The purpose of this research was to investigate the association between gross household income during early adolescence and property crime from early adolescence into young adulthood. A truncated version of recent nationally representative sample---the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997-2006)---was married with a set of sociological and developmental theories to explore these processes. Results from Study I indicate that cumulative property crime did not significantly differ by income but did differ by race and gender; parent-adolescent relationship quality significantly differed by income; emotional problems significantly differed by gender; and criminal arrests significantly differed by income, gender, and race. In addition, baseline and change scores for all variables of interest shared substantial variation. Results from Study II indicate that controlling for gender, race, and household structure, gross household income during early adolescence had a significant positive association with cumulative property crime from early adolescence into young adulthood. Parent-adolescent relationship quality (but not emotional problems) helped to explain this association. In general, these mediated processes did not significantly differ by income, gender, or race. Results from Study III indicate that criminal arrests from early adolescence into young adulthood explained a substantial portion of the variance between income and cumulative property crime from early adolescence into young adulthood, and partially mediated the association between income and property crime. Criminal arrests during adolescence also explained a substantial portion of the variance between income and property crime during adulthood, and partially mediated the association between income and property crime during adulthood. For these processes, moderated mediation was occurring. On the one hand, criminal arrests during adolescence generally deterred adults from later engaging in property crime, but this association was only significant higher income adolescents ($25,001- $100,000). On the other hand, criminal arrests during adolescence were associated with higher counts of property crime for those adults who generally engaged in at least one property crime, but this association was only significant for adolescents for lower middle income adolescents ($10,001-$25,000). Implications of these findings and future research are discussed.

This thesis examines the effect of neighborhood crime rates on childhood obesity in Los Angeles County over a five-year period 2012-2016. Using yearly pooled cross-sectional geocoded data from the University of Southern California (USC) Price Center for Social Innovation Neighborhood Data for Social Change (NDSC) interactive platform, I run multiple ordinary least squares regressions using different measures of crime to determine if neighborhoods with higher crime rates influence the unhealthy percentage of 5th, 7th, and 9thgrade public school students. I hypothesize that crime influences obesity, violent crime has a stronger correlation than property crime, and that greater parks access reduces obesity. My regression results fail to support hypotheses one and two. Hypothesis three is supported by the available data.

No description available.

The purpose of this dissertation is to identify an optimum ratio of police officers to city residents for the purpose of reducing year-to-year crime rates in cities with populations between 25,000 and 999,999. Current research in this area focuses on the impact of the number of police officers on overall crime rates. However, that body of research does not distinguish the impacts found in minimally-staffed, moderately-staffed, and highly-staffed agencies. By examining each of these three groups separately, a statistically significant relationship was determined to exist between per capita staffing levels and short-term property crime reduction for agencies with 1.50 to 2.75 police officers per 1,000 residents. No such relationship existed for agencies with fewer than 1.50 officers or greater than 2.75 officers per 1,000 residents. There was no identifiable relationship between staffing levels and violent crime categories. As a result of this finding, an optimum staffing range has been identified for local law enforcement agencies seeking to make immediate, short-term impacts on property crime.

Property criminality and its prevention Bicycle theft in the context of general property criminality Abstract Property criminality is a very serious social pathological phenomenon. In the long run, it accounts for the largest share of total crime by far. Property offenses are the most numerous and also represent the largest amount of police work. Bicycle theft is a common property offense. This diploma thesis deals with both of these phenomena, considering the thefts of bicycles in the context of general property crime. Both phenomena are defined and evaluated in terms of statistical indicators. Here it mainly examines the state and dynamics of both phenomena. In the area of bicycle theft, there are additionally evaluated other statistical data such as theft detection, data on prosecuted persons and the proportion of repeat offenders in committing this type of offense. Subsequently, the causes of property crime are investigated and the causes of bicycle theft are evaluated. The socio-historical context is outlined and then the motives of the perpetrators to commit property offenses and specifically theft of bicycles are analyzed. Much of this thesis is aimed to criminal prevention. Firstly, the thesis describes the theoretical bases, which divide crime prevention in terms of content into social, situational...

Sambandet mellan den fysiska miljön och brottslighet har sedan länge varit en relevant fråga inom den kriminologiska diskursen. Den föreliggande studien ämnar vidare undersöka huruvida fysisk oordning i urbana bostadsområden kan studeras genom Google Street View, ett webbaserat instrument för virtuella observationer. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om virtuellt observerad och självrapporterad uppfattad grad av fysisk oordning i bostadsområdet mäter samma fenomen, men även om virtuellt observerad fysisk oordning kan förklara skillnader i självrapporterad utsatthet för egendomsbrott. Genom att utföra virtuella observationer av fysisk oordning med hjälp av Google Street View i tjugo centralt belägna bostadsområden i Malmö visar resultaten att observerad och självrapporterad grad av fysisk oordning är starkt korrelerade och förefaller mäta samma fenomen. Resultaten visar även att observerad nivå av fysisk oordning genom Google Street View till viss del kan förklara variansen av utsatthet för egendomsbrott mellan bostadsområden. Avslutningsvis framhålls i studien att virtuella observationer genom Google Street View är ett lovande samt potentiellt kostnadseffektivt tillvägagångssätt för att undersöka graden av fysisk oordning i urbana bostadsområden. Användandet av Google Street View kantas dock av flera begränsningar som både framhålls och diskuteras grundligt i denna studie. / The correlation of physical environment and crime has been an ever relevant topic in the criminological discourse. This study attempts to unravel whether physical disorder in inner-city urban neighborhoods may be studied through Google Street View as a virtual observational tool. The aims of the study is to examine whether virtually observed and self-reported perceived level of neighborhood disorder measure the same phenomenon, and whether virtually observed physical disorder may explain variations of self-reported victimization of property crimes. By conducting virtual observations of physical disorder in twenty inner-city neighborhoods of Malmö through Google Street View, the results of the study propose that virtually observed and self-reported perceived level of disorder is strongly correlated and thus seems to measure the same phenomenon to a great extent. The results of the study also imply that observed physical disorder through Google Street View also accounts for neighborhood differences in victimization of property crimes. The study concludes that virtual observation through Google Street View is a promising and potentially cost-effective alternative approach when auditing neighborhood physical disorder. The methodology does however suffer by limitations which is highlighted and thoroughly discussed.

This study investigates changes in rates of property crime in the United States from 1958 to 1993. Predictor variables include changes in rates of economic factors (inflation, technological/cyclical/frictional unemployment), arrest rates for property crimes disaggregated by race (ARPCDR), interaction of ARPCDR and technological unemployment, alcohol offenses, interaction of alcohol offenses and poverty, drug abuse violations, and interaction of drug abuse violations and poverty. Changes in poverty, population growth, and police presence are employed as control variables. The Beach-McKinnon Full Maximum- Likelihood EGLS AR1 Method (accompanied by residual analysis) is used to test seven hypotheses. Significant positive effects upon changes in aggregate property crime rates are found for five predictors: (a) inflation, (b) cyclical unemployment, (c) frictional unemployment, (d) the interaction of white arrest rates and technological unemployment, and (e) the interaction of rates of alcohol offenses and poverty. To explain changes in property crime rates, further research should decompose aggregate rates particularly those pertaining to the economy. Also, the relationship between the interaction of poverty and drug abuse violations, at the aggregate level, and changes in property crime rates should be clarified. This research has important policy implications related to the impact of social, economic, and educational issues on mainstream society and its criminal elements. Law makers should consider this type of research in all macro and micro-oriented policies.

Despite the recent decreasing trend of most traditional types of crime, online property crime (OPC), referring to crime committed online with a financial orientation such as online frauds, scams, and phishing, continues to increase. According to the Internet Crime Complaint Center, the number of reported complaints about OPC have increased by approximately sixteen fold from 16,838 cases in 2000 to 288,012 cases in 2015, and referred financial losses have also increased about sixty times from $17.8 million in 2001 to $1 billion in 2015. The increase in OPC might be directly related to advanced online accessibility due to the accelerated progress of information and communication technology (ICT). Since the progress of ICT continues forward and the advanced ICT infrastructure can affect our routine activities more significantly, issues regarding OPC may become more various and prevalent. The present study aims to explore a macro-social criminogenic structure of OPC perpetration. Specifically, this study focused on exploring probable macro-social predictors of OPC rates and examining how effectively these possible macro-social predictors account for variance in OPC perpetration rates. In addition, this study explored possible predictors of macro-level online opportunity structure, which is expected to have a direct relationship with OPC rates. It also examined how much variance in online opportunity structure was explained by the included possible predictors. With these research purposes, the current study analyzed state-level data of the fifty states in the U.S. by applying a partial least square regression (PLSR) approach. The results indicated that predictors related to macro-social economic conditions such as economic inequality, poverty, economic social support, and unemployment had a significant association with OPC. As expected, indicators in the domain of economic inequality predicted greater OPC rates and those in the domain of economic social support were related to lower OPC rates. However, poverty and unemployment predictors were negatively associated with OPC, which is the opposite direction of the relationships between these predictors and traditional street crime. In addition, indicators of online opportunity structure were found to have a significantly positive relationship to OPC as expected. The PLSR model for predicting OPC applied in the current study accounted for approximately 50% of variance in OPC rates across states. For predictors of online opportunity structure, the results indicated that online opportunity was associated with state-level economic and socio-demographic characteristics. States with less poverty, more urban population, and more working age adults were more likely to report more online opportunities. The PLSR model for predicting online opportunity structure explained about 80% of variance in measured online opportunity. These results may imply that some types of macro-social conditions may have an indirect effect on OPC through online opportunity structure as well as their direct effects on OPC. Future study should pay more attention to examining structural relationships of macro-social contexts, online opportunity structure, and OPC to understand macro-level criminogenic mechanism of OPC.

No description available.

Diploma thesis "Crime in Czech media: Image of crime in Mladá fronta Dnes and Právo newspapers" tries to map way and development of crime presentation in print media in the years of 1996 and 2006, using a content analysis. In the initial, theoretical part, there are the basic hypothesis explained, a description of crime from the sociological perspective and a description of crime history in former Czechoslovakia and in the Czech Republic from 80's of the 20th century until the present time. Further, there is an explanation of relevant chapters from media studies. The pracical part consists of a description of the research method and the portrayal of the research process. It continues with the content analysis itself and the evaluation of collected data. The data are presented in percentage rates and displayed in charts. Acquired rates have been compared with each other and have been searched for further relations amongst them. In the conclusion there is an overall summary of the research findings and their evaluation concerning the basic hypothesis.