This study focuses on developing and implementing a web-based public procurement system. As one innovative way of enhancing public procurement, an attempt to develop and implement electronic tendering system is to be made. In designing the system, not only technological aspects but also issues related to public procurement process improvement are considered. As an analysis and design approach, object oriented methodology was chosen and UML was used. Java as a development language was preferred because the resulting system is expected to be portable. This study also puts forward propositions as to how the government should perform direct purchases to ensure that both public and private sector benefit from e-Procurement to achieve full value.

This thesis makes the comparison of legal frameworks of the two Procurement Laws, the New Public Procurement Law (4734) and the Ex-State Procurement Law (2886) respectively. As a result of this comparison, it is seen that a lot of provisions starting from tender notice time limits to the awarding of contracts, have been changed substantially by the introduction of Turkish Public Procurement Law. Besides this comparison, the related procurement directive on construction works in European Community, namely EEC 93/37 is analyzed through the topics pertinent to the New Public Procurement Law, from which it is observed that there are both similar and different application regarding tender process in this directive when compared with the provisions of Turkish Public Procurement Law on construction works. This thesis study also aims to put forward the conception of Turkish contractors about the New Public Procurement Law by means of a questionnaire containing 15 questions. From the results of questionnaire, it is seen that majority of the contracting companies have a positive attitude towards the New Public Procurement Law although some provisions of the Law do not meet the expectations of the companies.

The aim of this thesis is twofold; to gain and understanding of how CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, interacts with industry; and to gain an understanding of how CERN can become a resource for industry. Both parts of the purpose also have implications for the issue of CERN’s usefulness to industry. Starting from the popular argument that scientific research can be useful for society through its potential benefits for industry; the thesis investigates the interaction between CERN and Swedish industry. As a complex research organisation is not a homogenous entity, CERN is regarded as a collection of heterogeneous resources which companies can relate to, and benefit from, in different ways.   It is argued that, in order to understand how CERN can be useful for industry, it is important to understand what CERN is. A substantial part of the thesis is therefore dedicated to describing CERN and its context. Apart from a description of CERN’s activities, structures, and history; the case specifically describes two of the main contact points between CERN and industry; technology transfer and procurement. Of the 15 Swedish companies that constitute the industry part of the study, two of the CERN-industry relationships are elaborated on (Ericsson and ABB). The case is primarily based on interviews with over 90 people carried out at CERN and in Sweden, as well as informal conversations and observations during extended visits at CERN. The findings suggest that companies can gain knowledge (and technologies) from CERN, but that it is through interaction rather than through specialised structures that these resources are acquired. The interaction between CERN and industry is restricted by CERN’s procurement rules, which affects what interaction is possible. The increased focus at CERN on knowledge transfer issues may result in increased transfer, but the study indicates that for this to happen an increased focus on interaction is necessary.

Japan is one of the world’s major importers of wood products. Most of the wood entering the country is destined to Japan’s house building industry. However, Japan has been an indifferent market regarding demand of wood products certified for sustainable forest management. Current pressures that may indicate a shift in market conditions include: the recent economic recovery, increasing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and the new government’s public purchasing policies (PPP) titled Timber Procurement Policies. In order to assess the market prospect (in the next 5 years) for wood products certified as coming from sustainable and/or legal sources a study was completed focusing on Japanese home builders. Data was collected through a self administered mail survey of residential builders in Japan. Results show that there is a low level of understanding, as well as willingness to adopt, forest management certification among Japanese builders. Consequently, current market demand for certified products is low and builders expect little change in consumers’ demand for wood materials certified for sustainable management as well as those certified for legality in the next five years. Builders considered the most important potential drivers for increased demand for certified and/or legal wood products to be rigorously implemented public purchasing policies, followed by increasing final consumers’ demand and the growth in CSR. Builders also estimated that the positive impact of PPPs would be rather modest but widespread. Finally, builders indicated that PPPs would favour demand for certain product categories, such as: domestic wood, softwoods, wood from plantation and to a lesser degree wood from temperate forests.

The sustainable public procurement represents a form of integration of environmental and social criteria in order to decrease the impacts that may harm people's health and the environment. This study aimed to present a proposal for implementation of sustainable procurement in a Federal Institution of Higher Education. For this, qualitative-quantitative research, with prescriptive character presents a study case at the Federal University of Santa Maria. Initially, the placement of external control organs was identified between 2010 and 2012, through documentary analysis. Then technique was applied to the questionnaire in order to show the scenario of Brazilian Federal Institution of Higher Education, 2010-2011 period, with respect to the inclusion of sustainable procedures in their bids. The politics procurement of the institution, analyzed between 2010-2012, took through interviews and procedures analysis. The results indicate that the recommendations proposed by Court of Auditors of the Union promoted joint actions of ministries for sustainable development within the Union. Moreover, identified that the decisions of that Court has been guiding institutions to adopt practices that enable adoption of sustainable environmental criteria in bids. Even partially, it can be seen that the inclusion of sustainable questions on procurement of Federal Institution of Higher Education presents the positive developments in the period under review. It was observed that the unit studied already taking actions relating to purchases of recyclable and reusable materials, energy efficiency and reduction of water consumption, which reveals, although partially, adopting a sustainable approach in their procurement processes. Given the diagnoses presented, it was possible to propose a procurement plan in order to direct the procurement and contracting of the institution from the perspective of sustainable development. / As compras públicas sustentáveis representam uma das formas de integração de critérios ambientais e sociais com vistas a diminuir os impactos que possam vir a prejudicar a saúde da população e o meio ambiente. O presente estudo teve como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de implantação de licitações sustentáveis em uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior (IFES). Para isso, a pesquisa quali-quantitativa, de caráter prescritivo, apresenta um estudo de caso na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). De início, o posicionamento dos órgãos de controle externo foi identificado, entre 2010 e 2012, por meio de análise documental. Em seguida, foi aplicada a técnica do questionário, com vistas a mostrar o cenário das IFES brasileiras, no período 2010-2011, com relação à inserção de procedimentos sustentáveis em suas licitações. A política de compras da instituição estudada, analisada entre 2010-2012, deu-se mediante entrevistas e análise processual. Os resultados indicam que as recomendações propostas pelo Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) promoveram ações conjuntas dos Ministérios para o desenvolvimento sustentável no âmbito da União. Além disso, identificou-se que as decisões daquele Tribunal vêm orientando as instituições a adotarem práticas que permitam a adoção de critérios sustentáveis socioambientais nas licitações. Mesmo de forma parcial, pode-se verificar que a inclusão de quesitos sustentáveis nas licitações das IFES apresenta evolução positiva no período sob análise. Observou-se que a unidade estudada já vem adotando ações relativas às aquisições de materiais recicláveis e reutilizáveis, eficiência energética e à redução do consumo da água, o que revela, embora parcialmente, a adoção de uma postura sustentável em seus processos licitatórios. Dados os diagnósticos apresentados, foi possível propor um plano de licitações com vistas a direcionar as aquisições e contratações da instituição sob o prisma do desenvolvimento sustentável.

Os pregoeiros são os servidores responsáveis pela condução dos processos licitatórios de aquisições e contratações dos órgãos públicos no Brasil. A função de pregoeiro, apesar de sua complexidade e importância à eficiente utilização dos recursos públicos, vem sendo negligenciada pelo Estado. Até o momento não há uma carreira específica ou remuneração condizente ao risco dessa atividade. Os métodos e análises realizadas por este estudo, à luz dos Estudos Baseados em Prática (EBP) e do knowing-in-practice, permitiram melhor visibilidade aos elementos tácitos que compõem os saberes os pregoeiros desenvolvidos no seu cotidiano de trabalho. Partindo da identificação e descrição de suas práticas de trabalho, a função pregoeiro caracteriza-se pelo acúmulo e sobreposição de atividades, dificultando assim desenho de um perfil para a mesma. Outra característica inerente a função é a presença de uma forte estrutura normativa a qual norteia e permeia esse trabalho. A partir dos discursos dos entrevistados, constatou-se que o Curso de Formação de Pregoeiros demonstrou-se insuficiente para desenvolver as habilidades de negociação e conversação e os aspectos atitudinais da atenção, equilíbrio e retidão necessários à sua prática. Assim, a aprendizagem no cotidiano de trabalho dos pregoeiros ocorreu de forma situada através dos conhecimentos informais e tácitos, compartilhados por meio das interações sociais entre os servidores, facilitada pela estrutura em rede dos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia (IFs) (instituições pesquisadas), fóruns e comunidades de praticantes, confirmando assim a perspectiva do knowing-in-practice. Afirma-se então que o desenvolvimento dos saberes do pregoeiro não está descolado de suas práticas de trabalho. A partir dos elementos identificados neste estudo, sugerem-se ações para melhoria das condições de trabalho, desenvolvimento e reconhecimento profissional do pregoeiro. Um olhar mais sensível da sociedade e dos representantes políticos é necessária, dada a importância estratégica do papel do pregoeiro na garantia da qualidade do gasto público. / Public Procurement Officers are the public servers responsible for conducting bidding processes of acquisition and hiring for public organs in Brazil. The main duty of the Public Procurement Officer, despite its complexity and importance to the efficient use of public resources, has been neglected by the state. Still, there is no specific career or equitable salary which represents the risks of this activity. The methods and analysis made by this study, considering Practice-Based Studies (PBS) and of knowing-into-practice, allowed a better visibility in the tacit elements that build the knowledge Public Procurement Officers have developed in their daily work. Starting with the identification and description of their practices at work, the Public Procurement Officer function is characterized by the accumulation and overlapping of activities, making it difficult to draw a proper profile to the function. Another intrinsic characteristic of the Public Procurement Officers' function, which directs and permeates this paper, is the presence of a normative structure. Through the speech of the interviewees it was possible to state that the Basic Training Course Public Procurement Officers take is not sufficient to develop the negotiation and reasoning skills and the attitude of attention, balance and rectitude needed to the practice of this function. Therefore, the Public Procurement Officers’ learning process happens throughout informal and tacit knowledge, shared through servers’ social interaction – facilitated by the structure in network from Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology (FIs) (institutions where the research took place), online forums and communities, corroborating the knowing-in-practice perspective. It can be stated that the knowledge development of Public Procurement Officers is not disconnected to their practice. Based on the elements identified in this study, some actions are suggested to improve the working conditions, development and recognition of the Public Procurement Officers. A more sensitive consideration from society and from political representatives is necessary, given the strategic importance of Public Procurement Officers’ role in assuring the public money is being well spent.

The paper reflects on the importance of the general principles of public procurement in the application and interpretation of the law in this area. To this objective both the international law of administrative contracts, which has its main landmarks in the government procurement agreement of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations Model Law, as the regulation and case law of the European Union are analyzed, which has laid a very advanced teaching in this regard. Finally it is subject to review recent legislation compared to Latin America on public procurement, which attaches great importance to general principles. / En el trabajo se reflexiona acerca de la importancia de los principios generales de la contratación pública en la aplicación e interpretación del Derecho en la materia. A tal efecto se analizan tanto el Derecho Internacional de las contrataciones administrativas, que tiene sus principales hitos en el Acuerdo de compras públicas de la Organización Mundial del Comercio y en la Ley Modelo de Naciones Unidas, como la regulación y jurisprudencia de la Unión Europea, que ha sentado una doctrina muy avanzada al respecto. Finalmente es objeto de comentario la reciente legislación comparada de países de América latina sobre contratos públicos, que concede una gran importancia a los principios generales.

In this article, the extinction of disciplinary responsibility in cases where a companydisappears will be analyzed. To do this, firstly we will study cases of transmission of the responsability in the cases referred to the extinction of the legal personality . Finally, the Peruvian legislation on public procurement and the transfer of responsibilities in cases of extinction by merger of legal entities will be analyzed. / En el presente artículo se analizará la temática referente a la extinción de la responsabilidad sancionadora en los casos en que una persona jurídica desaparezca. Para ello, primero se analizará los supuestos que existen de transmisión de la responsabilidad en los casos que se refieren a la extinción de la personalidad jurídica. Finalmente, se analizará la legislación peruana existente sobre los contratos públicos y la transmisión de responsabilidades en los casos de extinción por fusión de las personas jurídicas.

This article aims to determine the extent for the regimen of administrative procedure of selection, in the framework of the Peruvian Public Procurement Law. In that way, by analyzing the juridical doctrine and the Supervisory Agency of Public Procurement’s pronouncements on the matter, it will be determined that we are facing and optional regime on exemptions. / El presente artículo busca determinar el alcance del régimen de exoneraciones de los procedimientos administrativos de selección, en el marco de la normativa de Contrataciones con el Estado en el Perú. En ese sentido, a través del análisis de la doctrina y de los pronunciamientos del Organismo Supervisor de las Contrataciones del Estado, se verificarási es que nos encontramos o no ante un régimen facultativo de exoneraciones.

Vilka möjligheter en upphandlande myndighet bör ha att ställa arbetsrättsliga krav vid offentlig upphandling är en omdebatterad fråga. I Sverige infördes i januari 2017 ny lagstiftning om offentlig upphandling, vilken kompletterades i juni 2017 med bl.a. ett krav på att myndigheter, i vissa fall, ska ställa arbetsrättsliga villkor. I uppsatsen undersöks de nya bestämmelserna i LOU, för att utreda när arbetsrättsliga villkor får respektive ska ställas vid offentlig upphandling. Vidare undersöks huruvida bestämmelserna är förenliga med EU-rätten, de grundläggande principerna och LOU-direktivets bakomliggande syften. Av uppsatsen framgår att en upphandlande myndighet kan ta arbetsrättsliga hänsyn på flera olika sätt i olika moment av upphandlingen och att det skiljer sig från upphandling till upphandling vilka villkor som får ställas. Det framkommer även att kraven för att en upphandlande myndighet ska få ställa arbetsrättsliga villkor som fullgörandevillkor vid en offentlig upphandling är att villkoren ska ha koppling till kontraktsföremålet, vara tydliga och framgå av upphandlingsdokumenten, vara förenliga med de EU-rättsliga principerna, och vara möjliga att kontrollera samt följa upp. I vissa fall finns det även ett krav på att en upphandlande myndighet ska ställa arbetsrättsliga villkor såsom fullgörandevillkor. Den upphandlande myndigheten ska ställa arbetsrättsliga villkor vid upphandlingar som överstiger tröskelvärdena, som inte avser sociala eller andra särskilda tjänster och som har påbörjats 1 juni 2017 eller senare, förutsatt att det är behövligt och villkoren går att fastställa. De krav som den upphandlande myndigheten ska ställa, förutsatt att ovan nämnda rekvisit är uppfyllda, är krav på minimivillkor om lön, semester och arbetstid. Nivåerna ska hämtas från ett centralt kollektivavtal som är allmänt tillämpligt i den aktuella branschen. Nivån får dock inte vara lägre än vad som framgår av lag. Om det inte går att fastställa ett av villkoren behöver inte det villkoret ställas, dock ska de andra ställas. Vidare ska villkoren vara proportionerliga och framgå direkt av upphandlingsdokumenten. I uppsatsen framgår dessutom att även om bestämmelserna om arbetsrättsliga villkor går utöver de krav som ställs i LOU-direktivet torde de vara förenliga med EU-rätten och de grundläggande principerna. Bestämmelserna kan dock inte anses vara förenliga med LOU- direktivets kompletterande mål, att skapa ett enklare regelverk. Även om bestämmelserna inte är förenliga med det kompletterande målet är de befogade eftersom syftet med att ställa arbetsrättsliga villkor, att motverka social dumping och oskäliga arbetsvillkor, torde väga tyngre än att till varje pris skapa ett så enkelt regelverk som möjligt.