Abstract By way of interpreting relevant references, depth interviews, and consulting Public Affairs Management (PAM) (Wang, 2006), there are several opinions as follows: 1. From the macroscopic historic viewpoints, in order to examine the cross-strait communication, cooperation between two straits is not only the basic condition of Taiwan¡¦s development, but also the sequence of Chinese historical development. 2. Within globalization and regional economies conformity, connecting Taiwan with the mainland China is the most convenient way to the world. 3. Permanent civil servants have to get rid of the constraints of personal ideologies in order to realize the current mainland China¡¦s development with open-minded attitudes. Through visiting or traveling mainland China, they can directly experience the uprising big country. 4. The southern local organizations are always influenced by the party politics. Because political civil servants lack precise cross-strait policies, they might influence permanent civil servants¡¦ decisions and positions. 5. Regardless of Internet digital learning or annual institutional training courses in every organization, it is very deficient for our government to comprehend the related information for cross-strait¡¦s transmission and cultivation. Thus, it is faking to portray cross-strait situations in our learning institutions. In other words, we are short of various investigations. Besides, we also lack enticements of rewards and punishments for cross-strait¡¦s relationships. 6. We have to reinforce the combination of theories and practicalities in education. Besides, cross-strait knowledge training courses should match the development of cross-strait policies. The central government should declare the training policies in cross-strait education. And local organizations should follow the rules by implementing the administrative management. Based on questionnaires collecting and data analyses, the major findings of the study are as follows: 1. Permanent civil servants are concerned with relevant affairs of cross-strait communication, but they lack practical experiences of visiting or traveling mainland China. 2. ¡§Trainings by their own organizations¡¨ and ¡§Internet digital learning¡¨ are the major tools for permanent civil servants¡¦ lifelong learning. 3. The educational training institutions of Internet digital learning apparently lack courses about ¡§cross-strait communication.¡¨ 4. Through the educational trainings of lifelong learning, it is still can¡¦t get the amount of related information about mainland China. 5. Recruiting cross-strait professionals through testing is still slow. And it can not catch up with the actual development of cross-strait communication. 6. The percentage for permanent civil servants to browse news via mainland China¡¦s websites (including official and popular websites) is relatively low. 7. Permanent civil servants have inadequate information about the relevant policies of ¡§developing closer relationship of region cooperation between southern Taiwan and the related districts in mainland China.¡¨ 8. The southern local organizations are influenced by the party politics. Because political civil servants lack precise cross-strait policies, they might influence permanent civil servants¡¦ decisions and positions. According to the results of the study, there are several suggestions as follows. 1. The Central Training Organization of Central Personnel Administration, Executive Yuan, should provide precise guidance of cross-strait educational training policies for local organizations in order to reinforce the cross-strait training courses of their own organizations. 2. Central Personnel Administration, Executive Yuan, should fulfill the precise reward measurements of the lifelong learning and emphasize the practical effects of lifelong learning. 3. Civil Service Protection and Training Commission, Examination Yuan, should strengthen the cross-strait training courses for new, intermediate, and advanced civil servants in order to promote the high qualities of public man force. 4. Mainland Affairs Council, Executive Yuan, should offer Internet digital learning courses of cross-strait information to other digital learning websites and organizations, and build its own digital homepage. 5. It is not efficient to satisfy the related departments¡¦ needs for public servants in dealing with cross-strait relationships by the admission members of the national examinations. National Academy of Civil Service should set up cross-strait specialized courses in order to strengthen permanent civil servants¡¦ knowledge and education and solve the problem for the shortage of specialists in cross-strait relationships. 6. NACS e-college which belongs to National Academy of Civil Service should completely plan and design cross-strait courses, actively collect practical cases on cross-strait communication, supply teaching materials on Internet digital learning, and continue to review and reform the way of training and lectures. Besides, it also should offer research classes for civil servants to study cross-strait practical cases and have advanced seminars for administrative leaders, including chiefs and directors in all counties and cities to fully reinforce cross-strait knowledge and comprehension for all public servants in every level. 7. National Academy of Civil Service, right now, launches the ¡§One Book in a Month¡¨ activity. This activity should supply important books and films for people to understand mainland China, broaden the horizon of learning mainland China, and spread cross-strait knowledge toward mainland China. 8. National Academy of Civil Service and mainland China¡¦s training departments should cooperate with one another to train public servants in both sides in order to promote cross-strait substantial communications. 9. Local organizations should, step by step, offer various opportunities for both organizations to train their civil servants. It should start from some uncontroversial departments, such as fire bureaus and public welfare departments. Then, gradually, it can broaden the depth and range of cross-strait communication. 10. The Internet digital lifelong learning courses, designed by related organizations, not only bear the responsibility of training and broadcasting cross-strait communication, but also offer the detail information in current situations. It will be helpful for both sides¡¦ professional specialties. 11. Internet websites outside the public affairs¡¦ system should gradually loosen the restrictions of mainland China¡¦s websites. Thus, permanent civil servants can understand and be familiar with mainland China¡¦s organizations in order for their own improvements. 12. Local organizations should gradually share the experiences of dealing with administrative affairs in both sides by way of interviewing and traveling with one another for the purpose of learning and improvement. 13. Mainland China¡¦s regions would be the alternative choice for public servants to go abroad and study because they can know more about mainland China. 14. Actions speak louder than words. Permanent civil servants should be encouraged to visit or travel mainland China. Thus, they can realize the real situations of mainland China, and decrease misunderstandings because of different customs.

This thesis is an analysis of the characteristics and the public affairs management policies of the traditional Chinese society during the reign of Emperors Xian-feng and Ton-gzhi in late Qing Dynasty. Using Tang Hao-ming¡¦s three-book trilogy Zeng, Guo-fan as the main reference, this thesis first analyzes the phenomenon, characteristics, and conditions of the traditional society during late Qing Dynasty with the PAM framework, and then follows Zeng, Guao-fan¡¦s career from the time when he first established the Xiang Army in 1852 to his passing in 1872 with V.C.S. analysis. His two-decades long service in public administration and the military, from his being drafted into the army while in mourning to his appointment as the Viceroy of Liangjiang, is divided into 22 stages. A comprehensive V.C.S. analysis of his four administrative periods is also provided. The last part of this paper consists of a PAM-based assessment of Zeng¡¦s administrative strategies, which can serve as valuable reference for promoting cross-strait social development and exchange. A viable strategy is also drawn from this historical period with the hope of resolving cross-strait conflicts and strengthening the ties.

Abstract In order to understand whether the public improves their faith in justice after 15-year reforms, and whether the result of verdict meets the expectations of the public, this research regards the sentences from the Judge as a decision-making to discuss whether there is any difference in the integration models of sentencing factors and seriousness among the role in the Court. The research analyzes the functions of justice from the viewpoints of Integrated Reference Framework for Public Affairs Management (PAM), and anatomizes the phenomena presenting by Society Develop Matrix (SDM) in every development stage. The research adopts the experimental methods of Information Integration Theory (IIT), and divides the subjects into five roles: Judges, Prosecutors, Lawyers, Inmates and the General Public. The research selects the subjects from Kaohsiung, Tainan and Pingtung, and offers the two cases of ¡§Traffic¡¨ and ¡§Waste Disposal¡¨ to acquire the integration modes of ¡§the Damage from Criminal¡¨ and ¡§the Attitudes after committing crimes ¡¨ in the measurement of punishment. Here are the research findings: 1. Individual subject from the five roles mostly uses ¡§Equal-Weight Averaging Model¡¨ to combine the two factors of the damages from committing crimes and the attitudes after committing crimes. 2. The types of case influence sentences and the waste disposal cases are obviously much more serious than the traffic cases. 3. The order of cases has no influence on sentences. 4. There is no significant difference in penalty measurement in traffic court cases among the five roles. However, there are significant variations in waste disposal cases, especially between the attorneys and the general public, while the attorneys expect lighter penalty measurement than the general public. 5. After the justice reformation, there have been slight differences in cognitive models of sentences. Keywords: Public Affairs Management, Information Integration Theory, justice reforms, sentencing

In the integrated public affairs management framework, except information communication, mass communication media also have economic industrial characteristics. Issues from mass communication media must make people have clinical and neutral cognition to avoided influences on people¡¦s judgements about facts. According to the study of the third-person effect, we proved that people mentually exist cognitive biases against communication information. Thus they always become operated subjects of elections. In order to understand subjects¡¦ cognitive and judge models, we employed three major factors, two situations of negative and positive news about THSR (Taiwan High-Speed Railway) to design our Information Integration Theory research. We also compared with the south and north people in Taiwan to show unbalances of the regional development about mass media and population quality. Findings of the research are as follow¡G 1. The north people with different issue involvements, have more movements in the the third-person effect in the negative news situation. 2. In the negative news situation, the north people¡¦s third-person effect and information reliability were represented by a negative correlation. 3. Media expose and people¡¦s third-person effect were represented by a positive correlation. 4. People¡¦s information integration models were following the adding rule. 5. The north people have more intention to support media regulation with the public opinion and actions. At last, we concluded several suggestions: 1. Unbalances of the regional development in Taiwan not only between the south and north, we must invest more resources to study and record. 2. Our study was a tiny subsection of public affairs management framework, researchers could study deeper and wider in the future. 3. The statistic tool of Information Integration Theory need to be updated to simplify importing data.

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This research attempts to integrate the combined perspectives of PAM (Public Affairs Management) framework and SJT (Social Judgment Theory) that entails foundational and group analysis of Penghu County, as well as personal objective judgment and value-based subjective judgment. The Township Police Station Joint Services model of civic governance is conceived through cross-disciplinary construct. Through literature review and interviews with experts, as well as analysis of background information, ¡§factual judgment¡¨ (objective) and ¡§value-based judgment¡¨ (subjective) are formulated. Next, discussions are made on the factor of ¡§relationship judgment¡¨, which is based on analysis of interactive management (IM). The resulting findings are summarized in 12 proactive strategies that encompass all stakeholders. Furthermore, interviews provide possible suggestions to decision-makers and management in an attempt to include opinions of all parties involved. The question that begs answering is: do the two sides have more in common, or more in differences; do the people concerned have more prudent ideas, or that the public management possess more experiences and are circumspect in their thinking? Through actual case study of the police department and stakeholders, the process of transforming policy into mechanism of the public sector is analyzed. Finally, key strategies serve as referential variables in SJT, which is used as acknowledgement level of group decisions from a micro-subjective psychological cognition view. Through various deliberations, 12 proactive strategies are conceived that subsequently compare strategic differences between stakeholders and policy-makers through the V-C-S model. The results suggest that cross-disciplinary studies can strengthen execution capabilities of decision-makers in the formulation and implementation of public management policies. Finally, three key strategies were concluded: 1. Determination of leader to strengthen cooperation between police and community; 2. Integration of police resources and implementation in phases; 3. Reach consensus. SJT questionnaires were used to investigate personal understanding and values of decision-makers, and the results indicate that they emphasized the first strategy ¡§Determination of leader¡¨, whereas advisors are inclined toward ¡§Reaching consensus¡¨, showing differences among them. Through cross-disciplinary analysis experimentation, we found that it helps in the definition of problem, formulation of group strategy and consolidation of possible solutions. The results of this research hence recommends interactive management (IM) in all agencies because it aids in the implementation of public policies, encompasses ideas from all angles and aid in the realization of a civil society.

The thesis studies the execution of the protection of taxpayer rights by local tax bureaus. By having Ming-shen Wang¡¦s The Integrated Framework for Public Affairs Management (2006) as theory basis, the key issue about safeguarding taxpayer rights is analyzed. This thesis applies V.C.S. Strategic Triangle introduced by Mark H. Moore (1995) to define three dimensions, namely, value, capacity, and support, and takes the public service values of tax officials into consideration. This thesis has conducted in-depth interviews and retrieved 367 pieces of valid questionnaires from local tax officials in southern and northern Taiwan. The thesis discovers that the public service values of tax officials incline to proficiency, responsibility, and fairness, emphasizing more on work performance than democratic administration. Most of the tax officials agree on the conceptions of value, capacity, and support of safeguarding taxpayer rights, and those conceptions are not affected by different public service values. On the conception of value, tax officials believe that substantive taxation adhering to fairness and justice can truly safeguard taxpayer rights. Tax officials at basic level believe safeguarding taxpayer rights will affect work efficiency and tax income. Considering the aspect of capability, tax officials think that they have sufficient competence and attitude to ensure taxpayer rights. They attribute the difficulties in practice to the deficient tax system. Safeguarding taxpayer right will increase workload, and moreover, the efforts are not sufficiently reflected in annual performance assessment scores. On the aspect of support, tax officials agree on protecting tax payer rights but require more understanding in its content, and they feel the public do not see the efforts of tax administrations to safeguard their rights. This thesis makes four suggestions: first, tax officials shall modify their concepts of public service values; second, administrations shall train the officials to help taxpayers with empathy; third, performance assessment shall be conducted with Balanced Scorecard and V.C.S. Strategic Triangle; fourth, tax reform shall be continued, in order to fulfill fairness and justice in taxation.

Recently, implementing Public Affairs Management (PAM) educational program, and increasing the graduate¡¦s abilities and management quality have become important issues for establishing postmodern public involvement citizenship. In other words, how to instruct a modern citizen to participate in the civic society relies mostly on the education avenue. However, there existed different promoting experiences of PAM education among Taiwan, China and the U.S.A. However due to the social context and history in each country, there existed each own strength and focus. Hence, to discern and compare the PAM course structures cross-nationally and to spotlight the direction and development of PAM education program in the future became the researcher¡¦s interest. This study contained 16 universities offering executive professional master programs of MPA (Master of Public Administration, MPA) in Taiwan and 24 universities in China as research subjects. Six universities in the U.S.A. were selected for the comparison purpose. ¡§Integrated Reference Framework for Public Affairs Management¡¨ was applied as the analysis model to compare these courses. The study aims were below: (1) to review the explicitness and reflectivity of this framework; (2) to present the main characteristics of PAM education courses structure dimension; (3) to discover the denotation between universities in Taiwan and China; and (4) to contribute to PAM education course design in the future. The findings of this study were summarized: 1. Quantification analysis results After conducting Hayashi¡¦s quantification theory analysis with MPA education courses structured from universities in Taiwan and China, and incorporating with representative universities in the U.S.A., this study extracted three characteristics as the following: (1) Sixteen universities in Taiwan reflected ¡§phenomenal side¡¨, ¡§essential side¡¨ and focused on postmodern issues. The main crucial courses could be categorized into institutional analysis and design, Taiwan-China politics and policy issues, product-quality management and innovation. (2) Twenty-four universities in China reflected ¡§phenomenal side¡¨, ¡§essential side¡¨, ¡§conditional side¡¨ and focused on modern issues. The main courses could be categorized into institutional analysis and design, science-technology policies, and information technology management. (3) Six universities in the U.S.A. reflected ¡§phenomenal side¡¨, ¡§essential side¡¨ and ¡§conditional side¡¨ and focused on postmodern issues. Furthermore, they influenced the universities in both Taiwan and China. The main courses could be categorized into institutional analysis and design, science-technology policies, information technology management, and rural-urban housing development and transportation. 2. Qualitative interview analysis results The qualitative research data were collected through in-depth interviewing with the professors lecturing at the PAM education institutions. The findings suggested: (1) When designing education course, the department shall take technical rationality and philosophical thoughts of administration into consideration. (2) The PAM courses shall aim to create its localized theories instead of replicating the foreign ones. Otherwise, the interviewees suggested that a critical thinking and the ability to modify the theories were essential. (3) PAM policies could be practiced with sustainable perspectives and these policies shall take whole-person education as one of the purposes. (4) PAM courses could integrate and strengthen theory and practices, in order to broaden the scopes of academics and researches. (5) When the universities and the departments set up a goal of transformation and development, the identity crisis should be concerned. (6) The interviewees suggested that the university could set up the school of public affairs to emphasize its status in education. Key Words¡G public administration, public management, public affairs management, education system, Hayashi¡¦s quantification theory.

According to governmental delegation-authority and people¡¦s trust, police authority acts as guardians in public field to maintain social order and serve the public as well as a carrying-gun group. However, at present, the so-called people¡¦s police are still restricted because of extrinsic influences and complicated environment. Moreover, they are still satisfied with immersing in subjective achievements. Therefore, it is a pity that they rarely make efforts to analyze and resolve deep-rooted problems. In a pluralist society, in order to manifest governmental effectiveness, police duty must pursuit perfection to meet more and more complicated public issues. Consequently, it is essential to define the implementation of corn value. Namely, it is to deeply discuss and analyze the value definition of research issues, and insist on the principles of planning, making decision objectively, judging subjectively, analyzing, managing and operating practice, realizing society changes and controlling trend with macro perspectives and micro angles to predict the future by reviewing the past so as to combine knowing and doing. This research referred to the viewpoint of ¡§An Integrated Public Affairs Management Framework¡¨ planned by Ming-Shen Wang to discuss the casual relation in the dramatic changes of Kaohsiung society and deeply analyze on the main police functions with V.C.S. strategic management method and focused on promoting the capacity of police organization to draw appropriate projects from out-of-date issue of police on-the-job training education to look forward to advancing police professional functions and response citizens¡¦ eager expectation.

After the opening and reform in 1978, Mainland China has undergone economic development for 30 years and is currently the fourth largest economic body in the world. Taiwan, on the other hand, has not been able to response actively and began industrial distribution when faced with the impact of the rise of China. Taiwan adopted a closed-door policy that caused the migration of industries and resulted in hollowing-out and marginalization. This phenomenon is particularly serious in Kaohsiung that is dominated by traditional industry that caused steady high unemployment rates. After the new government took office, the interactions between the straits became frequent, and that created a valuable development opportunity for Kaohsiung. This study takes the integrated framework for public affairs management to analyze the difficulties encountered in the development of Kaohsiung. With ¡§Strategy of Cross-Strait Harbor City Cooperation to Promote Talent Development in Kaohsiung in Response to Direct Flight ¡¨ as the research topic, this study utilizes interactive management (IM) to conduct rational debates from various perspectives. After two discussions, 12 strategies were concluded and their implementation order has been conducted through interpretative structural mode (ISM). The strategies are as follows: The Kaohsiung City Government shall: 1. Establish the ¡§Mainland China Affairs Office¡¨ to be responsible for talents in China to study or work in Taiwan; 2. Amend or establish relevant laws and regulations on the cross-strait exchange; 3. Consolidate the investment of private business to improve the performance of school in order to cultivate local talents through school performance while recruiting talents from China; 4. Lift laws and regulations to utilize public manpower and organization flexibly; The schools shall: 5. Establish departments and research projects regarding harbor city development; 6. Recruit internationally renowned scholars to conduct short-term courses in higher education; 7. Organize relevant workshops for teachers to understand the background and policy of cultural exchange across the straits; The government and the private sector may: 8. Establish a certification mechanism to recognize degrees across the straits; 9. Plan and establish a perfect science park; 10. Include professionals from China into the scope of the current foreign workers for special professions or technical assignments; 11. Provide attractive incentives to attract professionals and students from China to Kaohsiung; To accomplish the goal: 12. Provide attractive incentives to attract business to establish operational headquarters in Kaohsiung in order to promote the development of Kaohsiung. This study also examines 1. The view on establishing offices in Kaohsiung and the major cities in China such as Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, etc. to reinforce the marketing of cities and conduct cross-strait harbor city cooperation; 2. How the Kaohsiung City Government attracts tourists from China; and 3. How the Kaohsiung City Government shall prepare to respond to the opening of the cross-strait relations. Through expert interviews, this study aims to provide substantial and feasible strategic recommendations.