Objectives: Increasing knowledge of genetics has found that a mutation to the BRCA 1 or 2 genes are associated with a high risk of developing breast cancer throughout the lifespan. A woman with this genetic mutation may consider preventive surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer. This involves a prophylactic bilateral mastectomy to remove the breasts when there is no cancer present and may be followed by breast reconstruction. This study aimed to explore the lived experience and psycho-social impact on women of this surgery. Design: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed in an in-depth study of a small sample of eleven female patients with BRCA 1/2 genetic mutations who had undergone preventive surgery of prophylactic bilateral mastectomy. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were carried out. The transcripts of those interviews served as the data for an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results and conclusions: Three themes were identified from the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to convey the lived experience of participants. These were (1) focus on reduced risk of cancer; taking control, relief and benefit finding, (2) a focus on relationships; family life, medical professional and BRCA support group and other women with lived experience, and (3) Focus on experiencing surgery and impact on self; the importance of reconstruction, loss of sexual attractiveness, impact on self from negative reaction of others and adjusting to surgical results. The implications are discussed in relation to the current literature and clinical practice.

Ursache des klinisch durch die Amsterdam-Kriterien definierten HNPCC sind hochpenetrante Keimbahnmutationen in den DNAMismatchrepair( MMR)-Genen MLH1, MSH2, seltener in MSH6 und PMS2. Mutationsträger in diesen MMR-Genen haben ein hohes kumulatives Risiko (52–92%) für die Entwicklung kolorektaler – einschließlich syn- und metachroner – Karzinome, die sich meist in früheren Lebensjahren als bei sporadischen Fällen entwickeln. Darüber hinaus findet sich bei diesen Mutationsträgern ein deutlich erhöhtes Risiko für extrakolonische Karzinome, insbesondere des Endometriums, seltener der Ovarien, des Magens, der ableitenden Harnwege und des Dünndarms. Aus dieser Risikokonstellation erwächst die Frage nach einem spezifischen, individualisierten Therapiekonzept bei HNPCC-Patienten bzw. Mutationsträgern. Prinzipiell könnten drei Möglichkeiten des chirurgischen Vorgehens bezüglich des Kolorektums in Frage kommen: 1. prophylaktische Resektion bei gesunden Mutationsträgern 2. onkologische Resektion bei Karzinommanifestation 3. erweiterte Resektion mit zusätzlich prophylaktischer Intention bei Manifestation des ersten Kolon- oder Rektumkarzinoms. Die erste Möglichkeit kann nach kritischer Evaluation verschiedener Argumente als Option der Prävention nicht empfohlen werden. Zur Zeit kann sicherlich auch keine endgültige Empfehlung abgegeben werden, ob die zweite oder dritte Option des operativen Vorgehens favorisiert werden sollte. Die Indikation zur prophylaktischen Hysterektomie und Oophorektomie sollte nach ausführlicher genetischer, chirurgischer und gynäkologischer Beratung bei postmenopausalen Patientinnen, die die Amsterdam-Kriterien erfüllen oder Trägerinnen einer pathogenen Keimbahnmutation in einem MMR-Gen sind und bei denen dieser Eingriff mit einer anderweitig indizierten Operation kombiniert werden kann, erwogen werden. Eine exakte Prädiktion des individuellen Risikos und Erkrankungsalters auf Grundlage der Analyse von Interaktionen zwischen endogenen und exogenen, modifizierenden Faktoren ist Voraussetzung für individuelle Empfehlungen für «maßgeschneiderte»Vorsorgeprogramme oder prophylaktische chirurgische Maßnahmen. / Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), clinically defined by the Amsterdam criteria, is caused by highly penetrant germ line mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, mostly in MLH1 and MSH2, infrequently in MSH6 und PMS2. Mutation carriers are at high cumulative risk (52-92%) for developing colorectal cancer (CRC), including syn- and metachronous colorectal carcinomas, with a younger age of onset compared with sporadic CRC. In addition, there is a remarkably increased risk in these mutation carriers for extracolonic carcinomas, especially for endometrial and ovarian carcinomas but also for gastric, ureter and renal pelvis and small bowel cancer. Therefore, the question arises if an individually tailored conception of treatment should be applied to HNPCC patients and mutation carriers. On principle, there are three options of surgical approach conceivable concerning the colorectum: i) prophylactic resection in healthy mutation carriers ii) oncological resection in the case of CRC iii) extended resection with an additional prophylactic intent in the case of first CRC. After critical evaluation of various arguments, the first option cannot be recommended for CRC prevention. However, a final recommendation neither for the second nor the third option of surgical approach can be given at the moment. The indication for a prophylactic hysterectomy and oophorectomy should be weighted in the following postmenopausal patients after intensive genetic, surgical and gynecologic counselling: patients fulfilling the Amsterdam II criteria or who have been identified as mutation carriers of a disease causing germ line mutation in one of the MMR genes and who have to be operated on due to another cause. A precise prediction of the individual risk and age of onset on the basis of the analysis of interactions between endogenous and exogenous modifying factors is the precondition for recommendations concerning individually tailored surveillance or prophylactic surgery. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Ursache des klinisch durch die Amsterdam-Kriterien definierten HNPCC sind hochpenetrante Keimbahnmutationen in den DNAMismatchrepair( MMR)-Genen MLH1, MSH2, seltener in MSH6 und PMS2. Mutationsträger in diesen MMR-Genen haben ein hohes kumulatives Risiko (52–92%) für die Entwicklung kolorektaler – einschließlich syn- und metachroner – Karzinome, die sich meist in früheren Lebensjahren als bei sporadischen Fällen entwickeln. Darüber hinaus findet sich bei diesen Mutationsträgern ein deutlich erhöhtes Risiko für extrakolonische Karzinome, insbesondere des Endometriums, seltener der Ovarien, des Magens, der ableitenden Harnwege und des Dünndarms. Aus dieser Risikokonstellation erwächst die Frage nach einem spezifischen, individualisierten Therapiekonzept bei HNPCC-Patienten bzw. Mutationsträgern. Prinzipiell könnten drei Möglichkeiten des chirurgischen Vorgehens bezüglich des Kolorektums in Frage kommen: 1. prophylaktische Resektion bei gesunden Mutationsträgern 2. onkologische Resektion bei Karzinommanifestation 3. erweiterte Resektion mit zusätzlich prophylaktischer Intention bei Manifestation des ersten Kolon- oder Rektumkarzinoms. Die erste Möglichkeit kann nach kritischer Evaluation verschiedener Argumente als Option der Prävention nicht empfohlen werden. Zur Zeit kann sicherlich auch keine endgültige Empfehlung abgegeben werden, ob die zweite oder dritte Option des operativen Vorgehens favorisiert werden sollte. Die Indikation zur prophylaktischen Hysterektomie und Oophorektomie sollte nach ausführlicher genetischer, chirurgischer und gynäkologischer Beratung bei postmenopausalen Patientinnen, die die Amsterdam-Kriterien erfüllen oder Trägerinnen einer pathogenen Keimbahnmutation in einem MMR-Gen sind und bei denen dieser Eingriff mit einer anderweitig indizierten Operation kombiniert werden kann, erwogen werden. Eine exakte Prädiktion des individuellen Risikos und Erkrankungsalters auf Grundlage der Analyse von Interaktionen zwischen endogenen und exogenen, modifizierenden Faktoren ist Voraussetzung für individuelle Empfehlungen für «maßgeschneiderte»Vorsorgeprogramme oder prophylaktische chirurgische Maßnahmen. / Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), clinically defined by the Amsterdam criteria, is caused by highly penetrant germ line mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, mostly in MLH1 and MSH2, infrequently in MSH6 und PMS2. Mutation carriers are at high cumulative risk (52-92%) for developing colorectal cancer (CRC), including syn- and metachronous colorectal carcinomas, with a younger age of onset compared with sporadic CRC. In addition, there is a remarkably increased risk in these mutation carriers for extracolonic carcinomas, especially for endometrial and ovarian carcinomas but also for gastric, ureter and renal pelvis and small bowel cancer. Therefore, the question arises if an individually tailored conception of treatment should be applied to HNPCC patients and mutation carriers. On principle, there are three options of surgical approach conceivable concerning the colorectum: i) prophylactic resection in healthy mutation carriers ii) oncological resection in the case of CRC iii) extended resection with an additional prophylactic intent in the case of first CRC. After critical evaluation of various arguments, the first option cannot be recommended for CRC prevention. However, a final recommendation neither for the second nor the third option of surgical approach can be given at the moment. The indication for a prophylactic hysterectomy and oophorectomy should be weighted in the following postmenopausal patients after intensive genetic, surgical and gynecologic counselling: patients fulfilling the Amsterdam II criteria or who have been identified as mutation carriers of a disease causing germ line mutation in one of the MMR genes and who have to be operated on due to another cause. A precise prediction of the individual risk and age of onset on the basis of the analysis of interactions between endogenous and exogenous modifying factors is the precondition for recommendations concerning individually tailored surveillance or prophylactic surgery. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Introdução: Mulheres portadoras de mutações germinativas BRCA1 ou BRCA2 apresentam um risco aumentado de câncer de mama e de ovário em comparação com a população geral, enquanto a salpingo-ooforectomia redutora de risco (SORR) reduz significativamente a incidência desses cânceres. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características clínicas e patológicas de uma população franco-canadense que realizou a SORR. A morbidade cirúrgica também foi avaliada. Materiais e Métodos: Entre dezembro de 1999 e dezembro de 2009, todas as pacientes submetidas à SORR foram identificadas. Os prontuários médicos foram revisados. Estatística descritiva, teste exato de Fischer, e teste t de Student foram utilizados para análise. Resultados: Durante o período de estudo, a SORR foi realizada em 119 mulheres. A média de idade no momento da cirurgia foi de 49 anos (35-72 anos); e 63 pacientes (53%) estavam na pré-menopausa. Sessenta e duas mulheres (52%) tinham uma história de câncer de mama in situ ou invasor. Mutações nos genes BRCA1 e BRCA2 estavam presentes em 34 pacientes (29%) e 42 pacientes (35%), respectivamente. Desse modo, 43 pacientes (36%) foram consideradas como tendo um risco aumentado de câncer de mama e de ovário, apesar de um teste negativo para ambos os genes (n = 23) ou desconhecido, porque o paciente recusou teste genético (n = 20). A maioria das pacientes com útero foi submetida a uma histerectomia complementar (65%). Seis complicações ocorreram (3 hematomas, 2 arritmias cardíacas e uma cistostomia). Em uma paciente (0,8%), um carcinoma ovariano de alto grau estadio II foi descoberto no momento da cirurgia. Atipias de tubas de falópio foram identificadas na patologia final em 8 casos (6,7%). Após um acompanhamento médio de 22 meses, 4 mulheres (3,4%) desenvolveram câncer de mama e uma paciente (0,8%) desenvolveu câncer peritoneal. Conclusões: a SORR é altamente eficaz na prevenção de câncer de ovário, tuba de falópio, e de carcinomas de mama em uma população franco-canadense de alto risco, sendo que a morbidade cirúrgica é baixa. / Background: Women with germ line BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have a marked increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer compared with the general population, whereas risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) significantly lowers the incidence of these cancers. The objective of this study was to review the clinical and pathological characteristics of a French Canadian population undergoing RRSO. Surgical morbidity was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: From December 1999 to December 2009, all women who underwent RRSO at our institution were identified. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Descriptive statistics, the Fischer exact test, and the Student t test were used for analysis. Results: During the study period, RRSO was performed on 119 women. Mean age at surgery was 49 years (35-72 years), and 63 patients (53%) were premenopausal. Sixty two women (52%) had a history of in situ or invasive breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were present in 34 patients (29%) and 42 patients (35%), respectively, whereas 43 patients (36%) were considered to have an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer, despite a personal genetic test, which was either negative (n = 23) or unknown because the patient declined genetic testing (n = 20). Most patients with an uterus in place had a complementary hysterectomy (65%). Six complications occurred (3 hematomas, 2 cardiac arrhythmias, and 1 cystotomy). In one patient (0.8%), a high-grade stage II ovarian cancer was discovered at the time of surgery. Fallopian tube atypias were identified on final pathology in 8 cases (6.7%). After a median follow-up of 22 months, 4 women (3.4%) developed breast cancer and one woman (0.8%) developed peritoneal cancer. Conclusions: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is highly effective in preventing ovarian, fallopian tube, and breast cancers in a high-risk French Canadian population; and the surgical morbidity is low.

Introdução: Mulheres portadoras de mutações germinativas BRCA1 ou BRCA2 apresentam um risco aumentado de câncer de mama e de ovário em comparação com a população geral, enquanto a salpingo-ooforectomia redutora de risco (SORR) reduz significativamente a incidência desses cânceres. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características clínicas e patológicas de uma população franco-canadense que realizou a SORR. A morbidade cirúrgica também foi avaliada. Materiais e Métodos: Entre dezembro de 1999 e dezembro de 2009, todas as pacientes submetidas à SORR foram identificadas. Os prontuários médicos foram revisados. Estatística descritiva, teste exato de Fischer, e teste t de Student foram utilizados para análise. Resultados: Durante o período de estudo, a SORR foi realizada em 119 mulheres. A média de idade no momento da cirurgia foi de 49 anos (35-72 anos); e 63 pacientes (53%) estavam na pré-menopausa. Sessenta e duas mulheres (52%) tinham uma história de câncer de mama in situ ou invasor. Mutações nos genes BRCA1 e BRCA2 estavam presentes em 34 pacientes (29%) e 42 pacientes (35%), respectivamente. Desse modo, 43 pacientes (36%) foram consideradas como tendo um risco aumentado de câncer de mama e de ovário, apesar de um teste negativo para ambos os genes (n = 23) ou desconhecido, porque o paciente recusou teste genético (n = 20). A maioria das pacientes com útero foi submetida a uma histerectomia complementar (65%). Seis complicações ocorreram (3 hematomas, 2 arritmias cardíacas e uma cistostomia). Em uma paciente (0,8%), um carcinoma ovariano de alto grau estadio II foi descoberto no momento da cirurgia. Atipias de tubas de falópio foram identificadas na patologia final em 8 casos (6,7%). Após um acompanhamento médio de 22 meses, 4 mulheres (3,4%) desenvolveram câncer de mama e uma paciente (0,8%) desenvolveu câncer peritoneal. Conclusões: a SORR é altamente eficaz na prevenção de câncer de ovário, tuba de falópio, e de carcinomas de mama em uma população franco-canadense de alto risco, sendo que a morbidade cirúrgica é baixa. / Background: Women with germ line BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have a marked increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer compared with the general population, whereas risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) significantly lowers the incidence of these cancers. The objective of this study was to review the clinical and pathological characteristics of a French Canadian population undergoing RRSO. Surgical morbidity was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: From December 1999 to December 2009, all women who underwent RRSO at our institution were identified. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Descriptive statistics, the Fischer exact test, and the Student t test were used for analysis. Results: During the study period, RRSO was performed on 119 women. Mean age at surgery was 49 years (35-72 years), and 63 patients (53%) were premenopausal. Sixty two women (52%) had a history of in situ or invasive breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were present in 34 patients (29%) and 42 patients (35%), respectively, whereas 43 patients (36%) were considered to have an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer, despite a personal genetic test, which was either negative (n = 23) or unknown because the patient declined genetic testing (n = 20). Most patients with an uterus in place had a complementary hysterectomy (65%). Six complications occurred (3 hematomas, 2 cardiac arrhythmias, and 1 cystotomy). In one patient (0.8%), a high-grade stage II ovarian cancer was discovered at the time of surgery. Fallopian tube atypias were identified on final pathology in 8 cases (6.7%). After a median follow-up of 22 months, 4 women (3.4%) developed breast cancer and one woman (0.8%) developed peritoneal cancer. Conclusions: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is highly effective in preventing ovarian, fallopian tube, and breast cancers in a high-risk French Canadian population; and the surgical morbidity is low.

Introdução: Mulheres portadoras de mutações germinativas BRCA1 ou BRCA2 apresentam um risco aumentado de câncer de mama e de ovário em comparação com a população geral, enquanto a salpingo-ooforectomia redutora de risco (SORR) reduz significativamente a incidência desses cânceres. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características clínicas e patológicas de uma população franco-canadense que realizou a SORR. A morbidade cirúrgica também foi avaliada. Materiais e Métodos: Entre dezembro de 1999 e dezembro de 2009, todas as pacientes submetidas à SORR foram identificadas. Os prontuários médicos foram revisados. Estatística descritiva, teste exato de Fischer, e teste t de Student foram utilizados para análise. Resultados: Durante o período de estudo, a SORR foi realizada em 119 mulheres. A média de idade no momento da cirurgia foi de 49 anos (35-72 anos); e 63 pacientes (53%) estavam na pré-menopausa. Sessenta e duas mulheres (52%) tinham uma história de câncer de mama in situ ou invasor. Mutações nos genes BRCA1 e BRCA2 estavam presentes em 34 pacientes (29%) e 42 pacientes (35%), respectivamente. Desse modo, 43 pacientes (36%) foram consideradas como tendo um risco aumentado de câncer de mama e de ovário, apesar de um teste negativo para ambos os genes (n = 23) ou desconhecido, porque o paciente recusou teste genético (n = 20). A maioria das pacientes com útero foi submetida a uma histerectomia complementar (65%). Seis complicações ocorreram (3 hematomas, 2 arritmias cardíacas e uma cistostomia). Em uma paciente (0,8%), um carcinoma ovariano de alto grau estadio II foi descoberto no momento da cirurgia. Atipias de tubas de falópio foram identificadas na patologia final em 8 casos (6,7%). Após um acompanhamento médio de 22 meses, 4 mulheres (3,4%) desenvolveram câncer de mama e uma paciente (0,8%) desenvolveu câncer peritoneal. Conclusões: a SORR é altamente eficaz na prevenção de câncer de ovário, tuba de falópio, e de carcinomas de mama em uma população franco-canadense de alto risco, sendo que a morbidade cirúrgica é baixa. / Background: Women with germ line BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have a marked increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer compared with the general population, whereas risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) significantly lowers the incidence of these cancers. The objective of this study was to review the clinical and pathological characteristics of a French Canadian population undergoing RRSO. Surgical morbidity was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: From December 1999 to December 2009, all women who underwent RRSO at our institution were identified. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Descriptive statistics, the Fischer exact test, and the Student t test were used for analysis. Results: During the study period, RRSO was performed on 119 women. Mean age at surgery was 49 years (35-72 years), and 63 patients (53%) were premenopausal. Sixty two women (52%) had a history of in situ or invasive breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were present in 34 patients (29%) and 42 patients (35%), respectively, whereas 43 patients (36%) were considered to have an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer, despite a personal genetic test, which was either negative (n = 23) or unknown because the patient declined genetic testing (n = 20). Most patients with an uterus in place had a complementary hysterectomy (65%). Six complications occurred (3 hematomas, 2 cardiac arrhythmias, and 1 cystotomy). In one patient (0.8%), a high-grade stage II ovarian cancer was discovered at the time of surgery. Fallopian tube atypias were identified on final pathology in 8 cases (6.7%). After a median follow-up of 22 months, 4 women (3.4%) developed breast cancer and one woman (0.8%) developed peritoneal cancer. Conclusions: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is highly effective in preventing ovarian, fallopian tube, and breast cancers in a high-risk French Canadian population; and the surgical morbidity is low.