Fade Mitigation Technique) permettant d'adapter en temps réel les caractéristiques du système en fonction de l'état du canal de propagation doivent être employées. Une alternative à l'utilisation de séries temporelles expérimentales peu nombreuses est la génération de séries temporelles synthétiques d'atténuation due à la pluie et d'atténuation totale représentatives d'une liaison donnée.Le manuscrit est organisé autour de cinq articles. La première contribution est dédiée à la modélisation temporelle de l'affaiblissement troposphérique total. Le deuxième article porte sur des améliorations significatives du modèle de génération de séries temporelles d'atténuation due à la pluie recommandé par l'UITR.Les trois contributions suivantes constituent une analyse critique et une modélisation de la variabilité des statistiques du 1er ordre utilisées lors des tests des modèles de canal. La variance de l'estimateur statistique des distributions cumulatives complémentaires de l'atténuation due à la pluie et de l'intensité de précipitation est alors mise en évidence. Un modèle à application mondiale paramétré au moyen de données expérimentales est proposé. Celui-ci permet, d'une part, d'estimer les intervalles de confiance associés aux mesures de propagation et d'autre part, de quantifier le risque en termes de disponibilité annuelle associée à la prédiction d'une marge de propagation donnée. Cette approche est étendue aux variabilités des statistiques jointes. Elle permet alors une évaluation statistique de l'impact des techniques de diversité de site sur les performances systèmes, tant à microéchelle(quelques kms) qu'à macro-échelle (quelques centaines de kms). / Nowadays, C and Ku bands used for fixed SATCOM systems are totally congested. However, the demand of the end users for high data rate multimedia services is increasing. Consequently, the use of higher frequency bands (Ka: 20 GHz and Q/V 40/50 GHz) is under investigation. For frequencies higher than 5 GHz, radiowave propagation is strongly affected by tropospheric attenuation. Among the different contributors, rain is the most significant. To compensate the deterioration of the propagation channel, Fade Mitigation Techniques (FMT) are used. The lack of experimental data needed to optimize the real-time control loops of FMT leads tothe use of rain attenuation and total attenuation time series synthesizers. The manuscript is a compilation of five articles. The first contribution is dedicated to the temporal modelling of total impairments. The second article aims at providing significant improvements on the rain attenuation time series synthesizer recommended by ITU-R. The last three contributions are a critical analysis and a modelling of the variability observed on the 1st order statistics used to validate propagation channel models. The variance of the statistical estimator of the complementary cumulative distribution functions of rainfall rate and rain attenuation is highlighted. A worldwide model parameterized in compliance with propagation measurements is proposed. It allows the confidence intervals to be estimated and the risk on a required availability associated with a given propagation margin prediction to be quantified. This approach is extended to the variability of joint statistics. It allows the impact of site diversity techniques on system performances at small scale (few kms) and large scale (few hundred of kms) to be evaluated.

This thesis treats of channel models for polarized multi-antenna wireless systems. Polarized multi-antenna systems are systems that use perpendicularly polarized, co-located antennas at the base station and at the mobile terminal, in order to benefit from the so-called polarization diversity. Such systems benefit from the advantages of MIMO systems while still maintaining a compact equipment size. Two models will be presented in this thesis. The first one is the Polarized-Input Polarized-Output (PIPO) channel model, the second one is the Polarized-Diffuse-Directional channel model. <p><p>The PIPO model is a statistical channel model for tri-polarized to tri-polarized communication systems. A tri-polarized antenna system is a tranceiver using three perpendicular antennas. The aim of the PIPO channel model is to have a model that has a simple mathematical structure, so it can be used for solving precoding equations or capacity calculations. Although the PIPO model has a very simple structure, it takes the following parameters into account: coherent channel component, cross-polar channel power imbalance, inter-channel correlation, short- and long-scale time variance. <p>Experimental measurements are used to parameterize the model. It is shown how the model parameters are extracted from experimental measurements, and the results are analyzed to allow further simplification of the model. <p><p>The PDD model, on the other hand, is a geometry-based stochastic channel model. It models the channel as a sum of clusters, where each cluster consists of groups of multipath components (MPCs). The PDD model includes two novelties that will be developed in detail in this thesis. <p>- The model considers polarization on a per-cluster basis. This permits to have a more accurate description of the polar-angular spectrum. <p>- The diffuse multipath component (DMC) is included by considering a diffuse component for each cluster. The diffuse cluster component is then modeled as the sum of a set of diffuse MPCs. <p>The model is specified in detail, and it is shown how the model can be generated. <p>Experimental measurements were carried out to parameterize the model. A new extraction technique for extracting the specular-diffuse clusters from the measurements is proposed. This technique is based on joint clustering of the specular MPCs and the bins of the diffuse component. The experimental results are analyzed, and superimposed with environment information to gain further insight into the physical aspects of clustered propagation. <p><p>Finally, both models are validated. Several validation metrics are introduced, and their pertinence in the context of polarized MIMO systems is highlighted. Both models are successfully validated, and the advantages and limitations of each models are investigated. <p><p>Cette thèse traite des modèles de canal pour systèmes sans-fils multi-antennes polarisés. Des systèmes multi-antennes polarisés sont des systèmes qui utilisent des antennes polarisées perpendiculairement co-localisées à la station de base et au terminal mobile, dans le but de bénéficier de la diversité de polarisation. De tels systèmes peuvent bénéficier des avantages des systèmes MIMO tout en diminuant l'encombrement des équipements. Deux modèles seront présentés dans cette thèse. Le premier est le modèle Polarized-Input Polarized-Output (PIPO), le second est le modèle Polarized-Diffuse-Directional (PDD). <p><p>Le modèle PIPO est un modèle statistique pour des systèmes de communication tri-polaire à tri-polaire. Un système tri-polaire est un émetteur ou un récepteur qui utilise trois antennes perpendiculaires. Le but du modèle de canal PIPO est d'avoir un modèle qui a une structure mathématique simple, afin qu'il puisse être utilisé pour résoudre des équations de précodage ou des calculs de capacité. Malgré la structure simple du modèle PIPO, il tient compte des paramètres suivants: la composante cohérente du canal, les différences de puissance entre canaux cross-polaires, la corrélation entre canaux, les variations à courte et à longue échelle de temps. Des mesures expérimentales ont été réalisées afin de paramétriser le modèle. Les techniques pour extraire les paramètres du modèle des mesures expérimentales sont présentées, et les résultats sont analysés afin de permettre une simplification supplémentaire du modèle. <p><p>Le modèle PDD, quant à lui, est un modèle de canal stochasique-géométrique. Il modélise le canal comme une somme de clusters, où chaque clusters est composé d'un groupe de chemins multi-trajets. Le modèle PDD inclut les deux nouveautés suivantes qui seront développées en détail dans cette thèse. <p>- Le modèle considère une polarisation par cluster. Ceci permet d'avoir une description plus exacte du spectre angulaire-polaire. <p>- La composante diffuse est prise en compte en incluant une composante diffuse pour chaque cluster. La composante diffuse d'un cluster est alors modelisée comme une somme de multi-trajets diffus. <p>Le modèle est spécifié en détail, et il est présenté comment le modèle peut être généré. Des mesures expérimentales ont été faites afin de paramétriser le modèle. Une nouvelle technique d'extraction est proposée pour extraire les clusters spéculaires-diffus. Cette technique est basée sur le clustering conjoint des multi-trajets spéculaires et des "bins" de la composante diffuse. Les résultats expérimentaux sont analysés, et superposés avec l'information de l'environnement de mesure afin d'avoir une connaissance accrue des aspects physiques de la propagation par clusters. <p><p>Finalement, les deux modèles sont validés. Plusieurs métriques de validations sont introduites, et leur pertinence dans le cadre des systèmes MIMO polarisés est mis en avant. Les deux modèles sont validés avec succès, et les avantages et limitations de chaque modèle sont investigués. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Wireless communications rely, among other things, on theunderstanding of the properties of the radio propagationchannel, the antennas and their interplay. Adequate measurementsare required to verify theoretical models and togain knowledge of the channel behavior and antenna performance.As a result of this master thesis we built a 3D fieldscanner measurement system to predict multipath propagationand to measure antenna characteristics. The 3Dscanner allows measuring a signal at the point of interestalong a line, on a surface or within a volume in space. In orderto evaluate the system, we have performed narrowbandchannel sounding measurements of the spatial distributionof waves impinging at an imaginary spherical sector. Datawas used to estimate the Angle-of-Arrivals (AoA) and amplitudeof the waves. An estimation method is presented tosolve the resulting inverse problem by means of regularizationwith truncated singular value decomposition. The regularizedsolution was then further improved with the helpof a successive interference cancellation algorithm. Beforeapplying the method to measurement data, it was testedon synthetic data to evaluate its performance as a functionof the noise level and the number of impinging waves. Inorder to minimize estimation errors it was also required tofind the phase center of the horn antenna used in the channelmeasurements. The task was accomplished by directmeasurements and by the regularization method, both resultsbeing in good agreement.