Cette thèse examine l'impact des institutions sur le comportement des travailleurs et la qualité de l'emploi. Les deux premiers chapitres utilisent des données subjectives afin d’évaluer l'impact des politiques de l'emploi sur la qualité de l'emploi d'une manière qui prenne en compte un éventail plus large de conditions de travail pertinentes par rapport à la littérature existante. Le premier chapitre montre qu'une baisse de l'assurance-chômage diminue la satisfaction au travail des travailleurs en les amenant à accepter de moins bonnes conditions de travail. Le deuxième chapitre montre que les effets de la protection partielle de l'emploi sur les licenciements améliorent le sentiment de sécurité de l'emploi pour les travailleurs protégés, mais au prix d'externalités négatives pour les autres travailleurs. Le troisième chapitre apporte de nouveaux éléments sur la manière dont les institutions affectent les normes de genre en examinant les comportements des femmes sur le marché du travail et au sein de leur couple. En nous appuyant sur la période de 41 ans de division de l'Allemagne, nous montrons que les institutions de la RDA, favorable à l'égalité des sexes, ont créé une culture qui a défait la norme selon laquelle l’homme est le principal pourvoyeur du ménage. En revanche, cette norme est encore très répandue en ex-Allemagne de l’Ouest. / This dissertation examines the impact of institutions on workers' behavior and job quality. The first two chapters use subjective data to assess the impact of employment policies on job quality in a way that takes into account a broader range of relevant working conditions compared to existing papers. The first chapter shows that lower unemployment insurance decreases workers' job satisfaction by making them accept lower working conditions. The second chapter shows that the effects of partial employment protection on layoffs improve the feeling of job security for protected workers, but at the cost of a negative externality on other workers. The third chapter provides new evidence on the way institutions affect gender norms by looking at women's behaviors on the labour market and inside their couple. Using the 41-year division of Germany, we show that GDR’s gender equal institutions have created a culture that has undone the male breadwinner norm. By contrast, this norm is still prevalent in former West Germany.

Le but de cette thèse est d étendre la théorie du bootstrap aux modèles de données de panel. Les données de panel s obtiennent en observant plusieurs unités statistiques sur plusieurs périodes de temps. Leur double dimension individuelle et temporelle permet de contrôler l 'hétérogénéité non observable entre individus et entre les périodes de temps et donc de faire des études plus riches que les séries chronologiques ou les données en coupe instantanée. L 'avantage du bootstrap est de permettre d obtenir une inférence plus précise que celle avec la théorie asymptotique classique ou une inférence impossible en cas de paramètre de nuisance. La méthode consiste à tirer des échantillons aléatoires qui ressemblent le plus possible à l échantillon d analyse. L 'objet statitstique d intérêt est estimé sur chacun de ses échantillons aléatoires et on utilise l ensemble des valeurs estimées pour faire de l inférence. Il existe dans la littérature certaines application du bootstrap aux données de panels sans justi cation théorique rigoureuse ou sous de fortes hypothèses. Cette thèse propose une méthode de bootstrap plus appropriée aux données de panels. Les trois chapitres analysent sa validité et son application. Le premier chapitre postule un modèle simple avec un seul paramètre et s 'attaque aux propriétés théoriques de l estimateur de la moyenne. Nous montrons que le double rééchantillonnage que nous proposons et qui tient compte à la fois de la dimension individuelle et la dimension temporelle est valide avec ces modèles. Le rééchantillonnage seulement dans la dimension individuelle n est pas valide en présence d hétérogénéité temporelle. Le ré-échantillonnage dans la dimension temporelle n est pas valide en présence d'hétérogénéité individuelle. Le deuxième chapitre étend le précédent au modèle panel de régression. linéaire. Trois types de régresseurs sont considérés : les caractéristiques individuelles, les caractéristiques temporelles et les régresseurs qui évoluent dans le temps et par individu. En utilisant un modèle à erreurs composées doubles, l'estimateur des moindres carrés ordinaires et la méthode de bootstrap des résidus, on montre que le rééchantillonnage dans la seule dimension individuelle est valide pour l'inférence sur les coe¢ cients associés aux régresseurs qui changent uniquement par individu. Le rééchantillonnage dans la dimen- sion temporelle est valide seulement pour le sous vecteur des paramètres associés aux régresseurs qui évoluent uniquement dans le temps. Le double rééchantillonnage est quand à lui est valide pour faire de l inférence pour tout le vecteur des paramètres. Le troisième chapitre re-examine l exercice de l estimateur de différence en di¤érence de Bertrand, Duflo et Mullainathan (2004). Cet estimateur est couramment utilisé dans la littérature pour évaluer l impact de certaines poli- tiques publiques. L exercice empirique utilise des données de panel provenant du Current Population Survey sur le salaire des femmes dans les 50 états des Etats-Unis d Amérique de 1979 à 1999. Des variables de pseudo-interventions publiques au niveau des états sont générées et on s attend à ce que les tests arrivent à la conclusion qu il n y a pas d e¤et de ces politiques placebos sur le salaire des femmes. Bertrand, Du o et Mullainathan (2004) montre que la non-prise en compte de l hétérogénéité et de la dépendance temporelle entraîne d importantes distorsions de niveau de test lorsqu'on évalue l'impact de politiques publiques en utilisant des données de panel. Une des solutions préconisées est d utiliser la méthode de bootstrap. La méthode de double ré-échantillonnage développée dans cette thèse permet de corriger le problème de niveau de test et donc d'évaluer correctement l'impact des politiques publiques. / The purpose of this thesis is to develop bootstrap methods for panel data models and to prove their validity. Panel data refers to data sets where observations on individual units (such as households, firms or countries) are available over several time periods. The availability of two dimensions (cross-section and time series) allows for the identi cation of effects that could not be accounted for otherwise. In this thesis, we explore the use of the bootstrap to obtain estimates of the distribution of statistics that are more accurate than the usual asymptotic theory. The method consists in drawing many ran- dom samples that resembles the sample as much as possible and estimating the distribution of the object of interest over these random samples. It has been shown, both theoretically and in simulations, that in many instances,this approach improves on asymptotic approximations. In other words, the resulting tests have a rejection rate close to the nominal size under the null hypothesis and the resulting con dence intervals have a probability of inclu- ding the true value of the parameter that is close to the desired level. In the literature, there are many applications of the bootstrap with panel data, but these methods are carried out without rigorous theoretical justi fication. This thesis suggests a bootstrap method that is suited to panel data (which we call double resampling), analyzes its validity, and implements it in the analysis of treatment e¤ects. The aim is to provide a method that will provide reliable inference without having to make strong assumptions on the underlying data-generating process. The rst chapter considers a model with a single parameter (the overall expectation) with the sample mean as estimator. We show that our double resampling is valid for panel data models with some cross section and/or temporal heterogeneity. The assumptions made include one-way and two- way error component models as well as factor models that have become popular with large panels. On the other hand, alternative methods such as bootstrapping cross-sections or blocks in the time dimensions are only valid under some of these models. The second chapter extends the previous one to the panel linear regression model. Three kinds of regressors are considered : individual characteristics, temporal characteristics and regressors varying across periods and cross-sectional units. We show that our double resampling is valid for inference about all the coe¢ cients in the model estimated by ordinary least squares under general types of time-series and cross-sectional dependence. Again, we show that other bootstrap methods are only valid under more restrictive conditions. Finally, the third chapter re-examines the analysis of di¤erences-in-differences estimators by Bertrand, Du o and Mullainathan (2004). Their empirical application uses panel data from the Current Population Survey on wages of women in the 50 states. Placebo laws are generated at the state level, and the authors measure their impact on wages. By construction, no impact should be found. Bertrand, Dufl o and Mullainathan (2004) show that neglected heterogeneity and temporal correlation lead to spurious ndings of an effect of the Placebo laws. The double resampling method developed in this thesis corrects these size distortions very well and gives more reliable evaluation of public policies.

Cette thèse se concentre sur la mesure des dissemblances dans la distribution des attributs économiques, et sur les implications pour l'inégalité des chances. L'égalité des chances a gagné en popularité pour définir l'objectif de la distribution d'une vaste gamme de résultats économiques entre les groupes sociaux. Cette thèse est motivée par le fait que l'évaluation des politiques publiques fondée sur l'égalité des chances s'appuie toujours sur des comparaisons de dissemblance entre des distributions conditionnelles, et nous proposons des critères empiriques pour vérifier ces comparaisons. Dans le premier chapitre, nous caractérisons axiomatiquement le pre-ordre de dissemblance permettant de classer les distributions conditionnelles au groupe d'origine, que sont définies sur des classes de résultats discrètes. Lorsque les classes sont permutables, nous démontrons que la dissemblance est rationalisée par un ordre de majorisation de matrices et mis en œuvre en vérifiant l'inclusion des zonotopes . Lorsque les classes sont ordonnées nous fondons le jugement de dissemblance sur un nombre fini de comparaisons au sein de la majorisation au sens de Lorenz entre les proportions des groupes, vérifiées à des étapes différentes de cumulation de la population agrégée. Dans le deuxième chapitre, on examine la pertinence du pre-ordre de dissemblance pour étudier la ségrégation au niveau individuel. On obtient une caractérisation complète d'une famille bien définie d'indicateurs de ségrégation et nous étudions l'un d'eux, l'indice d'exposition de Gini, en utilisant des données italiennes. Le dernier chapitre présente un critère d'égalisation des chances. L'égalité des chances est atteinte lorsqu'il n'y a pas de consensus, selon une classe de préférences donnée, sur l'identité du groupe défavorisé. Nous utilisons les changements de (manque de) consensus sur l'existence et l'étendue du désavantage pour caractériser le critère d'égalisation des chances. Les restrictions nécessaires, autant que des procédures possibles d'agrégations, sont également discutées. Nous démontrons que ce critère est identifié selon la classe de préférences représentées par les fonctions d'utilité dépendantes du rang et on obtient des résultats innovants d'inférence sur la dominance stochastique inverse qui nous permettent de tester ce critère. Deux applications sur des données françaises illustrent l'impact en termes d'égalisation de chances des politiques éducatives qui ont lieu tôt dans la vie des étudiants. / This thesis focuses on the measurement of dissimilarity in the distribution of relevant economic attributes and inequality of opportunity. Equality of opportunity has gained popularity for defining the relevant equalitarian objective for the distribution of a broad range of social and economic outcomes among social groups. I show that equality of opportunity concerns in policy evaluation always rely on dissimilarity comparisons between conditional distributions, and I provide empirically testable criteria to implement these comparisons. In the first chapter, I characterize axiomatically the dissimilarity partial order for discrete conditional distributions of groups across outcome classes. I prove that, when classes are permutable, dissimilarity is rationalized by matrix majorization and implemented by checking zonotopes inclusion, while when classes are ordered the dissimilarity criterion resorts on a finite number of Lorenz majorization comparisons among groups' proportions, performed at different cumulation stages of the overall population. In the second chapter, I discuss the relevance of the dissimilarity partial order for the study of segregation at individual level. I fully characterize a well defined family of segregation indicators and I study one of them, the Gini exposure index, by using Italian data. The final chapter presents the equalization of opportunity criterion for outcome achievements. The guiding principle is that equality of opportunities is reached if there is no consensus, for a given class of preferences, in determining the disadvantaged group out of pairwise comparisons. I use the changes in (lack of) consensus on the existence and on the extent of the disadvantage to characterize the equalization of opportunity criterion. Meaningful restrictions and possible aggregation procedure are also discussed. I motivate that this criterion is identified within the rank dependent utility model, and I provide innovative inference results for inverse stochastic dominance to test it. Two applications on French data illustrate the equalizing impact of educational policies taking place early in students life.

Cette thèse étudie la formation des familles, leur organisation et les systèmes d’éducation. Les deux premiers chapitres traitent du choix du conjoint et du partage des ressources au sein du couple. Je modélise tout d’abord comment les individus se rencontrent et décident de se mettre en couple ou non en fonction de leur niveau d’éducation, de leur revenu et leur apparence physique. J’utilise des données américaines où j’observe qui est marié avec qui et pour combien de temps, ce qui me permet d’identifier les préférences des individus. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les effets du mariage sur certaines tendances économiques comme les inégalités de revenu ou les offres de travail. Dans ce chapitre, les personnes en couple se partagent leur revenu et choisissent ensemble la meilleure organisation pour travailler et accomplir les taches domestiques et élever les enfants. Avec des données britanniques, j’identifie les transferts de revenu qui existent entre les hommes et les femmes et je montre que ces transferts augmentent le travail des hommes mariés et diminuent celui des femmes mariées. Les deux derniers chapitres étudient l’efficacité du collège français et notamment la pratique du redoublement. Le troisième chapitre mobilise des méthodes de décomposition pour évaluer dans quelle mesure la baisse des scores des élèves français aux tests PISA peut être attribuée à des changements dans les caractéristiques des élèves ou à des changements dans les rendements de l’éducation. Enfin, le dernier chapitre se concentre particulièrement sur le redoublement et utilise des données de panel sur les collégiens français pour évaluer l’impact du redoublement sur leurs résultats. / This dissertation deals with family formation, family organization and education systems. The first two chapters study how people choose their partners and how they share their income. First, I focus on couple formation and I model how people meet and decide to match or not. People can choose their partner according to their education level, their wage and their physical attractiveness. Using American data, I observe who matches with whom and who stays single and for how long to recover the preferences of individuals in terms of mating. The second chapter attempts to understand how the efficiency and the sorting of the marriage market could impact economic outcomes such as income inequalities or labor supplies. In this chapter, when people marry, they share their income and decide how much each of them will work on the market and at home to raise children or do the housework. Using British data, I recover the amount of monetary transfers which exist between household members and show that these transfers make married women work less on the market and married men work more. The last two chapters of this dissertation focus on the French education system and on the impact of grade retention policies. In the third chapter I use decomposition methods to assess to which extent the decrease in French student’s score at PISA tests can be attributed to the changes in student’s characteristics or to the changes in school returns. Finally, in the last chapter, I use an estimation strategy to get rid of this selection effect and we use a panel data on French High School students to evaluate the impact of grade retention on their scores.

Submitted by Erivelto Ricardo de Sá null (saerivel@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-09T11:19:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Politicas Públicas de Educacao Profissional Uma analise do Pronatec com alunos egressos da escola SENAI Marcio Bagueira Leal_FINAL.pdf: 1039193 bytes, checksum: 4e8f6162dc8c56033e5010baa8676396 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-10T12:44:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sa_er_me_franca.pdf: 1039193 bytes, checksum: 4e8f6162dc8c56033e5010baa8676396 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-10T12:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sa_er_me_franca.pdf: 1039193 bytes, checksum: 4e8f6162dc8c56033e5010baa8676396 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / Não recebi financiamento / A presente dissertação resulta de uma pesquisa multidisciplinar de ordem qualitativa que tem como objeto de estudo o Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego (Pronatec), tendo como recorte principal, os alunos concluintes de cursos profissionalizantes de formação inicial e continuada no âmbito do Bolsa Formação da Escola SENAI “Márcio Bagueira Leal”, da cidade de Franca. Esse estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a eficácia do programa na conquista de um emprego qualificado e também na geração e incremento da renda. Para os alunos qualificados foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas como forma de elucidar questões pertinentes à efetividade do programa, e aplicação de questionários fechados em plataforma eletrônica para um levantamento mais amplo e significativo, tendo em vista uma maior amostragem dos participantes. Com o intuito de trazer para a discussão mais elementos, tornando-a mais relevante para o campo de estudo, foram também aplicados a empresas do setor industrial de Franca, questionários fechados em formato eletrônico, com vistas a coletar dados referentes à absorção de mão de obra recém-qualificada, e ainda, o conhecimento das empresas sobre o programa. Com base nos dados colhidos, foram constatados dois aspectos relevantes: primeiro, que o programa apresenta baixa eficácia, considerando o índice de empregabilidade na área da qualificação cursada pelos beneficiários, e a inexistência de uma articulação entre o governo e empresários, como forma de inserir a mão de obra qualificada pelo referido programa, no mercado de trabalho. Sendo assim, como produto dessa investigação foi proposta a criação de um cadastro on-line de trabalhadores qualificados pelo Pronatec, denominado “Banco de Talentos”, como forma de atender a demanda das empresas por potenciais candidatos ao emprego. / This work results from some multidisciplinary qualitative research that has as the subject of study the National Program for Access to Technical Education and Employment (Pronatec), focusing on the senior students of professional vocational courses of initial and continuous training that are part of the scholarship training of SENAI "Márcio Bagueira Leal" in the city of Franca. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the program in achieving a qualified employment and also in the generation and increased income. For the qualified students were conducted semi-structured interviews to elucidate questions regarding the program effectiveness, and the application of closed questionnaires in an electronic platform for a wider and more meaningful survey in view of larger sample of participants. In order to bring more elements to the discussion making it more relevant to the field of study, the closed questionnaires, in an electronic format, were also applied to industrial companies to collect data related to the absorption of newly qualified labor and also to make the companies familiar with the program. Based on the collected data, it was found two relevant aspects. First, the program has low effectiveness, considering the employment index in the vocational area that the students who got the scholarship studied. Second, the lack of interaction between the government and the businessmen as a way to insert the skilled workers, through the program, in the labor market. Thus, this research proposed the creation of an online register of skilled workers by qualified by Pronatec, called Talent Bank, in order to meet the demand of companies for potential job candidates.

nÃo hà / A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o Programa de ErradicaÃÃo do Trabalho Infantil - PETI de MossorÃ-RN em termos de modificaÃÃo das condiÃÃes de vida das famÃlias que tÃm crianÃas e adolescentes assistidos. Foi realizada pesquisa documental e de campo, tendo esta Ãltima ocorrido no perÃodo de marÃo a agosto de 2008. Foi aplicado um formulÃrio em dois momentos distintos e realizadas entrevistas de aprofundamento com os responsÃveis por crianÃas e adolescentes assistidos pelo programa hà quatro anos ou mais. Os dados quantitativos foram submetidos a tratamento descritivo, usando freqÃÃncia absoluta e relativa, tabelas simples, cruzamentos, indicadores de referÃncia e testes especÃficos. Os dados qualitativos foram abordados pelo mÃtodo da anÃlise do discurso e analisados com base nos marcos regulatÃrios vigentes e em autores que discutem e teorizam o trabalho infantil e suas interfaces. Entre as 30 famÃlias que compuseram a primeira amostra, a maioria dos identificados como responsÃveis pelas crianÃas e adolescentes sÃo mulheres relativamente jovens que moram com os filhos e respectivos cÃnjuges e tÃm baixa escolaridade. Da entrada no PETI atà a realizaÃÃo da pesquisa decresceu o nÃvel de emprego nas famÃlias e o percentual de filhos que estudavam, mas em 33,4% das famÃlias havia crianÃas ou adolescentes que ainda trabalhavam. Aumentou a renda mensal e a despesa com alimentaÃÃo, aluguel, gÃs de cozinha, energia elÃtrica e prestaÃÃo da casa prÃpria; mais famÃlias tornaram-se proprietÃrias da casa, diminuiu o nÃmero das que pagavam aluguel ou moravam em casa cedida, aumentou o nÃmero de casas de alvenaria e o nÃmero de cÃmodos; aumentou o nÃmero de eletrodomÃsticos como refrigeradores, liquidificadores, televisores, aparelhos de som, telefones, mÃquina de costura, bicicleta e rÃdios. A maioria dos responsÃveis entrevistados trabalhou quando crianÃa, vÃm de famÃlias numerosas, de origem rural e migrantes e tÃm apreÃo a valores como honestidade e retidÃo. Predominaram lembranÃas agradÃveis sobre as brincadeiras e uniÃo entre irmÃos, mas houve ambivalÃncia em relaÃÃo a terem trabalhado na infÃncia e ao modo autoritÃrio como foram educados. Percebem como mais difÃcil a tarefa de educar filhos hoje comparativamente a quando eram crianÃas e consideram positivo o fato de estarem integrados ao programa avaliado, embora tenham sido constatadas algumas incoerÃncias em relaÃÃo a isto. Os planos para o futuro sÃo modestos e quase se resumem aos filhos estudarem e terem um trabalho quando adultos. O trabalho precoce atravessou o tempo, fazendo-se presente em trÃs geraÃÃes. ConcluÃmos que melhoraram as condiÃÃes de vida, com mudanÃas positivas no perfil das famÃlias apÃs serem integradas ao PETI e que ainda à grave seu estado de pobreza. IncoerÃncias e inconsistÃncias encontradas indicam que os gestores do programa no municÃpio necessitam estar mais atentos e desenvolver medidas concretas para superaÃÃo do trabalho infantil ainda presente nas famÃlias estudadas e para avanÃar no Ãmbito da sociabilidade. AlÃm do mais, em momento posterior, faz-se importante aprofundar a avaliaÃÃo do programa em relaÃÃo a alguns aspectos. / This research aims to evaluate the Elimination of Child Labor Program â PETI in MossorÃ-RN related to life style changes in families that have kids and teenagers trated by the program. Documentary and fields researches were made, the last one happened between march and August 2009. A questionary was given to the people responsible to the children and teenagers, who have been treated by the program for four years or longer, in two different steps. The quantitative information was submitted to a descriptive treatment, using absolut and relative frequency, simple tables, crossings, reference indicators andspecific tests. The quantitavie information was privided by the analisys of speech method and analysed taken into account the rules of the authors who discuss and theorize childlabor and its different sides. From all the 30 families that were interviewed in the first sample, most of the people that are responsible for the children and teenagers are young women, that live with their kids and husband, and have low education. Since tha registration in the PETI program until the date that this research was made, the percentage of employment and kids in school. Also in 33,4% of the families there were kids or teenagers working. The monthly income and expenditure with food, rent, kitchen gas, eletric power and house loan; more families purchased their own houses , less ones had to pay rent or borrowed houses,increased the numbers of masonry houses and their rooms; the number of appliances such as refrigerators, blenders, television sets, stereo systems, telephones, sewing machines,bicycles and radios. Most of the responsible for the children also worked when they were younger,come from large families, from the rural zone and appreciate things like honesty and integrity. They had nice memories about toys and plays between siblings, though there was an ambivalence related to their working during their childhood and about the bossy way that they were raised. They are aware that nowadays is more difficult to raise children comparing to when they were younger and they find positive the fact that they are in the program, even though we found a few misconception about that. Plans for the future are simple and care to having their kids studying and having a good job when they get older. The early employment lasted for three generation.We may conclude that families improved their life styles,with positive changes in the families profiles after applying to the PETI program and also that poverty is still strong. The inconsistencies found indicate the program managers in town need to look carefully and develop projects to help the families that still go through child labor and also to have those families more sociable.Besides all that, later on, it is important to go deeper in the evaluation of the program when related to some aspects.

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o Programa Nacional de SeguranÃa PÃblica com Cidadania (PRONASCI), em seu eixo âprevenÃÃo à violÃnciaâ com o envolvimento da comunidade juvenil constante do Projeto ProteÃÃo de Jovens em TerritÃrio VulnerÃvel â PROTEJO. O PRONASCI/Protejo foi avaliado a partir do estudo de caso do TerritÃrio do Grande Bom Jardim, um conjunto de bairros situado na periferia da cidade de Fortaleza, durante o perÃodo 2009/2010. Buscou-se um processo avaliativo em trÃs partes: concepÃÃo, implementaÃÃo e de resultados. Esta avaliaÃÃo se dà à luz do entendimento da populaÃÃoalvo e tÃcnicos envolvidos sobre o PRONASCI/Protejo, bem como da anÃlise crÃtica dos problemas organizacionais e processuais e das metas projetadas. Dentre os resultados relevantes desta avaliaÃÃo à possÃvel destacar as idÃias dos jovens para o enfrentamento à violÃncia, que podem contribuir para a melhoria no planejamento e execuÃÃo de polÃticas pÃblicas que envolvam a participaÃÃo juvenil como estratÃgia de prevenÃÃo e controle da violÃnci / This study aims to test the program called Programa Nacional de SeguranÃa PÃblica com Cidadania (PRONASCI) in its axis âpreventing the violenceâ with the constant youthful community involvement with the project named Projeto ProteÃÃo de Jovens em TerritÃrio VulnerÃvel do Grande Bom Jardim, a neighborhood complex placed far from Fortaleza‟s downtown during the period between 2009/2010. It was sought an evaluation process in three parts: conception, implementation and results. This evaluation occurs from the understanding of the target population and technicians involved in PRONASCI / Protejo, and also from the critic analysis of the organizational and procedure problems and the projected goals. Among the relevant results of this evaluation it is possible to point the young people‟s ideas to fight the violence which can contribute to the best planning and performance of public politics that involves the youthful participation as an strategy to prevent and to control the violence.

O Estado brasileiro, seguindo as tendências mundiais, vem desenvolvendo e implementando, de forma cada vez mais sistematizada, aparatos institucionais e políticas públicas de estímulo à inovação. Entretanto, tais políticas apresentam um longo histórico de falhas e de descontinuidades nas estratégias do governo e nos planos que incentivam o desenvolvimento da ciência, tecnologia e inovação no país. Tendo em vista esse contexto, o presente trabalho busca analisar em detalhes, por meio de um estudo de casos, como o governo formula e implementa seus programas de estímulo a inovação. Para tanto, foram escolhidos dois programas para serem comparados como estratégias de investigação, distantes no tempo e nos alicerces políticos e institucionais em que foram concebidos. O primeiro deles foi uma ação da década de oitenta, intitulada Programa Inovação Tecnológica (PIT), que objetivava a implantação de Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica em universidades e institutos de pesquisas. O segundo e mais recente é o Programa Primeira Empresa Inovadora (PRIME), que visa o apoio financeiro, com recursos não reembolsáveis para empresas nascentes inovadoras. Verificou-se que houve avanços significativos na forma como são concebidos e implementados, todavia, alguns aspectos críticos das heranças culturais e políticas brasileiras continuam ameaçando a continuidade desse tipo de ação, com destaque para a excessiva politização dos altos escalões das entidades responsáveis por executar essas ações e a intensa corporatização dos atores centrais nos movimentos de tentativas de estímulo a inovação no Brasil. / The Brazilian State, following the worldwide trends, has been developing and implementing, in increasingly systemized way, public policies to stimulate innovation. However, such policies present a long description of imperfections and discontinuities in the government strategies, and plans that stimulate the development of science, technology and innovation in the country. In this context, this work aims to analyze at great length, through a study of cases, the way that the government formulates and implements its programs to stimulate innovation. Therefore, two programs had been chosen to be comparing as inquiry strategies, distant in time as well as in the institutional and politicians foundations where they had been conceived. The first one was an action of the eighties, entitled Programa Inovação Tecnológica (PIT), which aimed to implement the Core of Technological Innovation in universities and research institutes. The second and most recent is the Programa Primeira Empresa Inovadora (PRIME), which aims to support innovative emerging companies with non-refundable grant. It was verified that they had significant advances in the way that they are conceived and implemented, however some critical aspects of the cultural inheritances and Brazilian policies keep threatening the continuity of those kind of action, with prominence for the excessive politicalization of the high steps of the responsible entities for executing those actions and the intense corporatization of the central actors in the movements that attempts to stimulate innovation in Brazil.

Cette thèse relève de l’économie urbaine, de l’économie de l’environnement et de l’évaluation des politiques publiques. La première partie (chapitres 1 et 2) est une évaluation empirique de l’impact de la perception du risque industriel sur le marché du logement. Plus précisément, ces chapitres exploitent des méthodes quantitatives initialement élaborées pour l’évaluation des politiques publiques pour mesurer la réaction des marchés immobiliers locaux à deux changements dans la perception des risques industriels. Le chapitre 1 analyse ainsi les conséquences de l’accident d’AZF (Toulouse, 2001), et le chapitre 2 celles de la loi Bachelot (votée en 2003). Ces deux chapitres montrent que l’information additionnelle sur les risques industriels qui a découlé de ces deux événements s’est traduite par une baisse significative des prix immobiliers, de l’ordre de 2 % en moyenne. Cet effet prix suggère que les marchés à risque se trouvaient en situation d’information imparfaite avant ces événements. En outre, ces chocs ont modifié la composition socio-démographique des voisinages exposés au risque industriel. Cette première partie illustre des situations dans lesquelles il n'est pas possible de concevoir des expérimentations contrôlées. Il est donc important d'étudier les propriétés des estimateurs d’appariement sur score de propension, qui sont souvent considérés comme une alternative raisonnable. C'est l'objet de la seconde partie (chapitres 3 et 4) de cette thèse. Le chapitre 3 compare ainsi les performances de deux procédures d'estimation dans le cadre d’un programme d’accompagnement au retour à l’emploi. La première repose sur une expérimentation contrôlée, et la seconde sur un appariement sur score de propension. Dans ce cas, les méthodes d’appariement ne parviennent pas à reproduire les estimations issues de l’expérimentation. Le chapitre 4 propose donc une alternative aux méthodes classiques d’appariement, l'estimateur BEAST, et en illustre les propriétés à partir de simulations et d’études de cas. / This thesis falls within the scope of urban economics, environmental economics and public policy evaluation. The first part (chapters 1 and 2) is an empirical evaluation of the impact of industrial risk perception on the housing market. More specifically, these chapters rely on quantitative methods originally designed for public policy evaluation to measure the reaction of local housing markets to two changes in industrial risk perception. Chapter 1 analyzes the consequences of the AZF accident (Toulouse, 2001), and chapter 2 the consequences of the Bachelot regulation (passed in 2003). Both chapters show that additional information on industrial risk translated into a significant housing price decrease of about 2% on average. This price effect is consistent with an initial imperfect information setting. In addition, there is some evidence of neighborhood composition changes following these changes. This first part builds on typical examples in which randomized experiments cannot be designed, which lead to questioning the properties of estimators based on propensity score estimation. This is the aim of the second part (chapters 3 and 4) of the thesis. Chapter 3 compares the performances of experimental and non-experimental estimators using the example of a job-search assistance programme. It shows that, in this particular case, matching methods cannot accurately replicate the experimental results. Chapter 4 proposes the BEAST estimator as an alternative to typical propensity score matching, and illustrates its properties on simulations and case studies.

The phenomenon of the public policy process, which encapsulates the public policy implementation, has been in existence long before the political transformation that took place in South Africa in 1994. However, the ushering in of the new dispensation saw the integration of the existing public policies. In addition, it inevitably heralded the introduction of the new public policies and national guidelines across all sectors of the South African public institutions. Public policy implementation, as an integral stage of the public policy process, emerged as indispensable towards effective and efficient public service. The basic education, as a public institution, could also not be exempted from such inevitability of heightened public policy implementation. The introduction of the new education related public policies included the developmental appraisal system (DAS), the whole school evaluation (WSE), the integrated quality management systems (IQMS) and the discipline and safety national guidelines (DSNG). This, consequently, bears testament to what became an inevitable transformation process in South African basic education. Using the DAS, the WSE, the IQMS and the DSNG as points of departure and Empangeni education district as a reference area, the focus of this study has been the public policy process, the internal organisational arrangements and structures for public policy implementation, the public policy implementation process together with its inherent challenges and an improved model aimed at alleviating or even eradicating such public policy implementation challenges. The theoretical models, both descriptive and prescriptive, suggest that the public policy process, which entails namely: public policy agenda, public policy formulation, public policy adoption, public policy implementation and public policy evaluation, is premised on the public policy models. Of all the above-listed public policy process stages, public policy implementation stands out as the pinnacle around which the public policy process revolves. The public policy implementation stage, therefore, suggests a point where the influence, the impact and the successes or failures of the public policy process unfold. In light of this inextricable link of the public policy implementation stage to the general public policy process that is influenced by models, the effective public policy implementation is, subsequently, embracive of attributes and lessons derived from the public policy models. Some of these attributes and lessons, inter alia, include; the mutual participation by all actors involved, rather than dominance by an elite group (derived from the elite/mass model), the identification of institutional structures responsible for the public policy implementation (derived from the institutional model) and the accommodation of the implementation review as well as feedback (all indicative of the systems model). The literature review and the empirical data analyses show convergent views that suggest that the effective public policy implementation is directly proportional to the extent of internal organisational arrangements and structures as well as to the basic functionality of schools as centres for the implementation process. This implies that where internal institutional arrangements and structures are evident and functional, the implementation of public policies is bound to be effective and efficient, while the contrary also holds. Given Empangeni education district being the focal point of the study, it has emerged that the use of personnel from other units and the absence of a district unit designated to solely oversee the coordination, the implementation and the evaluation of the education related public policies, inhibit the potential of adequately achieving the intended objectives of the education related public policies implemented. In case of schools as the institutional centres for public policy implementation, empirical data analyses have established an inter-connection between the public policy implementation and the schools‟ basic functionality. Consequently, it is in functional schools (i.e. schools where the school management teams and school governing bodies are visible, effective and work collaboratively), where public policy implementation thrives and is effective. The contextualisation of the empirical research analyses to the study focus area, Empangeni Education District (EED), established that its current implementation model faces public policy implementation challenges. The most evident challenges, inter alia, include: * the inadequate advocacy of the education related public policies to be implemented; * the two or three days, currently accepted as a capacity building period by those expected to implement education related public policies, are not proportional to the volume of work to be covered and it suggests an inadequate time-frame for capacity development in the EED's current model; * the material and mechanisms used to perform functional work do not accommodate all role-players (also called actors in this study) according to their demographical needs, like language, which renders them inept to perform to their optimum level; * the primary structure of the current EED's public policy implementation model is a top-down directional structure which underscores the top-down cascading model; * current communication technology employed, do not take advantage of the 21 century‟s information computer technology in order to make the work environment more user-friendly, efficient and effective; * the simultaneous implementation of education related public policies poses a challenge to internal organisational arrangements, such as public policy implementation (PPI) structures and personnel, for effective implementation of such policies; and * the evident inadequate continuous and deliberate monitoring of implemented education related public policies. Conclusions and inferences drawn from this study suggest that the EED's current public policy implementation model is inadequate to deal with the identified challenges. Finally, this study proposes a strengthened EED public policy model, which accommodates recommendations to EED's public policy implementation challenges. Inherently, the proposed strengthened public policy implementation model is not limited to dealing with the identified challenges only, but it radically embraces the introduction of systems and internal organisational structures that promote inclusive, collaborative and traceable implementation of education related public policies. / PhD (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014