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No description available.

The state of adhesion of bacteria to nanofiber-textured model surfaces is analyzed at single-cell level. The results reveal similarities between the effect of topography on bacteria-surface interactions and vesicle-surface interactions. The results are discussed in the context of controlling bacterial adhesion to surfaces using nanofibrous topographical features. / Master of Science

P. aerguinosa is a serious human bacterial pathogen. This thesis describes attempts to use structural biology to identify new starting points for drugs against P. aerguinosa .A number of fragment-based screening techniques were used in order to identify potential inhibitors to P. aerguinosa RmlA protein, the first enzyme in the L-Rhamnose pathway. A 500 “Rule of 3” Fragment Library (Maybridge) was investigated. The first approach was the application of Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) approach to detect ligands that bind and stabilize RmlA protein. The stabilisation of RmlA was determined by thermal unfolding in the presence of each of the 500 compounds. 21 of those compounds were found to increase the protein stability. The library was then screened by NMR spectroscopy for binding to RmlA. Two techniques were evaluated STD and WaterLOGSY. 106 compounds gave positive results in both NMR experiments. These hits were then tested by a simple STD competition binding with dTTP, a natural RmlA substrate, in order to identify those binding at the active or allosteric site. 21 out of the 106 compounds were observed to compete with dTTP. The results were compared to the results of the DSF screening. Compounds that tested positive in the dTTP competition binding STD experiment and in the DSF screening were tested for their ability to inhibit RmlA in a biological assay. A coupled enzyme assay was used to monitor RmlA activity. Only one compound, 3-pyridin-3-ylaniline, showed significant inhibition of the enzyme activity. The PA1645 protein from P. aerguinosa has been identified as essential. The protein was overexpressed, purified and crystallised. Data were collected at Diamond on beamline IO3 and phases were determined by S-SAD at a wavelength of 1.6Å. Final coordinates have been deposited in the protein data bank under entry code 2XU8. The structure has 3 molecules in the asymmetric unit. There is some ambiguity as to the validity of the proposed trimeric arrangement, with results from solution and crystal disagreeing. Fragment-based screening approach has been applied to RmlA protein, using the DSF technique, a number of ligand-based NMR experiments and a coupled enzyme biological assay. 3-pyridin-3-ylaniline was the only compound that showed significant inhibition of the enzyme activity. The structure of PA1645 from P. aerguinosa has been solved. This work will help to design new drugs to combat multi-drug resistant P. aerguinosa and MTB.

La recherche de nouvelles molécules pour combattre Pseudomonas.aeruginosa est d'une grande importance. L'utilisation des antibiotiques a spectre large a grandement accru la résistance de P.aeruginosa aux antibiotiques. Malgré cette situation, aucune nouvelle drogue active sur P.aeruginosa n'a été introduite en pratique clinique durant les 2 dernières décennies. Le monoxyde de carbone (CO) pourrait agir comme un inhibiteur efficace de la chaîne respiratoire de P.aeruginosa mais l'utilisation pratique de ce gaz comme molécule antibactérienne est gênée par sa toxicité et les difficultés de manipulation. Une avancée fondamentale récente dans le domaine de la recherche sur le CO a été la découverte des « carbon monoxide releasing molecules » (CO-RMs), qui servent de transporteur et délivre des quantités contrôlées de CO aux systèmes biologiques.Nous montrons ici que les CO-RMs possèdent des propriétés antibactériennes contre P.aeruginosa. Cet effet antibactérien des CO-RMs à lieu à des concentrations non toxiques pour les cellules eucaryotes et passe par une interaction du CO libérer par le transporteur avec la chaîne respiratoire bactérienne. Nous présentons des résultats in vivo montrant que les CO-RMs diminuent l'inoculum bactérien et augmentent la survie des souris après une bactériémie à P.aeruginosa. La comparaison de 4 CO-RMs ayant différente structures chimiques suggère que la précence d'un métal de transition joue un rôle important dans l'activité antibactérienne des CO-RMs. Une autre découverte importante présentée dans ce travail est l'inhibition de l'activité antibactérienne de certain CO-RMs par les molécules contenant des résidus thiols. Cette découverte limite la possibilité d'utiliser les CO-RMs concernés comme des agents anti-infectieux.En considérant les résultats présentés dans ce travail, l'inhibition de la chaîne respiratoire pourrait être considérée comme un nouveau mécanisme prometteur pour la recherche de nouveaux agents pharmaceutique pour combattre les infections à P.aeruginosa. / The search of new molecules to fight Pseudomonas.aeruginosa is of paramount importance. The use of broad spectrum antibiotics has greatly increased the antibiotic resistance of P.aeruginosa. In spite of this situation, no new drug against P.aeruginosa has been successfully introduced into the clinic in the past 2 decades. Carbon monoxide (CO) could act as an effective inhibitor of the respiratory chain in P. aeruginosa but the practical use of this gas as an antibacterial molecule is hampered by its toxicity and difficulty to manipulate. A recent fundamental development in the field of CO research has been the discovery of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CO-RMs), which serve as carriers for the delivery of controlled amounts of CO in biological systems.Here, we show that CO-RMs possesse bactericidal properties against P.aeruginosa. This antimicrobial effect of CO-RMs occurs at non toxic concentrations for eukaryotic cells and is mediated by an interaction of CO liberated by the carrier with bacterial respiratory chain. We present in vivo results showing that CO-RMs decrease bacterial inoculum and increase survival in mice following P.aeruginosa bacteraemia. A comparison of 4 CO-RMs with different chemical structures suggests that the presence of a transition metal center plays an important role in the antibacterial activity of CO-RMs. Another important finding presented in this work is the inhibition of the antibacterial activity of some CO-RMs by thiol containing molecules. This finding could deserve the possibility to use concerning CO-RMs as anti-infective agent.Considering results presented in this work, inhibition of respiratory chain could be considered as a promising new mechanism for the research in new pharmaceutical agent to fight P.aeruginosa infections.

Les composés polyaromatiques polysoufrés représentent une classe de molécules peu étudiées, malgré leurs propriétés intéressantes. La présence du soufre influence les propriétés redox, photophysiques et de complexation. Nous avons préparé une série de ces composés par des réactions de substitution nucléophile aromatique. Ceux-ci peuvent être fonctionnalisés par des unités polyaromatiques, tels que l’anthracène ou le pyrène, ou par des glycosides. Leurs propriétés de luminescence ont été étudiées en particulier sous l’angle de l’émission induite par l’agrégation, où les composés deviennent émissifs lorsqu’ils sont immobilisés en phase solide ou fortement refroidis. Ils permettent également de stabiliser des nanoparticules de fer/platine, où une forte densité d’atomes de soufre divalent joue un rôle important en nanosciences. Les dérivés glycosylés ont été testés chez différentes lectines comme ConA, PAIL, PAIIL et Bc2lA, les trois dernières étant impliquées dans les infections bactériennes chez les patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Les études comprennent les propriétés photophysiques, de réticulation et des mesures d’affinité par des méthodes biophysiques (SPR, ITC et HIA). Ceci a ammené à la production de nouveaux biocapteurs ou sondes luminescentes basés sur des interactions sélectives lectine-sucre dans l’éventualité future de dispositifs de diagnostics et de détection à partir d’expression de lectines (ex. cancer, infections bactériennes, etc.).Une autre classe de composés polyaromatiques a été étudiée, les hélicènes. Ces molécules hélicoïdales chirales sont retrouvées sous deux formes énantiomériques, selon le pas d’hélice. Nous présentons ici une nouvelle méthode de synthèse des hélicènes par une voie organométallique de réactions d’annulation et d’insertions C-H. Une étude poussée des conditions réactionnelles a été réalisée. Nous avons préparé des hélicènes fonctionnalisés. Les dérivés bromés et cyanés du [5]-hélicène ont été déposés sur la surface de Suzuki, afin d’étudier par nc-AFM les propriétés de structuration de ces produits sur une surface isolante. Le [5]-hélicène a aussi été fonctionnalisé par des unités mannosylés, dans les mêmes perspectives que pour les astérisques soufrés glycosylés. Ces hélicènes glycosylés sont les premiers de la sorte décrit dans la littérature. Ils ont présenté des propriétés convenables vers des sondes luminescentes chirales et d’autres biocapteurs, qui sont basés sur les interactions lectine-sucre. / Polysulfurated polyaromatic compounds represent a class of molecules that are not extensively studied, despite their interesting properties. The presence of sulfur affects their redox, photophysical and complexation properties. We prepared a series of these compounds by using some aromatic nucleophilic substitutions. They can be further functionalized by some polyaromatic units, such as anthracene or pyrene, or by some glycosides.Their luminescence properties have been especially studied for their agregation induced emission properties, where the emission of the compounds is turned on when they are immobilized in solid phase or strongly cooled. These compounds can also be used to stabilize iron/platinum nanoparticles, where a high density of divalent sulfur atoms play an important role in nanosciences. Glycosylated derivatives have been tested with different lectins like ConA, PAIL, PAIIL and Bc2lA, the last three being involved in bacterial infections found in patient suffering from cystic fibrosis. Studies include photophysical and reticulation properties, and also affinitiy assays by using biophysical methods (SPR, ITC, and HIA). It provided some novel biosensors or luminescent sensors based on some selective lectin-carbohydrate interactions, in the event of future diagnostic devices and biological detection originating from lectins expressions (ex. cancer, bacterial infection, etc.).Another class of polyaromatic compounds has been studied, the helicenes,. Those chiral helical molecules can be found under two enantiomeric forms, according to the sense of the helical pitch.We herein present a new synthetic method of helicenes based on an organometallic route for some annulation reactions and C-H insertions. An exhaustive study of reaction conditions has been performed. We have prepared some functionnalized helicenes. Brominated and cyanated [5]-helicene derivatives have been deposited on a Suzuki surface, in order to study their structuration properties by nc-AFM on a non conductive surface. [5]-helicene was further functionnalized with some mannosylated units, with the same perspectives as for the glycosylated sulfurated asterisks. Those glycosylated helicenes are the first of their kind described in the literature. They provided some adequate properties toward new chiral and luminescent sensors, as well as other biosensors, which are based on lectin-carbohydrate interactions.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) représente un véritable problème de santé publique étant l'une des principales causes d'infections nosocomiales et de mortalité chez les patients atteints de fibrose cystique. Cette bactérie provoque des pathologies respiratoires chroniques qui persistent malgré une thérapie antibiotique agressive à cause de l'émergence de souches résistantes et de la formation du biofilm. Une stratégie prometteuse consiste à inhiber les facteurs de virulence de PA tels que PA-IL qui est une lectine soluble impliquée dans la reconnaissance des résidus galactose et qui semble jouer un rôle dans l'adhésion de la bactérie au glycocalyx autour de la cellule hôte ainsi que dans le développement du biofilm. Alors que les interactions lectine-carbohydrate sont caractérisées par une spécificité élevée, l'affinité entre les lectines et les saccharides simples est faible et une présentation multivalente des unités saccharidiques est généralement requise pour atteindre une interaction significative d'un point de vue physiologique. Ce manuscrit décrit la synthèse de glycooligonucléotides dont l'affinité envers PA-IL a été étudiées par DNA Direct Immobilisation microarray. Les blocs de construction saccharidiques ont été assemblés sur des échafaudages phosphorylés en utilisant une combinaison de synthèse en phase solide d'ADN et « click chemistry » (cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire azide/alcyne). Grâce à la technologie glycoarray, les glycomimétiques ont été analysés à une échelle nanomolaire. Les résultats expérimentaux ont permis d'établir des relations structure-activités précises. En outre, des études des docking ont confirmé les résultats expérimentaux. La synthèse des candidats les plus affins envers PA-IL a été conduite sans l'étiquette d'ADN et à plus grande échelle pour vérifier par des analyses biologiques leurs propriétés anti-adhésives ou inhibitrices du biofilm. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a major public health issue due to its impact on nosocomial infections as well as its impact on cystic fibrosis patient mortality. It often leads to chronic respiratory infection despite aggressive antibiotic therapy due to the emergence of resistant strains and to the formation of biofilm. A promising approach is to inhibit the virulence factors of PA such as PA-IL which is a soluble lectin implicated in the recognition of galactose residues that seems to be involved in the adhesion of the bacterium to the glycocalyx surrounding host's cells as well as in the biofilm development.If carbohydrate-lectin interactions proceed with high specificity, the affinity between lectins and simple saccharides is low and a multivalent display of saccharidic units is generally required to attain physiologically significant association. This manuscript reports the synthesis of high affinity glycooligonucleotides toward PA-IL for its inhibition and their bindings properties were studied on a DNA direct immobilisation microarray. Glycoside building blocks were assembled on phosphorylated scaffolds using a combination of DNA solid phase synthesis and microwave assisted « click chemistry » (copper (I) catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition). Thanks to glycoarray technology the glycomimetics were studied at the nanomole scale. The experimental results have been used to assess structure binding relationships. In addition, docking studies have confirmed ours experimental results. The synthesis of the best hits as anti-biofilm or anti-adhesive molecules have been synthesized at upper scale without their DNA tag for biological studies as anti-adhesive compounds and biofilm inhibitors of PA.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa é uma gamaproteobactéria com capacidade de colonizar diversos tipos de ambiente e infectar hospedeiros filogeneticamente distintos. Em humanos, comporta-se como um patógeno oportunista,estando frequentemente relacionada à infecções em indivíduos imunocomprometidos e indivíduos portadores de fibrose cística. Um mecanismo importante para a versatilidade de P. aeruginosa é o sistema de percepção de quórum (QS), onde a bactéria pode vincular expressão gênica à densidade populacional e às características do ambiente. Atualmente, sabe-se que muitos outros reguladores estão interligados com QS, entre eles, a proteína reguladora RsmA e os pequenos RNAs RsmZ e RsmY. Além disso, diversos fatores importantes para a patogenicidade da bactéria são reguladas por QS. Em P. aeruginosa PA14, um fator importante para a patogenicidade em diversos hospedeiros é a proteína KerV, cujo envolvimento com QS foi descrito pela primeira vez neste trabalho. A linhagem D12, que possui uma deleção no gene kerV, mostrou alterações em fenótipos regulados por QS, como a maior produção de piocianina, composto que contribui para virulência e persistência das infecções causada por P. aeruginosa. Por ser facilmente detectável e pela regulação de sua síntese não ter sido completamente explorada em PA14, a expressão dos genes responsáveis pela produção de piocianina é um interessante repórter na investigação do possível envolvimento de KerV com QS. Além de piocianina, D12 apresenta níveis reduzidos de ramnolipídeos. Esses fenótipos somados se assemelham aos fenótipos da mutação de rsmA, sugerindo o envolvimento de KerV com os sistemas QS e Gac-Rsm direta ou indiretamente. Neste trabalho, mostramos que KerV exerce um efeito negativo na regulação dos operons phz1 e phz2, responsáveis pela síntese de piocianina, alterando a expressão desses genes. KerV exerce também um efeito positivo na expressão da proteína RsmA, responsável pela repressão de diversos genes alvos, onde RsmA se liga ao sítio de ligação ao ribossomo no mRNA, impedindo a tradução. Ensaios de gel shift mostraram que a ligação direta de RsmA na sequência líder de phzA1 e phzA2 ocorre, elucidando a maneira pela qual KerV está envolvido na regulação da expressão dos operons phz em P. aeruginosa PA14. Mostramos também que phz2 é ativo e contribui para a síntese de piocianina, pois na ausência de phz1, os níveis do pigmento são maiores do que aqueles detectados em PA14. Isso sugere uma maior expressão de phz2 e uma regulação diferencial dos operons de acordo com as condições ambientais como possível estratégia para manter os níveis desse composto. Uma evidência dessa regulação diferencial é vista no mutante lasR. Na fase inicial de crescimento, esse mutante não produz piocianina, porém quando exposto a tempos mais longos de cultivo, a produção de piocianina é maior quando comparada a PA14. Isso é reflexo da ativação da expressão de phz1 no mutante lasR em fase estacionária tardia, enquanto phz2 permanece não expresso. Isso indica que phz2 é dependente de LasR, ainda que indiretamente. Já phz1, embora tenha sua expressão influenciada por LasR no estágio inicial de crescimento, na fase estacionária é regulado por outros fatores independentes de las. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gammaproteobacterium that colonizes several environments and infects phylogenetically distinct hosts. It behaves as an opportunistic pathogen in humans, often related to infection in immunocompromised individuals and cystic fibrosis patients. An important mechanism for P. aeruginosa versatility is the quorum sensing (QS) network, that allows bacteria to link gene expression to population density and environmental traits. Several additional regulators are interconnected with QS, as the regulatory mRNA binding protein RsmA and the non-coding small RNAs RsmZ and RsmY. Futhermore, key factors for pathogenicity are QS-regulated. In P. aeruginosa PA14, an important pathogenicity-related factor is the KerV protein, described for the first time here as involved in QS. D12 strain, that harbor a deletion in the kerV gene, shows alterations in QS-regulated phenotypes, such as high production of pyocyanin, a compound that contributes to virulence and persistence of P. aeruginosa infections. As the production of pyocyanin is easily detected and all mechanisms involved in its synthesis regulation are not fully described, the expression of genes responsible for production of this pigment is a good reporter to investigate KerV involvement in the QS network. Additionally, D12 also shows lower levels of rhamnolipids, another QS-regulated trait. Taken together, these phenotypes resemble the effects of a rsmA mutation, suggesting KerV involvement with QS and Gac-Rsm systems. In this work, we propose that KerV exerts a negative effect in the regulation of phz1 and phz2 operons, responsible for pyocyanin synthesis, by alterating the expression of these genes. KerV also has a positive effect on rsmA expression, responsible for the repression of several genes by blocking the ribosome binding site preventing the translation. Gel shift assays showed that RsmA binds directly in the leader sequence of phzA1 and phzA2, elucidating the manner in which KerV is involved in the regulation of phz operons expression in P. aeruginosa PA14. We also demonstrate that phz2 is actively expressed and contributes to pyocyanin production in PA14, since in the phz1 mutant the levels of pyocyanin are even higher than in the wild type strain. This suggests a phz2 higher expression and a differential regulation of phz operons according to environmental changes as a mechanism to maintain the levels of pyocyanin synthesis. An evidence for this regulation is the synthesis of pyocyanin by the lasR mutant, which does not make pyocyanin at early growth stages. However, at late stationary phase, pyocyanin production is even higher than in the wild-type strain, reflecting the LasR-independent regulation of phz1 expression, while phz2 operon remains silent.

Biocélulas a combustível são dispositivos eletroquímicos que convertem energia química em energia elétrica por meio da combustão bioeletroquímica de matéria orgânica. Células a combustível microbianas são biocélulas que utilizam microrganismos para metabolizar substratos no compartimento anódico. Entre os diversos microrganismos utilizados, algumas bactérias têm se destacado por apresentarem características de transferência de elétrons altamente eficientes, seja diretamente ou indiretamente (mediada), para os eletrodos. Entre as bactérias mais estudadas a espécie Pseudomonas aeruginosa possui grande importância devido à sua capacidade de produzir piocianina, um pigmento azul-esverdeado, que possui as características necessárias para a transferência de elétrons. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa apresenta melhor desempenho na produção da piocianina em meios de cultura enriquecidos com glicerol. O glicerol, por sua vez, é o principal subproduto na produção de biodiesel, e amplamente utilizado em indústrias como a de cosméticos. No entanto, o aumento exponencial na produção de biodiesel resultou no acúmulo do glicerol residual, o que fez seu preço cair substancialmente nos últimos anos e ocasionado o acúmulo como um subproduto indesejável. Com base nesses dados, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar linhagens de P. aeruginosa quanto à produção de pigmentos em caldo nutriente enriquecido com glicerol e caldo King (meio de cultura próprio para a produção de piocianina, que contém em sua formulação 10 g.L-1 de glicerol) e células a combustível microbianas com a linhagem que apresentar os melhores resultados em relação à produção de pigmentos. Os resultados mostraram que das seis linhagens apenas três se mostraram capazes de produzir piocianina em meio King, sendo que a cepa ATCC 27853 apresentou o melhor desempenho. As células a combustível microbianas construídas com meio de cultura caldo nutriente enriquecido com glicerol e meio King mostraram que é possível produzir pequenas quantidades de corrente com esta bactéria. Os estudos de cronoamperometrias e reação de redução de oxigênio apontam que a utilização de Nafion® como membrana trocadora de prótons é ineficiente devido à alta concentração de íons Na+ e K+ e, portanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados na ausência deste tipo de membrana para a otimização da produção de corrente. / Biofuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy by the bioelectrochemical combustion of organic matter. Microbial fuel cells are biofuel cells that use microorganisms to metabolize substrates in the anodic chamber. Among several microorganisms used, some bacteria species have gained special attention because they show high efficiency in the electronic transfer, directly or indirectly (mediated transfer), toward the electrodes. Among the most studied bacteria species Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed a great importance due to their capacity to produce pyocyanin, a blue-green pigment, that possess the necessary features to mediate electron transfer. The P. aeruginosa show the best performance for pyocyanin production in culture media enriched with glycerol. Glycerol is the main byproduct of biodiesel production and largely used in the cosmetics industries. Nevertheless, the exponential increase in the biodiesel production resulted in a glycerol byproduct accumulation that made its price decreased substantially in the last years and became an undesirable product. With this information, the aim of this study was to investigate the pigment production by P. aeruginosa strains in nutrient broth enriched with glycerol and King broth (a culture medium specific for pyocyanin production which uses 10 g.L-1 of glycerol) and microbial fuel cells with P. aeruginosa strains which showed the best results in the pigment production experiments. The results showed that among the six studied strains only three were able to produce pyocyanin in King culture medium, and the ATCC 27853 strain showed the best performance. Microbial fuel cells constructed with nutrient broth enriched with glycerol and King broth media resulted in a small current output. The experiments with chronoamperometry and oxygen reduction reaction suggest that the utilization of Nafion® as a proton exchange membrane is inefficient due the high Na+ and K+ ion concentration. So, new experiments with membraneless microbial fuel cells are needed to improve the current output.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa é um patógeno oportunista que ocasiona diferentes infecções em humanos. O surgimento de linhagens multirresistentes (MRs), contra os antibióticos comercialmente disponíveis, tem causado elevados níveis de morbidade e mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar uma molécula de piocina que apresente potente atividade bactericida contra cepas de P. aeruginosa MRs. Uma piocina de baixo peso molecular, produzida pela cepa ET02, apresentou potente atividade bactericida contra treze linhagens de P. aeruginosa produtoras de -lactamases (SPM-1, GIM-1, VIM-1, IMP-1, KPC-2, OXA-18 e GES-5). Essa piocina foi purificada e identificada como S8 através de espectrometria de massas e sequenciamento de DNA. Os genes codificadores da piocina S8 estão presentes no interior de um transposon localizado no cromossomo bacteriano da cepa ET02. Estes resultados demonstram que S8 possui potente atividade bactericida contra linhagens de P. aeruginosa MRs, podendo vir a ser utilizada como um composto antimicrobiano no tratamento de infecções hospitalares. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunist pathogen that causes human infections. The emergence of multidrug resistant strains (MRs) against antibiotics commercially available has been causing elevated mortality and morbidity levels. The purpose of this study was to identify a molecule of pyocin with a potent bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa MRs strains. A low molecular weight pyocin, produced by ET02 strain, has presented wide bactericidal activity against thirteen lineages of P. aeruginosa, producers of -lactamases (SPM-1, GIM-1, VIM-1, IMP-1, KPC-2, OXA-18 e GES-5). This pyocin was purified and identified as S8 through mass spectrometry and DNA sequencing. The pyocin S8 encoding genes are present in the interior of a transposon located in the bacterial chromosome of the ET02 strain. These results demonstrate that S8 have potent bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa MRs lineages, and may well be used as an antimicrobial compound on treatment of hospital infections.