I Sverige genomförs varje år offentliga upphandlingar till ett värde av ca 500 miljarder kronor. Alla offentligt finansierade verksamheter måste följa lagen om offentlig upphandling och den formella upphandlingsprocess som lagen specificerar. Lagen är allmänt formulerad och anvisar en process där fokus ligger på förarbete och matematisk utvärdering. Cognitive Systems Engineering har vuxit fram utifrån insikten att effektiva processer kontinuerligt behöver använda såväl feedback och feedforward för att uppnå sina mål. Typiska tillämpningar är dynamiska, tätt kopplade processer där dessa behov är tydliga, men CSE som ramverk är generellt definierat och bör gälla även för en beslutsprocess på organisationsnivå. En CSE-analys har potential att förtydliga funktionella faktorer som tillåter upphandlare att genomföra effektiva och ändamålsenliga upphandlingar. I syftet att testa ovanstående hypotes genomfördes en fallstudie av Linköpings Universitets upphandling av företagshälsovård 2008. Studien är explorativ då kombinationen av teori och analysobjekt är otestad. För att relatera värdet av CSE mot andra teoribildningar har studien även analyserat upphandlingen utifrån STS och ekonomisk teori. Studien visar att CSE kan tillämpas vid analys av upphandlingsprocess inom offentlig upphandling. Ekonomisk teori har starka normativa drag medan STS är utpräglat deskriptiv. Kontrollperspektivet ser till både normativa och deskriptiva aspekter och bidrar med ökad förklaringskraft. I LiU:s upphandling var formella protokoll viktiga för arbetets legitimitet men det var i det praktiska arbetet man fann utrymme att utöva kontroll.

In this dissertation, I investigate how different aspects of the procurement process and evaluation affect bidding behavior. In essay 1, we attempt to map public procurements in Sweden by gathering a representative sample of procurements. We find that framework agreements and multiple-contract procurements represent a very large share of total government spending. The total value procured by government authorities, municipalities and counties accounts to 215 BSEK yearly, which we believe is an underestimate due to data issues. Essay 2 suggests a simple method for of estimating bidding costs in public procurement, and are empirically estimated to be approximately 2 percent of the procurement value using a comprehensive dataset and approximately 0.5 percent for a more homogeneous road re-pavement dataset. Our method provides reasonable estimates with, compared to other methods, relatively low data requirements. Essay 3 investigates the effect of quality evaluation on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Contrary to common belief, SMEs’ participation does not increase when evaluating quality, and their probability to win procurements decreases compared with that of large firms. In essay 4, the bidders’ decision to apply for a procurement review “appeal” is investigated. Contrary to procurers’ beliefs, evaluating quality is found not to have any statistically significant effect on the probability of appeals. Instead, I empirically confirm theoretical prediction of the 1st runner-up’s decision to claim the evaluation to be redone, as well as free-riding in appealing. In essay 5, we test whether spatial econometrics can be used to test for collusion in procurement data. We apply this method on a known cartel and test during and after the period the cartel was active. Our estimates support the proposition that spatial econometrics can be used to test for collusive behavior.

The main theme of this thesis is an analysis of post-contractual behaviour of selected contractors of public procurement. Processes behind the post-contractual behaviour are succeeding already signed contracts, and can often lead to an undesirable change in contracted price. Indetification of these processes, that lead to increased post-contractual behaviour, is the key element of this thesis. For this purpose, the collection and subsequential analysis of the collected data, i.e. data about completed public procurement, is crucial.

Japan is one of the world’s major importers of wood products. Most of the wood entering the country is destined to Japan’s house building industry. However, Japan has been an indifferent market regarding demand of wood products certified for sustainable forest management. Current pressures that may indicate a shift in market conditions include: the recent economic recovery, increasing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and the new government’s public purchasing policies (PPP) titled Timber Procurement Policies. In order to assess the market prospect (in the next 5 years) for wood products certified as coming from sustainable and/or legal sources a study was completed focusing on Japanese home builders. Data was collected through a self administered mail survey of residential builders in Japan. Results show that there is a low level of understanding, as well as willingness to adopt, forest management certification among Japanese builders. Consequently, current market demand for certified products is low and builders expect little change in consumers’ demand for wood materials certified for sustainable management as well as those certified for legality in the next five years. Builders considered the most important potential drivers for increased demand for certified and/or legal wood products to be rigorously implemented public purchasing policies, followed by increasing final consumers’ demand and the growth in CSR. Builders also estimated that the positive impact of PPPs would be rather modest but widespread. Finally, builders indicated that PPPs would favour demand for certain product categories, such as: domestic wood, softwoods, wood from plantation and to a lesser degree wood from temperate forests. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Diploma thesis deals with identification and analysis of the risks in procurement at ČEPRO, a.s. with usage of FMEA method. Companys business activities are transportation, storage and distribution of the oil products, storage of the state oil product funds and managing of the fueling station net called EuroOil. The aim of the thesis is the identify and analyze potential risks in ČEPRO, a.s. procurement process with usage of the FMEA method and propose measures that could lead to improve the procurement process. Thesis is divided into four chapters. First chapter deals with the procurement theory, second chapter deals with Czech public procurement act, because ČEPRO, a.s. use the procurement processes that are inspired by this act. Third chapter presents the company, companys procurement organization and procurement processes. Fourth chapter identifies and analyze the potential risks in the procurement processes and propose the measures that could to lead procurement processes improvement.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of experience on the price of a public procurement. Research in this area highlights the different positions of incumbents and entrants companies. Existing research shows, the more experienced company, the less aggressive its bid in public procurement. The work analyzes public procurement in the period from January 2011 to March 2016. Ratio of final and estimated value of public procurement is used as endogenous variable. Length of the existence of the winning company and the number of wins in previous public procurements are used as exogenous variables. Length of the existence of winning company was found to be insignificant. Number of previous wins influences price ratio negatively.

The theme of the graduation thesis is the process of public procurement in the state-established organization. Since the sphere of public procurement is very extensive the thesis focus on possibilities of use of multiple criteria decision making methods for the selection of the optimal offer. In addition to multicriterial decision making methods the thesis deals with preparative phase of the whole process especially with the statement of the evaluative criteria and determination of their weights. The thesis refers to the deficiencies of the process of public procurement that we can see in practice and tries to propose the possibilities how to avoid these deficiencies.

Aim of this thesis is mainly focused on subject of public procurement in Slovak republic. First chapter deals with initial description of legislative with short characteristics of relevant terms, procedures and constructive elements in the process of public purchasing and its administrative costingness. The topic of administrative costs is deeply described in next two chap-ters. Second chapter is focused on identifying theoretical concept of these costs with respect to its attributes, measurement methods, structure and origin of these costs. Analysis of subjects that have participated in survey is subject of last chapter. It is aimed at providing a rea-der with real view into problematic of Slovak Public Purchasing during year 2009 along with specification of value of administrative costs incurred in several public sector organizations and theirs relation to amount of costs that have been incurred in public purchasing and to compare these types of costs. Ending chapter serves as conclusion in accordance with observed trends and its main part drafts specific proceedings in order to improve efficiency of pub-lic purchasing and its administrative costs.

Miljökrav vid upphandling av busstrafik är ett effektivt styrmedel för att nå Sveriges uppsatta klimatmål. Enligt tidigare forskning är andelen förnybart drivmedel för busstrafiken i Sverige olika beroende på vilken region.  Upphandlingsförfarandet kan enligt Lagen om miljökrav vid upphandling (2011:846) se olika ut beroende på framförandet av miljökraven. Uppsatsen behandlar region Hallands, Kalmar läns och region Skånes upphandlingsförfarande. Uppsatsen innehåller även ett antal mindre aktörer inom upphandling av busstrafik per region för att identifiera eventuella skillnader gällande upphandlingsförfarandet. Syfte med uppsatsen är att identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av drivmedel och hur anbudsprövningen ser ut när offentliga myndigheter upphandlar busstrafik. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att identifiera eventuella skillnader gällande upphandlingsförfarandet mellan kommun och region samt vad det i så fall beror på. Uppsatsens metodansats är i huvudsak induktiv med en kvalitativ insamlingsmetod då syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa den empiriska verkligheten.  Den insamlade empirin analyserades med teorin för att komma fram till uppsatsens slutsats. Faktorer som påverkar valet av drivmedel är politiska mål, pris, miljöpåverkan, resurser, infrastruktur samt organisatoriska strategier. I huvudsak används tekniska krav- och specifikationer av de studerade aktörerna vid framförandet av miljökrav vid upphandling. Författarna har fått indikationen att uppsatsens valda regioner kommer att använda sig utav tilldelningskriterium vid nästa upphandling. Skillnaden mellan region, kommun och universitet kan härledas till pris, mål, strategier, teknikutveckling samt ramavtalens olika utformning.

The theme of this diploma thesis are public procurement below - threshold to delivery. The aim of the work is to evaluate the relation between openess of competition and savings of public sources. The openess of competition is measured in quantity of tenders, savings is established at the price differention, which is defined as ratio of final to original price of order. A data file containt 882 orders was good base for regress analysis, which proved the negative relation between quantity of tenders and the price differention. With every additional tender is savings of public sources higher. In the end of the thesis is assessed the analysis and according to that is there a suggestion.