Protein aggregation and physical stability are perpetual concerns in medicine and industry. Misfolded protein can form ordered protein aggregates, amyloids, which are associated with a host of neurodegenerative diseases in mammals and control heritable traits in fungi and yeast. Industrially, amorphous aggregates reduce the efficacy of protein-based therapeutics and activity of enzymes during production and storage. This work studies ion-specific and solvent-based effects on protein physical stability. We show that ion-specificity significantly affects amyloid formation kinetics, aggregate morphology, thermostability, frangibility, and, most intriguingly, prion infectivity in vivo. Forming amyloid in chaotropic or kosmotropic solutions generates predominately weak or strong prion variants, respectively. Ion-specific effects also influenced amorphous aggregation of model proteins and antibodies. To quantify protein - protein stability/affinity, we developed a rapid and reliable diffusion-based technique. Our technique was able to resolve relative differences in colloidal stability between various saline and saccharide solutions. In all, this dissertation expands our understanding of ion-specific and water-mediated interactions with prion proteins and protein dispersions.

Orientador: Carlos Henrique Inácio Ramos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T01:01:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correa_DanielHenriquedoAmaral_D.pdf: 14618006 bytes, checksum: 0865223d71dcf2f775b71ebcedecc875 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Proteínas enoveladas incorretamente, com freqüência levam à formação de agregados fibrilares contendo extensas estruturas em folha-?, comumente denominadas de fibrilas amilóides. A hipótese acerca da capacidade de formar fibrilas amilóides com estruturas idênticas e ricas em estruturas beta, ser uma propriedade genérica de toda proteína, apoia-se no fato de até mesmo proteínas sem conexão com doenças, como a mioglobina, serem capazes de gerar estruturas fibrilares. Embora várias proteínas sejam intrinsecamente desordenadas, muitas são apropriadamente empacotadas, podendo se desenovelar totalmente ou parcialmente de maneira a expor regiões propensas à agregação, que podem converter o polipeptídeo em fibrilas amilóides. De fato, vários estudos sugerem que intermediários parcialmente enovelados estão envolvidos na fibrilogênese. A apomioglobina (apoMb) de baleia do espermacete é uma proteína bem caracterizada, que forma um intermediário durante o desenovelamento do estado nativo ou após a diluição do estado desenovelado em tampão de enovelamento. A mioglobina é uma proteína altamente solúvel, cujas propriedades do estado nativo não sugerem uma predisposição dessa em formar fibrilas amilóides, corroborado pela organização de sua seqüência de resíduos de aminoácidos em hélices-? bem definidas sem elementos de estrutura em folha-?. Contudo, até a mioglobina forma fibrilas amilóides em certas condições, sugerindo que a capacidade de formar fibrilas seja uma característica comum de toda proteína e, portanto, não estando relacionada a uma estrutura primária específica. Neste projeto, visamos mapear as potenciais interações envolvidas na agregação e formação de fibrilas amilóides em apomioglobinas. Para tanto, apresentamos aqui os estudos dos efeitos de 19 mutantes de apoMb na cinética amiloidogênica da mesma. A indução de fibrilas amilóides foi realizada através da incubação das apoMbs em tampão borato de sódio 50 mM, pH 9 e aquecidas a 65°C. O processo de agregação foi acompanhado por medidas da emissão de fluorescência de Tioflavina T (ThT) e espectroscopia de dicroísmo circular (CD). Outras propriedades morfo-fisicoquímicas das amilóides de apoMb foram também estudadas: energia de ativação da formação de fibrilas, organização estrutural, citotoxicidade, efeito de semeadura, desmontagem por uréia. Nossos resultados mostram que alguns mutantes (7 no total) afetaram a cinética de formação das amilóides, e surpreendentemente, esses efeitos correlacionam-se bem com o efeito que a mutação tem sobre a estabilidade do estado nativo, mas não com o efeito sobre a estabilidade do estado intermediário do enovelamento. As estruturas globais (investigadas por difração de raios-X) das fibrilas formadas pelas ampomioglobinas selvagem e mutantes mostram-se indistinguíveis. Experimentos de citotoxicidade, utilizando um modelo de células neuronais N2A (neuroblastoma de camundongo), e semeadura, confirmam que as diferentes formas de agregados das proteínas são capazes de diminuir a viabilidade celular e de acelerar a formação das fibrilas. Generalizando, nossos resultados suportam a hipótese de que, embora o desenovelamento parcial preceda a formação de fibrilas em apomioglobina, a formação do intermediário de enovelamento não parece ser um passo obrigatório no processo e assim, o enovelamento e a formação de agregados/fibrilas são aparentemente distintos para essa proteína. / Abstract: Protein misfolding usually leads to the formation of fibrillar aggregates with extensive ?-sheet structure, commonly termed amyloid fibrils. The hypothesis that the ability to form ordered ?-rich amyloid fibers with identical structures is a generic property of proteins is supported by the fact that even proteins with no connection to disease, such as myoglobin, are able to generate fibrillar structures. Although several proteins are intrinsically disordered, many are properly packed and should unfold totally or partially exposing aggregation-prone regions that can convert the polypeptide into amyloid fibrils. Actually, several studies suggest that partially folded intermediates are involved in fibrillogenesis. Sperm whale apomyoglobin (apoMb) is a well-characterized protein that forms an intermediate after either unfolding from the native state or dilution of the unfolded protein in a folding buffer. Mb is a highly soluble protein whose native state properties do not suggest a predisposition to form amyloid fibrils, corroborated by its amino acid residues sequence organization in well-defined ?-helices with no ?-sheet elements. However, even Mb forms amyloid fibrils under certain conditions, suggesting that the ability to form fibrils is a common feature of all proteins and is not related to a specific primary structure. In this work, we aim to map potential interactions involved in apomioglobin aggregation and fibrils formation. To such aim, we present here the studies of effects on amiloidogenic kinetics of 19 apoMb mutants. The induction of amyloid fibrils was performed by incubating apoMb proteins on 50 mM sodium borate buffer at pH 9 and heat to 65°C. The aggregation process was monitored both by thioflavin T (ThT) emitted fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measurements. Other morph-physicochemical properties of apoMb amyloids were also studied: activation energy of fibril formation, structure organization, cytotoxicity, seeding effect, disassembly by urea. Our results show that some mutants (7 in total) affect the amyloid formation kinetics, and surprisingly, these effects are well correlated with the effect that the mutation has on the stability of the native state but not with the effect on the stability of the folding intermediate. The overall structures, probed by X-ray diffraction, of fibers formed by mutants and wild-type apomyoglobin are indistinguishable. Cytotoxicity experiments, using a neuronal cell line model N2A (murine neuroblastoma), and seeding experiments, confirm that different aggregated forms of proteins are capable of decreasing the cell viability and to speed up the formation of fibrils. Generally, our results support the hypothesis that although partially unfolding precedes fibril formation in apomyoglobin, formation of the folding intermediate is not an obligatory step in the process and thus folding and aggregation/fibril formation are apparently distinct in this protein. / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 elisangela_teixeira_silva.pdf: 805083 bytes, checksum: 4f700b752106d3810c1baa4954dc2462 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-26 / Enzymes are specific biocatalysts that work in wide field of applications as food industry as detergent formulation. The proteases represents an important commercial bioproduct used in industry, managing billion of dollars year by year, producing tons of detergents for different applications. Enzymatic reactions are processed under mild temperature and pressure with great commercial interest, being these catalysts biodegradable. The proteases demand in the brazilian market promoves the researches, as the entrepreneurship in this area althought more investments from government agencies must be necessary. The potenciality in renewable raw material and the increase of development of enzyme technologies are the bases that can promove the enzymes exportation. Hydrogen and disulfide bonds, van der Waals and ionic powers, as well as hydrophobic interactions need to be keeped among these amino acids to manage the spacial conformation of the enzymes, avoiding the inactivation or the protein desnaturation. The formulation process need of physical and chemical managements to promove the stability of the protein chains to try to protect the catalytic site and the spacial structure, adding elements like preservatives, salts, polymers, surfactantes, solvents, detergents and others elements to manage the structure of the enzyme in this process of formulation is necessary. In this work was analyzed the chemical composition of three bioprocts sold in the brazilian market used for domestic laundry, the presence of the main active agents among them like: enzymes, tensioactives and others, and the interaction these additives during the formulation process that could promove the respective differences and characteristics that make these products competitive. / Enzimas são biocatalisadores específicos que são utilizadas em vários campos de atuação, desde a indústria de alimentos, até na formulação de detergentes. As proteases são biocatalisadores de grande interesse comercial na indústria, movimentando bilhões de dólares com produção de toneladas de detergentes para diferentes aplicações. A demana de proteases no mercado brasileiro promove pesquisas como também o empreendorismo nesse segmento embora mais investimentos por parte das agências do governo devem ser necessárias. A potencialidade da matéria prima renovável e o aumento do desenvolviemnto de tecnologias para enzimas, como o conhecimento sobre a conformação protéica e estabilidade com atividades catalítica são as bases que podem promover a exportação de enzimas. Ligações de hidrogênio, forças iônicas e de van der Walls, como também as interações hodrofóbicas precisam ser matindas entre os amimoácidos para gerenciar a conformação espacial das enzimas, evitando desnaturação protéica. No processo de formulação, é necessário investigar a interrrelação de parâmetros físicos e aditivos químicos cujas variáveis são importantes para manter a estabilidade da conformação espacial, adicionando elementos como conservantes, sais, polímeros, surfactantes, solventes, detergentes e outros elementos para manter a estrutura da enzima. Nesse trabalho foram analizadas as composições de três bioprodutos dispostos no mercado brasileiro para lavagem de roupa. A presença de agentes ativos entre eles: enzimas e tensioativos e, a interação entre esses aditivos durante o armazenamento e as condições operacionais promovem as respectivas diferenças e características que impulsionam a competitividade desses produtos.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernanda_cristina_padilha_rocha_silva.pdf: 2431932 bytes, checksum: f7140668c1558241152571bad405e7c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-12 / Oil refineries, as well as other large-scale industrial processes, are potential sources of environmental pollution. Accidents involving spills of oil and oil products in Brazil, in the period 1975-2012, add infective million liters of soil, rivers and sea. In this sense, the process of dissolved air flotation (DAF) is still widely used in industry, both for water supply and for wastewater. The physico-chemical processes such as centrifugation, ultrafiltration and dissolved air flotation (DAF), can be effective when used to separate emulsified oils. The effluent from the oily water type cause many environmental problems, particularly in thermal power plants (TPP s). Thus the aim of the study was to propose the separation water/oil by FAD in pilot scale and to compare the efficiency of the pilot prototype of FAD with and without addition of biosurfactant separation of oily waste waters. According the results, the biosurfactant produced by Candida sphaerica was selected, this being cultivated in using low cost industrial waste. Use of this bioproduct increased the efficiency of the flotation 80.0% to 98.0 %, to provide better determination of the operating conditions. Thus, it is suggested that the use of biosurfactants as auxiliary flotation is a promising alternative for the mitigation of pollution caused by the accumulation of synthetic surfactants in the environment. / As refinarias de petróleo, assim como outros processos industriais em grande escala, são fontes potenciais de poluição ambiental. Os acidentes ocorridos com derramamento de petróleo e seus derivados no Brasil, no período de 1975 a 2012, somam milhões de litros de poluentes que promoveram a contaminação de solos, rios e mar. Os processos fisíco-químicos tais como, a centrifugação, ultrafiltração e flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD), podem ser eficazes quando usados para separar óleos emulsionados. Nesse sentido, o processo de FAD continua sendo amplamente utilizado nas indústrias, tanto para águas de abastecimento como para águas residuárias. A FAD pode ser considerada como uma tecnologia limpa, uma vez que utiliza pequenas quantidades de coagulantes e ar para promover a separação. A utilização de coletores/coagulantes é essencial para melhorar a eficiência do processo, tendo em vista suas características específicas que facilitam a adesão das partículas e, consequentemente, a separação dos poluentes. Por outro lado, esses coletores químicos são tóxicos, fator que representa um agravante no sentido da geração de outros poluentes ambientais. Assim, os surfactantes microbianos ou biossurfactantes, biomoléculas anfipáticas produzidas por bactérias e leveduras, em detrimento dos coagulantes sintéticos, apresentam-se como uma tecnologia sustentável e promissora no aumento de eficiência da flotação. Essas biomoéculas, além de serem muito eficientes, são biodegradáveis e atóxicas, motivando as pesquisas no sentido de produzir e utilizar cada vez mais esses agentes tensoativos. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na busca de uma estratégia para comparar as eficiências de separação água/derivado de petróleo por FAD, em escala piloto, com e sem a adição de um biossurfactante. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o biossurfactante produzido por Candida sphaerica cultivada em residuos industriais foi considerado adequado como coletor do processo de separação. A utilização da biomolécula elevou a eficiência do processo de FAD de 80,0% para 98,0%, proporcionando a determinação das melhores condições operacionais. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que o uso de biossurfactantes como auxiliares na flotação constitui uma alternativa promissora na mitigação da poluição provocada pelo derramamento de petróleo e derivados em ambientes marinhos.

Analyses of protein sequences from diverse genomes have revealed the ubiquitous nature of multi-domain proteins. They form up to 70% of proteomes of most eukaryotic organisms. Yet, our understanding of protein structure, folding and evolution has been dominated by extensive studies on single-domain proteins. We provide quantitative treatment and proof for prevailing intuitive ideas on the strategies employed by nature to stabilize otherwise unstable domains. We find that domains incapable of independent stability are stabilized by favourable interactions with tethered domains in the multi-domain context. Natural variations (nsSNPs) at these sites alter communication between domains and affect stability leading to disease manifestation. We emphasize this by using explicit all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to study the interface nsSNPs of human Glutathione S-transferase omega 1. We show that domain-domain interface interactions constrain inter-domain geometry (IDG) which is evolutionarily well conserved. The inter-domain linkers modulate the interactions by varying their lengths, conformations and local structure, thereby affecting the overall IDG. These findings led to the development of a method to predict interfacial residues in multi-domain proteins based on difference evolutionary information extracted from at least two diverse domain architectures (single and multi-domain). Our predictions are highly accurate (∼85%) and specific (∼95%). Using predicted residues to constrain domain–domain interaction, rigid-body docking was able to provide us with accurate full-length protein structures with correct orientation of domains. Further, we developed and employed an alignment-free approach based on local amino-acid fragment matching to compare sequences of multi-domain proteins. This is especially effective in the absence of proper alignments, which is usually the case for multi-domain proteins. Using this, we were able to recreate the existing Hanks and Hunter classification scheme for protein kinases. We also showed functional relationships among Immunoglobulin sequences. The clusters obtained were functionally distinct and also showed unique domain-architectures. Our analysis provides guidelines toward rational protein and interaction design which have attractive applications in obtaining stable fragments and domain constructs essential for structural studies by crystallography and NMR. These studies enable a deeper understanding of rapport of protein domains in the multi-domain context.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of protein synthesis. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling occurs in many human cancers and its inhibition causes arrest at the G1 cell cycle stage. However, mTOR’s impact on mitosis (M-phase) is less clear. Here, suppressing mTOR activity impacted the G2-M transition and reduced levels of M-phase kinase, Aurora A. mTOR inhibitors did not affect Aurora A mRNA levels. However, translational reporter constructs showed that mRNA containing a short, simple 5’-untranslated region (UTR), rather than a complex structure, is more responsive to mTOR inhibition. mTOR inhibitors decreased Aurora A protein amount whereas blocking proteasomal degradation rescues this phenomenon, revealing that mTOR affects Aurora A protein stability. Inhibition of protein phosphatase, PP2A, a known mTOR substrate and Aurora A partner, restored mTOR-mediated Aurora A abundance. Finally, a non-phosphorylatable Aurora A mutant was more sensitive to destruction in the presence of mTOR inhibitor. These data strongly support the notion that mTOR controls Aurora A destruction by inactivating PP2A and elevating the phosphorylation level of Ser51 in the “activation-box” of Aurora A, which dictates its sensitivity to proteasomal degradation. In summary, this study is the first to demonstrate that mTOR signaling regulates Aurora-A protein expression and stability and provides a better understanding of how mTOR regulates mitotic kinase expression and coordinates cell cycle progression. The involvement of mTOR signaling in the regulation of cell migration by its upstream activator, Rheb, was also examined. Knockdown of Rheb was found to promote F-actin reorganization and was associated with Rac1 activation and increased migration of glioma cells. Suppression of Rheb promoted platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) expression. Pharmacological inhibition of PDGFR blocked these events. Therefore, Rheb appears to suppress tumor cell migration by inhibiting expression of growth factor receptors that in turn drive Rac1-mediate actin polymerization.