Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) are composed of H₂SO₄/HNO₃/H₂O aerosols called supercooled ternary solution (STS), solid nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles and ice particles. These clouds require the low temperatures found in the polar regions of the lower stratosphere to occur. PSCs are important due to the critical role they play in the destruction of ozone over the poles. The role of PSCs in ozone destruction has been understood since the 1980’s however the mechanisms involved in PSC formation, particularly NAT formation, is still not well understood. Typically formation of PSCs in climate models is handled by using a temperature threshold as a proxy. A commonly used threshold is the equilibrium temperature for the existence of NAT, TNAT ; however when the area with temperatures below TNAT are compared with observations of PSC it is found that this measure significantly over-estimates the abundance of PSC. This research uses back trajectories stemming from the site of PSC observations to investigate the effect that the temperature history has on PSC formation. The trajectories are calculated using a simple Lagrangian model on an isentropic surface. The observational PSC data is obtained from the CALIOP (Cloud Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) instrument, which is from the CALIPSO (Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) mission launched in 2006. The CALIOP data used in this research is taken from the June to September period from the years 2007-10 and for latitudes between -55° and -82°S, and totals in excess of 7 million individual measurement profiles, a four day back trajectory is calculated for each observation along the 450 K isentropic level. Temperature and wind data is from the MERRA (Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications) reanalysis and H₂O and HNO₃ concentrations (required for calculating equilibrium temperatures) are from Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) version 3.3. It was found that different PSC types had different characteristics in their temperature histories. The mean temperature history associated with ice observations cooled by around 3 K over the previous 24 hours to slightly below the water ice frost point at the time of observation. However, in trajectories associated with the presence of NAT the temperature has on average stayed 4-5 K below TNAT for the entire four days of the trajectory. Based on these findings and theories of PSC formation, a system for predicting PSC occurrence based on the temperature histories is proposed. This system provides a better approximation for the total extent of PSC occurrence than the TNAT threshold. The average area covered by PSC on the 450 K level over the period examined as observed by CALIOP was 7.6 million km² while the area predicted by the temperature histories was 8.6 million km² as compared to 20.4 million km² with temperatures below TNAT. The average geographical coverage of the different PSC types is reasonably well replicated by the temperature history classification; however, the ability to discriminate between different PSC types based on individual temperature histories is somewhat limited.

The objective of the thesis is to give answer to question wheatear planned line D of Prague's underground should be built and maintained by private partner (PPP solution) or by state itself. It additionally contains analysis of suitable technologies and theoretical background of analysis.

Abstract Marine transportation is a crucial activity in the development of human civilization. Following the track of the history, the focus has been shifted not only on the safety of vessels, but the protection of the ocean environment and the keep of the working space and accommodation for crews. Therefore, the Port State Control (PSC) is getting popular around the world. This paper is trying to introduce the origin, contents, working scope of the Port State Control, and summarize the PSC executive condition of foreign countries, the local area MOU (Memorandum Of Understanding) organizations, the international marine organization, and the regulations of Port State Control. Based on the concept and spirit of Total Quality Control (TQM), i.e. PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Action), the Port State Control (PSC) could be managed smoothly and efficiently, for either the Port State Control Officers (PSCOs) or the marine transportation. In this paper, we introduced the present condition of PSC of our country and the concept of PSC. And an ideal PSC flow chart has been proposed for the Kaohsiung Port and Taiwan, ROC. This thesis is proposing several substantial suggestions for the PSC in Taiwan, ROC. For fulfilling the obligations as a member of the earth village, I do hope these suggestions could be a useful reference for PSCOs in the country.

No description available.

<p>2001 störtades ett antal flygplan in i World Trade Center och Pentagon i USA, detta genomfördes av organisationen al-Qaeda med Usama Bin Laden som ledare. Påföljden av detta blev att USA inledde sitt krig mot terrorismen. Skådeplatsen för detta blev Afghanistan som sedan tidigare har varit krigshärjat av Sovjet på 80-talet. 2003 vann DynCorp sitt första kontrakt kopplat till Afghan NationalPolice, detta innebar att de ansvarade för att utbilda poliser som skulle arbeta på lägre nivåer. Då Tyskland ansvarade för utbildning av poliser på nivåerna commissioned och non-commissioned. Frågeställningen som är kopplad till denna uppsats är huruvida DynCorps aktivitet haft någon påtaglig effekt på upprorsbekämpningen som bedrivs genom Operation Enduring Freedom? Författarens slutsatser pekar på ett antal faktorer som DynCorp kan ha haft viss medverkan i, och härleder dessa till teorin kring begreppet Counter Insurgency. Dock kan författaren inte utan tvekan påvisa att det finns direkta och tydliga kopplingar till DynCorp i de avseenden då Operation Enduring Freedom har blivit lidande av hur poliserna i Afghan National Police har agerat.</p> / <p>2001 the World Trade Centers were destroyed and Pentagon was damaged when a number of airplanes where deliberately crashed in to these buildings, this was carried out by the Al-Qaeda with Osama Bin Laden as their leader. The consequence of this was that the U.S. launched its war on terror. The already war torn country of Afghanistan became the target for the U.S. invasion. In 2003 DynCorp won its first contract linked to the Afghan National Police, this meant that they were responsible for training police officers who would work at lower levels. Since Germany was responsible for the training of police officers at the levels of Commissioned and Non-Commissioned. Questions which are linked to this essay are whether DynCorp’s activity had any effect on the insurgency fighting conducted throughout Operation Enduring Freedom? The author's findings point to a number of factors that DynCorp may have had some involvement, and derive them to the theory around the concept COIN. However, the author can not clearly demonstrate that there is direct and clear links to DynCorp, in the ways in which Operation Enduring Freedom has suffered from the actions taken from policemen in the Afghan National Police.</p>

2001 störtades ett antal flygplan in i World Trade Center och Pentagon i USA, detta genomfördes av organisationen al-Qaeda med Usama Bin Laden som ledare. Påföljden av detta blev att USA inledde sitt krig mot terrorismen. Skådeplatsen för detta blev Afghanistan som sedan tidigare har varit krigshärjat av Sovjet på 80-talet. 2003 vann DynCorp sitt första kontrakt kopplat till Afghan NationalPolice, detta innebar att de ansvarade för att utbilda poliser som skulle arbeta på lägre nivåer. Då Tyskland ansvarade för utbildning av poliser på nivåerna commissioned och non-commissioned. Frågeställningen som är kopplad till denna uppsats är huruvida DynCorps aktivitet haft någon påtaglig effekt på upprorsbekämpningen som bedrivs genom Operation Enduring Freedom? Författarens slutsatser pekar på ett antal faktorer som DynCorp kan ha haft viss medverkan i, och härleder dessa till teorin kring begreppet Counter Insurgency. Dock kan författaren inte utan tvekan påvisa att det finns direkta och tydliga kopplingar till DynCorp i de avseenden då Operation Enduring Freedom har blivit lidande av hur poliserna i Afghan National Police har agerat. / 2001 the World Trade Centers were destroyed and Pentagon was damaged when a number of airplanes where deliberately crashed in to these buildings, this was carried out by the Al-Qaeda with Osama Bin Laden as their leader. The consequence of this was that the U.S. launched its war on terror. The already war torn country of Afghanistan became the target for the U.S. invasion. In 2003 DynCorp won its first contract linked to the Afghan National Police, this meant that they were responsible for training police officers who would work at lower levels. Since Germany was responsible for the training of police officers at the levels of Commissioned and Non-Commissioned. Questions which are linked to this essay are whether DynCorp’s activity had any effect on the insurgency fighting conducted throughout Operation Enduring Freedom? The author's findings point to a number of factors that DynCorp may have had some involvement, and derive them to the theory around the concept COIN. However, the author can not clearly demonstrate that there is direct and clear links to DynCorp, in the ways in which Operation Enduring Freedom has suffered from the actions taken from policemen in the Afghan National Police.

In our research, aluminum (1050) was deformed by plane strain compression (PSC) up to 65% reduction. The total deformation conditions include four temperatures (from 150oC to 300oC) and two strain rates (5¡Ñ10-2s-1 and 5¡Ñ10-4s-1). After the deformation, the specimens were examined by TEM for observing the morphology of the microstructures and measuring various parameters, which includes the sizes and aspect ratios of dislocation cells, as well as the distribution of misorientation angles for dislocation walls. At last, the proportions of GNBs and IDBs were tried to be determined.

none

Bilden av utsatta områden i Sverige och dess invånare är omfattande i dagens mediebrus. Inte sällan får ungdomar i dessa områden stå som representanter för en destruktiv förortskultur, ofta beskriven av de som inte lever i förorten. Studiens syfte var att kvantitativt studera och analysera hur ungdomar i nionde klass som enligt Nationella operativa avdelningens (2017) definition levde i utsatta områden, förhåller sig till begreppet Psycological Sense of Community (PSC), samt vilka exkluderande mekanismer som gjorde sig gällande i ungdomars vardagsliv. Enkätstudien genomfördes på en högstadieskola under lektionstid med 43 deltagande elever. Studiens resultat analyserades på gruppnivå, samt utifrån skapade jämförelsegrupper; kön, sysselsättning föräldrar/vårdnadshavare, tid bosatt i området samt boendeform. Studien fann att ungdomarna skattade ett medelvärde på 3,25 kring PSC. Resultatet kring exkluderande mekanismer gav medelvärdet 4,02 vilket indikerar låg grad av exkludering då skalan rör sig i positiv riktning. Studien fann inget signifikant samband mellan PSC och exkludering som sammantaget mått. Däremot fann studien att PSC och exkludering korrelerade med varandra på delskalenivå. Studien analyserade jämförelsegrupperna mot varandra genom oberoende t-tester. Studien fann då en signifikant skillnad på delskalenivå mellan tjejer och killars skattning av medlemskap. Tjejerna skattade ett lägre värde kring medlemskap men uppvisade en starkare tro på framtiden samt trivsel i området. Enligt studiens teoretiska perspektiv uppvisar ungdomarna en balanserad uppfattning kring gemenskap och exkludering. Studien fann inget stöd för den mediala bilden av bilbrännande ungdomar i uppror mot samhället. Exempelvis fann studien att 60,4% av ungdomarna anser att polisen vill dem väl. Ungdomarna uppvisade varken en stark känsla av gemenskap för området och/eller dess invånare. Inte heller kände nämnda ungdomar av exkluderande mekanismer.

Submitted by Timbo Noeme (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-09T18:11:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EDER FINAL.pdf: 2102343 bytes, checksum: 133df80dd9eb50caf2a3249ea4736ea0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T18:11:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EDER FINAL.pdf: 2102343 bytes, checksum: 133df80dd9eb50caf2a3249ea4736ea0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The present thesis analysis of how the Social Christian Party(PSC), overtime, appropriates itself of the religious identity of its political actorsmost of whom are members of the Evangelical Parliamentary Front, which defends in public the "traditional family", to the detriment of the plurality of family arrangements in the contemporary world. To make the object explicit - "traditional family" and PSC –, it was necessary to go back in time and research about the evangelical insert beginnings in Brazilian politics history.Therefore, weanalyzed the involvementof evangelical participation in the respective periods of Brazil: Colony, Empire and Republic. The difficulty that the evangelical people had to get in or to participate in partisan politics, among other factors, was due to the influence of Catholicism in the state. Therefore, we’ve looked up all the Constitutions (1824, 1891, 1934, 1937, 1946, 1967, 1969 and 1988) which say somethingin regards tothe prohibition and religious freedom in the country. So, we verified that in the period of Vargas and Populist Republic, a transitionfrom apolitical to politicism took place with intensity among Brazilian evangelicals however, they didn’t receive a formal support from their churches. Then the involvement of evangelicals in the political area during the military dictatorship was investigated with an emphasis on the vanguardpositioning IECLB, through the Curitiba Manifesto and also with the presence of evangelical parliamentarians in national Congress. The Pentecostal politicization is emphasized in our work, by pioneering nature of Manoelde Mello, and later in Redemocratization when evangelical institutions have organized to elect their candidates to the National Constituent Assembly. And with the end of military rule, the PSC arose as a political organization "nanico", however, it leaves the anonymity and gains visibility at media, when the minister and deputy (representative), Marco Feliciano, took the chair of the Human Rights and Minorities Commission in 2013. This is the historical background that projected the PSC and its actorsin the 2014 election with the slogan "traditional family." / A presente dissertação analisa como o Partido Social Cristão (PSC), ao longo do tempo, se apropriou da identidade religiosa de seus atores políticos que na sua maioria são membros da Frente Parlamentar Evangélica, os quais defendem no espaço público a “família tradicional”, em detrimento da pluralidade de arranjos familiares na contemporaneidade. Para explicitar o objeto - “família tradicional” e PSC -, foi necessário retroceder no tempo e investigar na historiografia os primórdios da inserção dos evangélicos na política brasileira. Em vista disso, analisamos a participação dos evangélicos nos respectivos períodos do Brasil: Colônia, Império e República. A dificuldade da entrada de evangélicos na política partidária, dentre outros fatores, se deve àinfluência do catolicismo no Estado. Assim sendo, averiguamos em todas as Constituições (1824, 1891, 1934, 1937, 1946, 1967, 1969 e 1988) o que a mesma diz no que tange a proibição e a liberdade religiosa no país. Logo, verificamos entre as Eras Vargas e República Populista, que ocorreu com intensidade a transição do apoliticismo para o politicismo entre os evangélicos brasileiros, porém, eles não recebiam o apoio formal de suas igrejas. Em seguida, a participação dos evangélicos na arena política durante a ditadura militar foi investigada com destaque para o posicionamento de vanguarda da IECLB, através do Manifesto de Curitiba e, também com a presença de parlamentares evangélicos no Congresso Nacional. A politização pentecostal é ressaltada em nosso trabalho, através do pioneirismo de Manoel de Mello e, depois na Redemocratização quando as instituições evangélicas se organizaram para eleger seus candidatos à Assembleia Nacional Constituinte. E, com o fim do regime militar, o PSC surge como partido “nanico”, contudo, deixa o anonimato e ganha visibilidade midiática quando o pastor e deputado, Marco Feliciano, assume a presidência da Comissão de Direitos Humanos e Minorias, em 2013. Esse é o pano de fundo histórico que projetou o PSC e seus atores no pleito de 2014 com o mote “família tradicional”.