Orientador: Armen Mamigonian / Resumo: A geografia tem, nas últmimas décadas, agrupado ao seu conhecimento uma série de novos temas e abandonado outros. Os estudos referentes aos transportes, muito valorizados no passado, são um exemplo dos que vêm perdendo importância. / Abstract: In the last decades, geography a great deal of knowledge in some areas and, at the ame time, discarded others. Studies about transportation used to be highly appraised in the past, but now, they seem to be disregarded. / Doutor

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_mr_dr_prud.pdf: 2694499 bytes, checksum: 2899722e20f49cced29f7743e9a15030 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A geografia tem, nas últmimas décadas, agrupado ao seu conhecimento uma série de novos temas e abandonado outros. Os estudos referentes aos transportes, muito valorizados no passado, são um exemplo dos que vêm perdendo importância. / In the last decades, geography a great deal of knowledge in some areas and, at the ame time, discarded others. Studies about transportation used to be highly appraised in the past, but now, they seem to be disregarded.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur l’étude de la tension entre le discours institutionnel sur la professionnalisation de la sécurité privée en France et le processus d’exercice et d’apprentissage du métier par les agents de sécurité. Différents facteurs indiquent les enjeux du projet institutionnel de professionnalisation et des dispositifs de formation. Le chercheur met en évidence, à partir d’une approche qualitative et multidimensionnelle, les intentions institutionnelles et l’écart existant entre le discours et la réalité. Sur le terrain, les agents de sécurité vivent mal leur entrée dans la profession et la réalisation de leur métier. Pour remplir les objectifs du contrat, ils construisent une norme informelle d’acceptation des risques, inductrice du processus d’apprentissage. L’action ainsi développée permet aux agents de sécurité d’apprendre au fil de l’activité. L’évolution rapide des attentes institutionnelles en matière de sécurité transforme les opérationnels et les interroge dans un nouveau rapport à l’action. Les réponses apportées exigent une approche globale de prévention et de gestion des risques sur les sites et les territoires (pour la plupart en présence du public). Un nouveau concept de coproduction de sécurité publique et privée apparaît et le discours institutionnel change alors d’aspect, mais la réalité opérationnelle reste décalée. / This academic research task focuses on the tension between the institutional discourse on the professionalization of private security in France and on the learning and practice process of the profession by security agents. Different factors point to the issue of the institutional project of the professionalization and of the training systems. The researcher brings to light, with a qualitative and multidimentional approach, the institutional intentions and the gap between the displayed speech and reality. In the field, the security agents feel uncomfortable at the beginning of their profession, when they understand what their profession truly is. To fulfill the objectives of the contract, they build an informal standard risk of acceptance, the key-driver of the training process. The action thus developed allows the security agents to learn in the course of their activity. The swift evolution of institutional expectancies in security matters transforms the operators and calls them in a new relation to action. The answers given require a global approach to risk prevention and management on sites and territories (mostly with the public attending). A new concept of coproduction of private and public security is born and the institutional discourse then changes in appearance, but the operational reality remains ill-adjusted.

Šiuolaikinės socialinės ekonominės šalies plėtros tendencijos socialinių pokyčių vertinimo požiūriu reikalauja iš naujo įvertinti valdžios institucijų vaidmenį ekonomikoje. Valstybei, vykdant reguliacines ir kontrolės funkcijas, nustatant norminiais teisiniais aktais bendradarbiavimo taisykles tarp viešojo ir privataus sektorių, jos vaidmuo iš esmės keičiasi, kadangi viešasis sektorius vis dažniau turi būti aktyvus rinkos dalyvis, o ne tik stebėtojas. Disertaciniame tyrime analizuojama viešojo ir privataus sektorių sanglauda, kuri integruoja dviejų sektorių institucines ir veiklos galimybes bei absorbuoja teisinio statuso problemas, kurios kyla dėl to, kad vienas sektorius vadovaujasi daugiau viešosios, kitas privatinės teisės normomis. Nors kiekvienas sektorius turi savo tikslus, sektoriniame bendravime turi juos abipusiai derinti, ieškoti kompromisų, pasitelkti ne tik žmogiškuosius resursus, bet ir turimą socialinį bei ekonominį kapitalą. Administracinis teisinis reguliavimas turi padėti išlaikyti pusiausvyrą tarp privataus sektoriaus pagrindinio tikslo – pelno ir viešojo sektoriaus pareigos – užtikrinti viešojo intereso apsaugą. Disertacijoje kapitalas tiriamas per tris jo galimas socialinio, ekonominio ir žmogiškojo kapitalo vartojimo reikšmes, akcentuojant labiausiai teisiškai reikšmingus sektorinio bendravimo ypatumus. Kadangi iš viešojo sektoriaus kyla ekonominių, socialinių santykių valstybinio reguliavimo sprendimai, įvairūs teisiniai reguliavimo būdai ir metodai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The state trends of modern social-economic development require re-evaluation of the economic role of public institutions in order to assess social changes. As the state implements its regulatory and control functions, and establishes cooperation rules for public-private sectors by normative legal acts, its role essentially changes, because the public sector increasingly needs to be an active market participant, and not just an observer. Dissertation research analysis public-private sectors’ cohesion which integrates institutional and operational opportunities of the both sectors and absorbs the problems of legal status, which arise because one sector relies more on the norms of public law, and the other – on private law norms. Although each sector has its own goals, sectorial cooperation should involve counter-balancing and search for compromises. Administrative legal regulation has to help keep balance between the private sector, which has the main objective – profit and public sector goal’s to ensure protection of the public interest. The dissertation analyses the social, economic and human capital focusing on three possible notions of its use, stressing the most legally significant peculiarities of sectorial communication. The decisions on state regulation of economic and social relations arise from the public sector, which also produces various legal regulatory methods. Therefore, this dissertation aims at analysing and suggesting the proper ways of taking use of the... [to full text]

「社會行銷」概念與技術於1971年由學者Kotler & Zaltman提出，為首次行銷概念技術擴大應用至非營利部門在社會公益上的研究。行銷學者Kotler認為，社會行銷可擴大應用至社會各領域的公益推廣，包含公部門。由是，本研究基於擴大化應用的精神，以我國環保機關推動之「不燒紙錢宣導政策」為個案，探究行銷概念擴大化後，公部門在行銷理論基礎上，即交換理論在公私部門差異上導致社會行銷分析公部門個案時產生哪些差異？以及社會行銷擴大應用至公部門，在理論基礎上有哪些問題？同時以社會行銷概念及技術對個案進行分析。 因此，本研究在研究方法上，以個案研究的方式，先進行社會行銷及交換理論在公私部門差異的文獻基礎進行一回顧與整理，再依研究目的與問題針對理論基礎設計深度訪談的問題，依目的性抽樣原則尋找最能符合本研究目的之訪談者進行深度訪談，共十一位。訪談完成即整理逐字稿以進行後續分析。 經本研究分析，在理論面及實務面均提出研究貢獻與建議： 一、理論面： （一）社會行銷因為公私部門在本質上存有差異，導致源自於私部門的行銷理論基礎─交換理論，用於分析公部門社會行銷政策時，在各社會行銷步驟中均產生差異。 （二）交換理論自利假定在公私部門中產生差異，因此有關法律強制力、公民及消費者、自願交換關係及通路概念在未來社會行銷擴大應用至公部門時，有理論適用上的問題。 二、實務面： （一）「不燒紙錢宣導政策」經社會行銷八步驟分析，屬於同社會行銷概念及技術的行銷個案，但因其為公部門推動者，故在細部特徵上有公私部門假定上、本質上的差異。 （二）「不燒紙錢宣導政策」的推動，雖滿足公共利益的需求，但執行過程中直接法源不明確、推動組織鬆散、忽略利害關係人權益為實務需加強之處。 / The very concept of “Social Marketing”, first introduced by Philip Kotler and Gerald Zaltman, is used to apply marketing techniques to the area of nonprofit organizations to promote public interest. In Kotler’s mind, marketing techniques can be applied to both public and private sectors. However, whether this application adequate is needed to be answered. In this thesis, author uses a case named “campaigning the policy against burning golden papers in worship” implemented by the R.O.C government as an example to examine the adequacy of the “Exchange Theory” behind the concept of social marketing to understand marketing cases in the public sector. In order to find the conceptual problems through case study, author first adopts the eight stages of social marketing to describe the case throughout. Then, author design several interview problems to ask various actors who related to the case. Finally, author combines theoretical arguments, case details, and qualitative data from in-depth interview to analyze the adequacy of applying exchange theory in public sector through social marketing. Several findings are presented as follows. First, many differences were found in all the eight stage of social marketing. These differences illustrate many possible inadequacies of applying marketing techniques, supported by exchange theory, to public sector. Second, based on the above differences founded, the intention of broadening the concept of marketing to non-profit organizations should take them into considerations. Especially, the strategic marketing scheme, such as 4Ps, should be reevaluated according to the findings. Thirdly, practically speaking, there are supporting factors to make a marketing campaign successful in public sector: ambiguities in regulation, lack of solid implementation organization, and the missing of stakeholders opinion collection and interest-protection activities in the process.