The purpose of this study is to determine whether major attitudinal factors are among the predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in the Turkish National Police Organization (TNP). It investigates the influences of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational justice on OCB between two police regions (Region I and Region II) of the TNP. The results indicate that job satisfaction has a direct positive influence on employees’ OCB perception. Affective commitment is also positively related to OCB perception of TNP members. Only partial support was obtained for the relationship between normative and continuance commitments and OCB perceptions. Among organizational justice dimensions, distributive justice plays an important role in predicting TNP employees' OCB perception. The relationship between procedural justice and OCB was partially supported. However, interactional justice did not show any association with OCB. These findings indicate that major attitudinal factors are important predictors of OCB in the TNP. It provides guidelines to help TNP managers better understand how to use major attitudinal factors to improve OCB perceptions’ of their members. Some public policy implications should be establishment of OCB-Oriented Policing Unit within the existing organizational structure of the TNP and providing an innovative policy platform that can foster cooperation, coordination, and consultation between TNP and other private and public organizations.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between drug-related crimes in high-risk, rural Virginia counties (Brunswick County and Grayson County) and efforts to reduce them with a particular focus on a cost-benefit analysis of expenditures. Four independent variables were assessed in relation to drug-related crime: expenditures associated with (1) drug abuse prevention and (2) drug abuse treatment, (3) economic development, and (4) education. Drug abuse prevention and drug abuse treatment are traditional approaches to address the drug use and crime relationship, while economic development and education represent social determinants of health (economic and social factors that impact the health of people in communities). The literature suggests that strategies that build on traditional approaches to reduce substance use and addiction, while simultaneously addressing social determinants of health, are most effective at mitigating the drug use/crime relationship. The following demographic variables were also analyzed: unemployment rates, educational achievement, homeownership rates, median household income, and poverty rates. The theoretical framework used in this research was Paul Goldstein’s tripartite framework for explaining the drug use/violent crime relationship (psychopharmacological violence, economic compulsive violence, and systemic violence). Exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research designs were employed for examining the relationship between drug-related crimes and amelioration efforts in the areas of drug abuse prevention/treatment, economic development, and education. The research used a variety of secondary data amassed by local, state and federal governments, including basic demographic information, homeownership rates, median household income, poverty rates, and unemployment stastics. For example, audit documents from both Brunswick County and Grayson County, and the Virginia Tobacco and Indemnification and Community Revitalization Commission (VTICRC) were utilized to determine expenditures for the dependent and independent variables. The data collected from the secondary sources were reviewed and analyzed. The researcher found that drug abuse prevention was inversely correlated with drug-related crime expenditures and drug-related crimes for juveniles. In other words, drug abuse prevention expenditures predicted reductions in drug-related crime expenditures and drug-related crimes for juveniles. The researcher recommends that policymakers reprioritize limited funding to ensure maximum impact of reducing drug-related crimes and its consequences through drug abuse prevention policies and increased funding allocations.

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The thesis assesses Made in China 2025, China's plan to improve its manufacturing base in high tech industries, and the reactions it has prompted from the international community. The roots of the current China-US trade war can also trace its roots back to MIC 2025 as the US and other Western powers have complained of unfair practices such as forced technology transfers and myriad state-backed acquisitions of foreign technology companies. China justifies its behaviour with its "developing" status, but as it assumes dominant position in multiple high tech industries, that excuse seems to ring hollow. There are signs that China will start to open its markets more and adopt fairer practices.

According to a recent NYU study, Black Residential Migration in California: Implications for Higher Education, since the 1990s there has been considerable migration within the Black community from urban cities to the South and suburbs. In California, for example, a number of counties that have historically had the highest concentration of Blacks in the state have seen a high numerical decrease in the Black population in recent decades. Southern California is one of the more pronounced regions. The cities of Los Angeles, Compton, Inglewood, and Lynwood had the highest numerical decrease in the Black population; while cities San Bernardino and Rialto experiences significant proportional increases. These trends have significant implication in terms of the education of African American students. The study also reveals a high numerical increase in Black Enrollment between 1985 and 2005 at Rialto Unified and San Bernardino City Unified respectively. Whereas, historically, suburban communities have access to more opportunities and resources (including better schools) than their urban counterparts, recent census data reveals a considerable increase in poverty in U.S. suburbs as a result of the great recession. Considering these recent trends, are Black students “better off” in Los Angeles Unified School District or in San Bernardino County districts: Rialto Unified or San Bernardino City Unified? This study creates and assigns grades (A-F) for each of the districts using six variables: API performance, API improvement, College Readiness, Suspension Rates, Graduation/Dropout rate, and California High School Exit Exam Pass rate. Though all districts performed poorly, LAUSD received the high overall marks.

Abstract By way of interpreting relevant references, depth interviews, and consulting Public Affairs Management (PAM) (Wang, 2006), there are several opinions as follows: 1. From the macroscopic historic viewpoints, in order to examine the cross-strait communication, cooperation between two straits is not only the basic condition of Taiwan¡¦s development, but also the sequence of Chinese historical development. 2. Within globalization and regional economies conformity, connecting Taiwan with the mainland China is the most convenient way to the world. 3. Permanent civil servants have to get rid of the constraints of personal ideologies in order to realize the current mainland China¡¦s development with open-minded attitudes. Through visiting or traveling mainland China, they can directly experience the uprising big country. 4. The southern local organizations are always influenced by the party politics. Because political civil servants lack precise cross-strait policies, they might influence permanent civil servants¡¦ decisions and positions. 5. Regardless of Internet digital learning or annual institutional training courses in every organization, it is very deficient for our government to comprehend the related information for cross-strait¡¦s transmission and cultivation. Thus, it is faking to portray cross-strait situations in our learning institutions. In other words, we are short of various investigations. Besides, we also lack enticements of rewards and punishments for cross-strait¡¦s relationships. 6. We have to reinforce the combination of theories and practicalities in education. Besides, cross-strait knowledge training courses should match the development of cross-strait policies. The central government should declare the training policies in cross-strait education. And local organizations should follow the rules by implementing the administrative management. Based on questionnaires collecting and data analyses, the major findings of the study are as follows: 1. Permanent civil servants are concerned with relevant affairs of cross-strait communication, but they lack practical experiences of visiting or traveling mainland China. 2. ¡§Trainings by their own organizations¡¨ and ¡§Internet digital learning¡¨ are the major tools for permanent civil servants¡¦ lifelong learning. 3. The educational training institutions of Internet digital learning apparently lack courses about ¡§cross-strait communication.¡¨ 4. Through the educational trainings of lifelong learning, it is still can¡¦t get the amount of related information about mainland China. 5. Recruiting cross-strait professionals through testing is still slow. And it can not catch up with the actual development of cross-strait communication. 6. The percentage for permanent civil servants to browse news via mainland China¡¦s websites (including official and popular websites) is relatively low. 7. Permanent civil servants have inadequate information about the relevant policies of ¡§developing closer relationship of region cooperation between southern Taiwan and the related districts in mainland China.¡¨ 8. The southern local organizations are influenced by the party politics. Because political civil servants lack precise cross-strait policies, they might influence permanent civil servants¡¦ decisions and positions. According to the results of the study, there are several suggestions as follows. 1. The Central Training Organization of Central Personnel Administration, Executive Yuan, should provide precise guidance of cross-strait educational training policies for local organizations in order to reinforce the cross-strait training courses of their own organizations. 2. Central Personnel Administration, Executive Yuan, should fulfill the precise reward measurements of the lifelong learning and emphasize the practical effects of lifelong learning. 3. Civil Service Protection and Training Commission, Examination Yuan, should strengthen the cross-strait training courses for new, intermediate, and advanced civil servants in order to promote the high qualities of public man force. 4. Mainland Affairs Council, Executive Yuan, should offer Internet digital learning courses of cross-strait information to other digital learning websites and organizations, and build its own digital homepage. 5. It is not efficient to satisfy the related departments¡¦ needs for public servants in dealing with cross-strait relationships by the admission members of the national examinations. National Academy of Civil Service should set up cross-strait specialized courses in order to strengthen permanent civil servants¡¦ knowledge and education and solve the problem for the shortage of specialists in cross-strait relationships. 6. NACS e-college which belongs to National Academy of Civil Service should completely plan and design cross-strait courses, actively collect practical cases on cross-strait communication, supply teaching materials on Internet digital learning, and continue to review and reform the way of training and lectures. Besides, it also should offer research classes for civil servants to study cross-strait practical cases and have advanced seminars for administrative leaders, including chiefs and directors in all counties and cities to fully reinforce cross-strait knowledge and comprehension for all public servants in every level. 7. National Academy of Civil Service, right now, launches the ¡§One Book in a Month¡¨ activity. This activity should supply important books and films for people to understand mainland China, broaden the horizon of learning mainland China, and spread cross-strait knowledge toward mainland China. 8. National Academy of Civil Service and mainland China¡¦s training departments should cooperate with one another to train public servants in both sides in order to promote cross-strait substantial communications. 9. Local organizations should, step by step, offer various opportunities for both organizations to train their civil servants. It should start from some uncontroversial departments, such as fire bureaus and public welfare departments. Then, gradually, it can broaden the depth and range of cross-strait communication. 10. The Internet digital lifelong learning courses, designed by related organizations, not only bear the responsibility of training and broadcasting cross-strait communication, but also offer the detail information in current situations. It will be helpful for both sides¡¦ professional specialties. 11. Internet websites outside the public affairs¡¦ system should gradually loosen the restrictions of mainland China¡¦s websites. Thus, permanent civil servants can understand and be familiar with mainland China¡¦s organizations in order for their own improvements. 12. Local organizations should gradually share the experiences of dealing with administrative affairs in both sides by way of interviewing and traveling with one another for the purpose of learning and improvement. 13. Mainland China¡¦s regions would be the alternative choice for public servants to go abroad and study because they can know more about mainland China. 14. Actions speak louder than words. Permanent civil servants should be encouraged to visit or travel mainland China. Thus, they can realize the real situations of mainland China, and decrease misunderstandings because of different customs.

This thesis is an analysis of the characteristics and the public affairs management policies of the traditional Chinese society during the reign of Emperors Xian-feng and Ton-gzhi in late Qing Dynasty. Using Tang Hao-ming¡¦s three-book trilogy Zeng, Guo-fan as the main reference, this thesis first analyzes the phenomenon, characteristics, and conditions of the traditional society during late Qing Dynasty with the PAM framework, and then follows Zeng, Guao-fan¡¦s career from the time when he first established the Xiang Army in 1852 to his passing in 1872 with V.C.S. analysis. His two-decades long service in public administration and the military, from his being drafted into the army while in mourning to his appointment as the Viceroy of Liangjiang, is divided into 22 stages. A comprehensive V.C.S. analysis of his four administrative periods is also provided. The last part of this paper consists of a PAM-based assessment of Zeng¡¦s administrative strategies, which can serve as valuable reference for promoting cross-strait social development and exchange. A viable strategy is also drawn from this historical period with the hope of resolving cross-strait conflicts and strengthening the ties.

Abstract In order to understand whether the public improves their faith in justice after 15-year reforms, and whether the result of verdict meets the expectations of the public, this research regards the sentences from the Judge as a decision-making to discuss whether there is any difference in the integration models of sentencing factors and seriousness among the role in the Court. The research analyzes the functions of justice from the viewpoints of Integrated Reference Framework for Public Affairs Management (PAM), and anatomizes the phenomena presenting by Society Develop Matrix (SDM) in every development stage. The research adopts the experimental methods of Information Integration Theory (IIT), and divides the subjects into five roles: Judges, Prosecutors, Lawyers, Inmates and the General Public. The research selects the subjects from Kaohsiung, Tainan and Pingtung, and offers the two cases of ¡§Traffic¡¨ and ¡§Waste Disposal¡¨ to acquire the integration modes of ¡§the Damage from Criminal¡¨ and ¡§the Attitudes after committing crimes ¡¨ in the measurement of punishment. Here are the research findings: 1. Individual subject from the five roles mostly uses ¡§Equal-Weight Averaging Model¡¨ to combine the two factors of the damages from committing crimes and the attitudes after committing crimes. 2. The types of case influence sentences and the waste disposal cases are obviously much more serious than the traffic cases. 3. The order of cases has no influence on sentences. 4. There is no significant difference in penalty measurement in traffic court cases among the five roles. However, there are significant variations in waste disposal cases, especially between the attorneys and the general public, while the attorneys expect lighter penalty measurement than the general public. 5. After the justice reformation, there have been slight differences in cognitive models of sentences. Keywords: Public Affairs Management, Information Integration Theory, justice reforms, sentencing

The primary intent of this thesis is to assess what role the traditional rulers will play in the new federal plan of the government of Nigeria. An attempt has been made to bring to the fore how the role of traditional rulers has changed greatly be tween the period 1800 to 1978. These changes became imperative because of the social, economic and political developments of Nigeria, which dictate that traditional rulers should not participate directly in partisan politics as was hitherto the case. The paper examines the recent demand for the abolition of the institution of traditional rulers. However, the examination shows that the majority of Nigerians still want the services of traditional rulers as leaders of the various communities, who represent symbols of unity. The results point to the fact that whatever party comes into power, it will need the assistance of traditional rulers to serve as a link between the government and the masses. The existence of large scale illiteracy and lack of effective means of direct communication between the government and the people justify the link provided by the traditional rulers. The relationship between the traditional rulers and government should be supplementary, advising the government when that advice is needed. In their areas, they should be the custodians of the customs and tradition of their people. In times of national crisis, traditional rulers collectively will use their fatherly influence and mediate between the varying factions and avert complete anarchy in the country. The main sources of information were Nigerian newspapers which included the New Nigerian, the Daily and Sunday Times, and the West Africa weekly publication. Also, a wide variety of secondary information, books, periodicals, reports and unpublished materials was used.

There are several implications for policy and social work practice concerning planned physical activity levels for women 18-64 years old. This study examines the relationship between planned physical activity, social support, and sedentary behavior choices among women as articulated by the U.S. Surgeon General under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 2010. This study is based on the premise that a large percentage of women are not involved in physical activity. A quantitative method was used to focus on planned physical health beliefs and behaviors from the view of women. One hundred fifty eight (N=l 58) survey participants were selected for the study utilizing non-probability convenience sampling. The survey participants were composed of women and men. The survey questionnaire utilized the Planned Physical Activity Index (PPAI) and a four point continuum Likert scale. The study benefits social work practitioners, law makers, educators, and administrators by emphasizing the importance of policy and how planned physical activity, social support, and sedentary behavior choices for women. Results suggest the majority of the women were not involved in planned physical activity as articulated by the U.S. Surgeon General’s report, Vision for a Healthy and Fit Nation (2010), under the Affordable Care Act, 2010.