Background: Nostalgia in marketing has become increasingly popular but the need for research within the field is prominent with a lack of models, approaches, and mediators of effectively using nostalgia in marketing, especially using nostalgic music in advertisements. The definition of nostalgia is an ambivalent feeling, including both fondness and sadness, when reminiscing about the past. Previous research has shown that nostalgia in marketing is beneficial as it can influence consumer behaviour. Combining nostalgia and music with advertising is an unexplored area of marketing research and is therefore an interesting and important topic to investigate further. Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate nostalgic music and its effect on brand affection and consequently consumer behaviour, as well as if using nostalgic music is an effective marketing strategy in advertising.  Method: A quantitative and deductive research approach was chosen for this study with an experimental research design. Two manipulation checks were conducted to define nostalgic music and facilitate the isolation of nostalgia. An experiment with three different groups was conducted where respondents viewed an advertisement with or without the stimulus of nostalgic music.  Findings: The result of the study showed that nostalgic music in advertising does not affect brand affection and therefore has no impact on the key marketing metrics word of mouth and purchase intention. Nostalgic music is therefore not an effective marketing strategy that is aimed towards individuals in their late adolescence

ABSTRACT  Background: Second-hand clothing has significantly continued to generate interest both in research and in the real world and emphasis ofexisting works revolve around history, motivations for buying and effect on the environment as well as the impact on the countries that these second-hand clothes are imported. Consumers’ demographics is expected to play a role in their intention to purchase certain goods including clothes and findings also revealed that people have begun to incorporate sustainability in their intention to purchase second-hand clothing. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of demographic variables and sustainability awareness on the consumers’ purchase intention on second-hand clothing. In other words, to investigate if statistical relationships exist between gender, age, income, educational level and sustainability awareness on the intention to purchase second-hand clothing. Method: This research was conducted through a quantitative method and five hypotheses were formulated based on the theory. An online survey was developed and shared through social media and sample of 111 respondents was generated. These responses were analysed through Excel and SPSS. Conclusion: Findings showed that none of the variables influenced consumers’ intention to purchase second-hand clothing. Implications: Business men can take advantage of this study to position their businesses using this findings to intensify their strategies since intention to purchase second-hand clothing has no relationship with gender, age, income, educational level and sustainability awareness. It also brought to light the level of sustainability awareness of the people and the need for the government to promote it. Originality: This work was the first to examine how demographic variables and sustainability awareness impact purchase intention on second-hand clothing in Nigeria. This contributes to existing second-hand clothing literature which is capable of inspiring comparative study and can also be useful for business decision.

Background: Due to the growth of green markets, the phenomenon of greenwashing arises. This leads to consumers experiencing feelings of betrayal and having trust problems with the brand using this misleading tactic. Nevertheless, there is also literature indicating that some customers ignore this and do not alter their purchasing behavior by continuing to buy from these misbehaving brands. This can be explained by moral decoupling, which allows customers to separate their judgements of morality from their judgements of the company's performance. In addition to this, three further variables were analyzed, to comprehend this concept better. Purpose: This study's goal was to retest relationships established in previous research, concretely moral decoupling linked with brand identity fusion, purchase intention and the regulatory focus theory in the context of a greenwashing infraction. By retesting and further proving these, this study’s contribution would have been to propose the expansion of the moral decoupling model with the mentioned variables. Also, this study would expand the existing literature on causes of customer behavioral responses and bring light and study further the detrimental practice of greenwashing.  Method: The foundation of this study was previous literature, which helped construct three hypotheses that were tested via an online questionnaire that has 122 usable responses. In summary, this study follows a deductive approach using quantitative methods to fulfill the purpose of this explanatory, positivist research.  Conclusion: There was not enough evidence to support hypotheses 1 and 2. These stated that regulatory focus influences moral decoupling in a greenwashing context, promotion focus negatively and prevention positively, and that brand identity fusion influences moral decoupling positively in a greenwashing context. The third hypothesis stating that moral decoupling positively influences purchase intention was only proven in the English survey. The overall results contradict the findings of the literature this study is based on, meaning that future research is needed to reconcile these differences.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of perception and uncertainty among Generation Z and Generation Y Swedish consumers when making purchase decisions from online Chinese retailersQualitative method in the form of focus groups was used to collect the data in order to answer the research question. This study explored perception and uncertainty in Swedish Gen Z and Gen Y consumers when purchasing from Chinese online retailers. The results revealed that Gen Y prioritizes eco-friendliness and domestic retailers, while Gen Z is cost-conscious and prefers Chinese retailers. Income levels influence these preferences, with Gen Y valuing sustainability and Gen Z seeking competitive prices.

Through the development of digitalization, the use of the Metaverse and the strategy of utilizing game elements for brands has increased. Therefore, this thesis purpose has been to understand, from the consumers perspective, if consumer engagement is influenced by gamification strategies used by brands in the Metaverse. The study for this thesis was quantitative, where two digital surveys was performed. When collecting the initial survey, too few respondents were obtained which gave the study too vague result to work with. Therefore, the authors of this thesis decided, for a two-week period, to reopen the questionnaire. The final survey amounted in a total of 125 respondents and was therefore the one used for this thesis. Beside the information conducted by the survey, this theses relied on the theoretical framework based on previous research on aspects such as Gamification strategies, the Metaverse, consumer experience and consumer engagement. The results from this thesis showed that there was a significant relationship between how the repondents were aware of game elements and their purpose and if they let it influence their engagement beside their awareness. We did also perform two additional Pearson Chi-square cross-tabulations concerning the areas of encouragement and spending habits, and market perception. The results in those two did however not show any significant relationships.  This thesis contributes to an understanding of how applied gamification strategies within the Metaverse is experienced by consumers and how it influences them.

This research project had a purpose to discuss the impact of Brand Image on Consumer Purchase Behavior. For retailers brand image are the key factors that help them to engage with customers and influence their buying behaviors. The concept of the brand image draws vital attention from the practitioners as it plays a significant role in marketing activities. In this study concept of brand image and customers purchasing behaviors had been discussed and based on the theory and model of brand image this study has reviewed extant studies about brand image impacts on the customers from the perspective of customer’s equity. This research had also pointed out the relationship between brand image and brand equity and the relationship between brand image and consumer purchase behavior. Additionally, the research problem had been stated while implementing the research finding. This research design had been utilizing by the inductive approach in order to quantify the findings and discussion. Additionally, the research methodology had been discussed. For collecting secondary & primary data and survey method had been used in this study. Qualitative data analysis and quantitative data collection both techniques had been used.  Finding and discussion were about Impact of Brand Image on Consumer Purchase Behavior in Lidl, Sweden has mentioned were, brand image factors and how it helps the company to influence customers purchasing behavior has been discussing. Besides, the impact of Lidl brand image on their customer’s had been analyzed and the different campaigns, promotional and marketing strategy used by Lidl to strengthen their brand image had been discussed in the current research. The trend, which had been found that company, is focusing on innovation their products with Eco-friendly products to maintain sustainability.  From this research it had been concluded that, brand image plays an important role in the Lidl to influence the customers purchasing behavior. It had been found that, the company has focus on strengthen the brand image for which they have adopted social media campaigns, environment friendly products in order to satisfy the customers by providing high quality product to influence their buying behavior. Additionally, the past experience of customers from previous purchase and LIDL products high quality in nature has significantly impact on customers purchasing behavior. Additionally, LIDL responsibility towards environment, their investment in advertisement, strong brand name in Sweden influences the purchasing behavior of customers. According to the future scope, in the survey, more sampling size would be selected to get a more accurate outcome from the research. Furthermore, an Interview would be taken to get the more effective outcome of the research

The purpose of this study was to investigate how trust was built from three dimensions of source credibility in an electronic word of mouth space towards purchase intentions of a hotel stay. The chosen dimensions of Source Credibility that were investigated in the study was: Homophily, Expertise and Trustworthiness. The study aimed to see how consumers of hotel booking for a destination got affected and believed in electronic word of mouth for their intention to purchase a hotel stay via the internet. A quantitative method was chosen for this study with a questionnaire that was sent out to students on the programmes “Ekonomie Kandidat”, “Civilekonom” and “Fastighetsmäklare” at Luleå University of Technology. The questionnaire was also shared on the author's private Facebook page and sent to friends and family via messenger. The data was collected during one week and summarized in diagrams and a one-sample statistical t-test for the three dimensions of Source Credibility were run and are provided in appendix 1-3. The findings for this study shows that all three dimensions; homophily, trustworthiness and expertise impact trust in eWOM and can lead to purchasing intentions of a hotel stay. The trust towards an expert who works at a hotel (manager) did not seem to be trustworthy compared to previous customers who shared their opinions of a hotel online. It appeared clearly that previous customer reviews which provide a lot of information, repetitive reviews of customers and new reviews are seen as the most trustworthy for purchasing a hotel stay online. A recommendation to managers in the hotel industry and to those working with the review websites is therefore to categorize reviews so customers easily can pick from what they are searching for.

This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on consumer buying behavior and shifts in retail business models within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in response to the challenges introduced by the pandemic. The study had several objectives, including examining the global impact of the pandemic on retail consumers, analyzing variations in the effect on luxury and essential products, investigating the strategies employed by physical store retailers to address the consequences of COVID-19, and providing recommendations for retailers to operate sustainably in the future. To achieve these objectives, the study utilized a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative research. Data was collected from 180 consumer respondents via a quantitative survey questionnaire and from eight retailers through one-on-one interviews. Reliability analysis was conducted using Cronbach's Alpha. Subsequently, the data was evaluated through frequency and cross-tabulation methods, while interview transcripts served to corroborate and contrast the quantitative findings. The study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered consumer shopping patterns. There was a heightened demand for groceries, essentials, health and hygiene products, while non-essentials and luxury items experienced reduced demand. Consumers showed a preference for online retail platforms over traditional brick-and-mortar stores. Based on these findings, Saudi Arabian retailers are advised to exploit a hybrid model, blending online and physical stores in the post-COVID period, and to establish multiple online sales touchpoints. Luxury retailers, in particular, are encouraged to diversify their portfolio range to include value-for-money options, leverage social media marketing to promote their offerings and improve consumer perceptions around online purchasing, specifically in delivery and return policies.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka effekter COO har på svenska konsumenter gällande varumärken och produkter med ursprung från Kina.  Metod: Studien har utgått från en deduktiv process med en kvantitativ metod. Dock använder studien inte hypoteser utan istället en frågeställning för att ha möjligheten att analysera resultaten mer fritt. Data har samlats in genom en webbaserad enkät som publicerades på sociala kanaler. Totalt kom 112 svar in varav 4 resulterade i bortfall, vilket till följd gav 108 användbara svar. Datan analyserades genom att utföra en korrelationsanalys samt en deskriptiv analys genom statistikprogrammet Jamovi. Resultat och slutsats: Undersökningen indikerar att svenska konsumenters köpbeteende i hög grad påverkas av ursprungslandseffekter (Country-of-origin effects, förkortat COO). Effekterna av COO visade sig vara särskilt stora vid utvärdering av kinesiska produkter, där svenska konsumenter visade sig ha en tydlig negativ uppfattning av produkter med detta ursprung. Detta gällde i synnerhet för den undersökta produktkategorin bilar där få konsumenter kunde tänka sig att köpa en kinesisk bil jämfört med andra ursprung. Trots detta rankade svenska konsumenter ursprung betydligt lägre än andra attribut vid köp, vilket tyder på att effekterna av COO vid bilköp underskattades av svenska konsumenter.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Denna studie bidrar med kunskap om hur COO påverkar svenska konsumenter vid bilköp, samt hur svenska konsumenter uppfattar kinesiska produkter. Den bidrar även med information om hur svenska konsumenter rankar olika attribut vid bilköp. / Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine the Country-of-origin effects on Swedish consumers regarding Chinese brands and products Method: The study is based on a deductive process that uses a quantitative method. The study does not use hypotheses, instead a research question was concluded. This choice was made to have the opportunity to analyze the results more freely. Data was collected through a web-based survey that was published on social channels. A total of 112 responses were received, of which 4 resulted in non-response and 108 usable. The data was analyzed by performing a correlational- and descriptive analysis through the statistical program Jamovi. Result & Conclusions: The results from the study indicates that Swedish consumers purchasing behavior is greatly influenced by the country-of-origin effect. The country-oforigin effect was found to be particularly large when evaluating Chinese products. Swedish consumers were found to have a negative perception of products with this origin. This was particularly true for the investigated product category, where few consumers could imagine themselves buying a Chinese car compared to other origins. Despite this, Swedish consumers ranked origin lower than other attributes when purchasing, which suggests that the countryof-origin effect in car purchases were underestimated by Swedish consumers. Contribution of the Thesis: This study contributes with knowledge about how country of origin affects Swedish consumers when buying a car, as well as how Swedish consumers perceive Chinese products. It also contributes with information about how Swedish consumers rank various attributes when buying a car.