As optical designs become more sophisticated and incorporate aspheric and free form surfaces, the need to specify limits on mid-spatial frequency manufacturing errors becomes more critical, particularly as we better understand the effects of these errors on image quality. While there already exist methods based on Fourier analysis to specify these errors in most commercial interferometry software, the method of calculation and the power spectral density (PSD) results remain obscure to many in the optical design and manufacturing field. We suggest that the structure functions (SF) contains the same information as in the Fourier based PSD but in a way that is much more transparent to analysis, interpretation and application as a specification. The units of measure are more familiar and the concept behind the analysis is simpler to understand. Further, the information contained in the structure function (or PSD) allows a complete specification of an optical surface from the finest measurable detail of roughness to the overall figure. We discuss the origin of the structure function in the field of astronomy to describe the effects of air turbulence on image quality, the simple mathematical definition of the structure function and its easy means of calculation and how its results should be scaled depending on the location of the optical surface in a system from pupil to image plane. Finally, we give an example of how to write a specification of an optical surface using the structure function.

D'une manière générale, la biométrie a pour objectif d'identifier des individus, notamment à partir de leurs caractéristiques biologiques. Cette pratique tend à remplacer les méthodes traditionnelles de vérification d'identité des individus ; entre autres, les mots de passe et les codes de sécurité. Au quotidien, la biométrie trouve de vastes applications et la recherche de nouvelles méthodes biométriques est d'actualité. L'objectif de notre thèse consiste à développer et d'évaluer de nouvelles modalités biométriques basées sur des caractéristiques infalsifiables, ne pouvant être modifiées volontairement. Dans ce contexte, les signaux physiologiques sont pris en considération. Ainsi, nous avons proposé trois méthodes d'identification biométriques. La première méthode utilise l'électrocardiogramme (ECG) comme signature individuelle, alors que la deuxième est basée sur l'utilisation des signaux électromyographiques (EMG) de surface en réponse à une force d'intensité fixe. Enfin, la dernière technique explorée, utilise les réponses motrices obtenues suite à une stimulation électrique. Ces méthodes consistent d'abord à acquérir les signaux physiologiques chez des personnes saines. Ces signaux sont modélisés par des réseaux d'ondelettes afin d'en extraire des caractéristiques pertinentes. La phase d'identification automatique est effectuée par des réseaux de neurones. D'après les résultats obtenus suite à des expériences effectuées, les méthodes proposées conduisent à des performances d'identification intéressantes. La première méthode, utilisant le signal électro- cardiographique, permet d'obtenir un taux de reconnaissance de 92%, alors que l'identification par les signaux EMG, en réponse à une force d'une intensité fixe, permet une identification correcte à 80%. Enfin, une performance de 95% est obtenue par l'identification par réponse motrice. Pour ces trois techniques explorées, la robustesse par rapport au bruit à été étudiée / In general, biometrics aims to identify individuals from their biological characteristics. This practice tends to replace the traditional methods of identity verification of individuals, among others, passwords and security codes. Nowadays, biometrics found wide application and research of new biometric methods is topical. The objective of this thesis is to develop and evaluate new biometric methods based on tamper-proof characteristics that can not be changed voluntarily. In this context, the physiological signals are considered. Thus, we proposed three methods of biometric identification. The first method uses the electrocardiogram (ECG) as individual signature, while the second is based on the use of surface electromyography signals (EMG) in response to a force of fixed intensity. The final technique explored, uses the motor responses obtained after electrical stimulation. These methods consist first to acquire the physiological signals in healthy people. These signals are modeled by wavelets networks to extract relevant features. The identification phase is performed automatically by neural networks. According to the results obtained from experiments performed, the proposed methods lead to interesting performance identification. The first method, using the electro-cardiographic signal, achieves a recognition rate of 92%, while the identification by EMG signals, in response to a force of a fixed intensity, allows a correct identification of 80 %. Finally, a performance of 95% is obtained by identification by motor response. For these three techniques explored, the robustness to noise ratio was studied

<p>The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has rapidly increased over the last years. This has been possible mainly due to the increased computing power of microcontrollers and computers. An UAV can be used in both civilian and military areas, for example surveillance and intelligence. The UAV concerned in this master's thesis is a prototype and is currently being developed at DST Control AB in Linköping.</p><p>With the use of UAVs, the need for a positioning and navigation system arises. Inertial sensors can often give a good position estimation, however, they need continuous calibration due to error build-up and drift in gyros. An external reference is needed to correct for this drift and other errors. The positioning system investigated in this master's thesis is supposed to work in an area defined by an inverted cone with the height of 25m and a diameter of 10m.</p><p>A comparison of different techniques suitable for position sensing has been performed. These techniques include the following: a radio method based on the Instrument Landing System (ILS), an optical method using a Position Sensing Detector (PSD), an optical method using the Indoor GPS system, a distance measurement method with ultrasound and also a discussion of the Global Positioning System (GPS).</p><p>An evaluation system has been built using the PSD sensor and tests have been performed to evaluate its possibilities for positioning. Accuracy in the order of a few millimetres has been achieved in position estimation with the evaluation system.</p>

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to determine if and what kind of scientific evidence there is for the advice that breast-feeding can reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The aim was to investigate research on the subject published in the last 15 years. Method A systematic review without meta-analysis with relevant original articles published in the last 15 years. Main results After searching for articles 26 relevant articles were used for this study and two were excluded because of poor quality. Mixed results were shown on breast feeding and the risk of SIDS. Breast-feeding seems to have some protective effect but can’t be separated from known risk factors of SIDS. Plain language summary Breast feeding can be regarded as a preventive measure against SIDS. However socioeconomic factors may play a bigger part than breast feeding alone in the protection against SIDS. Mothers should be given the advice to breast feed as a preventive measure of SIDS. The authors suggest that more research is needed. / ABSTRACT Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om och i så fall vilket vetenskapligt stöd det finns för rådet om amning som preventiv åtgärd mot plötslig spädbarnsdöd (sudden infant death syndrome, SIDS). Studien syftar till att undersöka de senaste 15 årens forskning i ämnet. Metod En systematisk litteraturstudie utan meta-analys med relevanta originalartiklar publicerade de senaste 15 åren. Resultat Antalet relevanta artiklar var 26, två artiklar exkluderades på grund av låg kvalitet. Sex kategorier relaterade till amning kunde identifieras. De granskade studierna har visat varierande resultat gällande amningens inverkan på risken för SIDS. Amningen har visats ha skyddande effekter som inte kan särskiljas från kända riskfaktorer för SIDS. Slutsats Amning kan fungera som en preventiv åtgärd mot SIDS. Dock verkar socioekonomiska faktorer ha en större roll än amning enskilt för att ge ett skydd mot SIDS. Rådet om att amning skyddar mot SIDS är adekvat och denna litteraturöversikt kan ge ökad kunskap om olika aspekter av amningens effekter. Författarna menar att det finns ett behov av ökad kunskap inom detta område.

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has rapidly increased over the last years. This has been possible mainly due to the increased computing power of microcontrollers and computers. An UAV can be used in both civilian and military areas, for example surveillance and intelligence. The UAV concerned in this master's thesis is a prototype and is currently being developed at DST Control AB in Linköping. With the use of UAVs, the need for a positioning and navigation system arises. Inertial sensors can often give a good position estimation, however, they need continuous calibration due to error build-up and drift in gyros. An external reference is needed to correct for this drift and other errors. The positioning system investigated in this master's thesis is supposed to work in an area defined by an inverted cone with the height of 25m and a diameter of 10m. A comparison of different techniques suitable for position sensing has been performed. These techniques include the following: a radio method based on the Instrument Landing System (ILS), an optical method using a Position Sensing Detector (PSD), an optical method using the Indoor GPS system, a distance measurement method with ultrasound and also a discussion of the Global Positioning System (GPS). An evaluation system has been built using the PSD sensor and tests have been performed to evaluate its possibilities for positioning. Accuracy in the order of a few millimetres has been achieved in position estimation with the evaluation system.

No description available.

In this report the neutron-gamma discrimination capabilities of the new type of solid organic scintillator, EJ-299-33, was investigated using several pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) techniques. Among others, the analog zero-crossing method andthe digital charge-comparison and integrated-rise-time method were tested. The parameters of the digital PSD methods were optimised individually and the figure-of-merit was measured for each method and compared in different energy windows. The photoelectron yield of the setup was measured using two different photomultiplier tubes (PMT), a 3 inch diameter ET 9821 and a 5 inch diameter ET 9390KB. The highest photoelectron yield was measured with the ET 9390KB, which was the PMT used for the neutron-gamma discrimination capability measurements. In this work, four decay constants were found for the scintillator decay times. These were found by fitting average neutron and gamma-ray waveforms with the convolution of severeal exponential functions, that describes the light emission intensity of the scintillator, with an approximation of the PMT response function. Thebest agreement was found for the assumption that the scintillator light emission intensity is governed by four decay constants. The intensity of the two slowest components contain information about the incident particle.

Multiphase flows occurring in pipelines with a serpentine configuration is an important phenomenon, which can be encountered in heat exchangers used in a variety of industrial processes. More specifically, in many industrial units such as a large cracking furnace in a refinery, the tubes are arranged in a serpentine manner and are relatively short. As flow negotiates round the 180o bend at the ends of the tubes, the generated centrifugal force could cause flow maldistribution creating local dry spots, where no steady liquid film is formed on the adjacent straight sections of the pipe. As a result, events including coking, cracking and overheating of heat transfer surfaces may occur and lead to frequent shutdown of the facilities. Consequently, this could increase operating costs and reduce production revenue. Thus, it is desirable to know the effect that the bends exert on the flow in the straight part of the pipe. Apart from this, knowledge of the bend effects on the flows in the pipeline could also be important for the design of other pipelines for gas/liquid transport, e.g. offshore gas and oil pipelines. Quite a large number of studies have been found in the literature. The majority of them were for two-phase flow with small diameter pipes (i.d. ≤ 50 mm). However, studies with large diameter pipes (i.d. ≥ 100 mm), have increasingly been considered in recent years as problems related to large diameter vertical pipes are being encountered more and more often in industrial situations. This thesis studies the effect of 180o bends on the characteristics and development of gas-liquid two-phase flows in large diameter downward and upward pipes. The study particularly focuses on the influence of serpentine configuration on flow structure, cross-sectional void distribution and circumferential liquid film profiles and their development along the downward and upward sections. It was found that both the top and bottom bends have considerable impacts on flow behaviour, although to varying degrees. These impacts were highly dependent on the air and water flow rates. For sufficient flow rates, the bends were observed to create flow maldistribution in the adjacent straight section, due to the effects of centrifugal force. The air moved towards the inner zone of the bend and the water towards the outer zone, while a lesser quantity of water was identified on the other surfaces of the pipe. Investigation of the film thickness development in the downward and upward sections showed that, the liquid film behaviour close to the bends was significantly different from those located further away. This can be attributed to the centrifugal force of the bends. Examination of the power spectral density (PSD) along the downward and upward sections showed that, the shape of PSD located in the adjacent section to the bends, was substantially different from those located further away. Furthermore, several flow regime maps were generated which showed that, in addition to bubbly, intermittent and annular flows, unstable flows existed along the upward section, particularly for low gas and water flow rates. In this study it was found that, the lower bend was periodically blocked by the liquid and then blown through by the accumulated air. The data obtained from this study were compared with different theoretical correlations found in the existing literature. Some discrepancy between the results of the current study and those of previous published materials was noted. Updated correlations were presented which provided well results when they applied for the data obtained from the current study and previous studies.

Compte tenu des attentes en termes de développements durables, de nouvelles solutions technologiques sont adoptées dans les bâtiments à basse consommation énergétique permettant de réduire considérablement les déperditions par ponts thermiques. Il s'agit des rupteurs thermiques, nouvelles jonctions entre porteurs verticaux et horizontaux constituées de matériaux innovants. Parallèlement à l'évolution des réglementations thermiques dans les bâtiments, la nouvelle définition de l'aléa sismique en France oblige les concepteurs à intégrer le cas de chargement sismique dans les dimensionnements de bâtiments dans une grande majorité du territoire métropolitain. Ces innovations technologiques nécessitent donc des études approfondies de leur comportement mécanique lors d'événements accidentels tels que les tremblements de terre. Au regard des enjeux sociétaux et économiques, il est d'une grande importance d'être capable d'apprécier la contribution de nouvelles solutions techniques à la vulnérabilité du bâti aux séismes. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de procéder à des analyses probabilistes pour la construction, par exemple de courbes de fragilité de structures sous sollicitations sismiques: structures étant composées ou non de rupteurs thermiques. L'objectif de ce travail est donc de proposer l'ensemble d'une méthodologie notamment les outils numériques, en termes de modèles mécaniques, susceptibles de répondre aux attentes de l'ingénierie dans la quantification de l'évolution des marges de résistance en intégrant différents types de rupteurs thermiques dans les bâtiments. Pour cela, différentes étapes, combinant modélisations numériques et expérimentations sont abordées afin d'élaborer un modèle numérique simplifié. Ce dernier doit être riche en termes de phénomènes mécaniques et efficace numériquement pour réaliser rapidement un nombre important de calculs nonlinéaires à l'échelle de bâtiment en tenant compte des aspects aléatoires.

abstract: The reduced availability of 3He is a motivation for developing alternative neutron detectors. 6Li-enriched CLYC (Cs2LiYCl6), a scintillator, is a promising candidate to replace 3He. The neutron and gamma ray signals from CLYC have different shapes due to the slower decay of neutron pulses. Some of the well-known pulse shape discrimination techniques are charge comparison method, pulse gradient method and frequency gradient method. In the work presented here, we have applied a normalized cross correlation (NCC) approach to real neutron and gamma ray pulses produced by exposing CLYC scintillators to a mixed radiation environment generated by 137Cs, 22Na, 57Co and 252Cf/AmBe at different event rates. The cross correlation analysis produces distinctive results for measured neutron pulses and gamma ray pulses when they are cross correlated with reference neutron and/or gamma templates. NCC produces good separation between neutron and gamma rays at low (< 100 kHz) to mid event rate (< 200 kHz). However, the separation disappears at high event rate (> 200 kHz) because of pileup, noise and baseline shift. This is also confirmed by observing the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) plots and figure of merit (FOM) of NCC. FOM is close to 3, which is good, for low event rate but rolls off significantly along with the increase in the event rate and reaches 1 at high event rate. Future efforts are required to reduce the noise by using better hardware system, remove pileup and detect the NCC shapes of neutron and gamma rays using advanced techniques. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2015