This dissertation attempts to extend the classes of halogen-containing systems which may be studied using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR). As line shape broadening due to the quadrupolar interaction (QI) scales inversely with the applied field, high-field magnet technology is indispensable for this research. Combining advanced radiofrequency pulse sequences with high-field wideline data acquisition allowed for the collection of very broad SSNMR signals of all quadrupolar halogen nuclei (i.e., 35/37Cl, 79/81Br and 127I) within a reasonable amount of experimental time. The initial systems for study were of the MX2 variety (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br, I). In total, 9 anhydrous compounds were tested. The effects of hydrate formation were tested on 7 additional compounds. Systematic trends in the observed δiso values (and to a lesser extent, Ω and CQ) were found to be diagnostic of the extent of hydration in these materials. Resolving power was successfully tested using SrBr2, which possesses 4 magnetically unique sites. The composition of CaBr2•xH2O was convincingly determined using SSNMR data and the hydration trends noted above. The sensitivity of the QI to the local bonding environment (e.g., bond distance changes of less than 0.05 Å) was used to refine (when coupled with gauge-including projector augmented-wave density functional theory (GIPAW DFT) quantum chemical computations) the structure of MgBr2, and was used to correct prior NMR data for CaCl2 (earlier accounts had been performed upon a CaCl2 hydrate). During NMR data analysis of certain iodine-containing materials, it was found that standard fitting software (which uses perturbation theory) could not reproduce the observations. Proper analysis required the use of exact simulation software and allowed for the observation of high-order quadrupole-induced effects (HOQIE). This motivated further studies using rhenium-185/187 nuclei, where it was expected that HOQIE would be more dramatic. The observed rhenium SSNMR spectra possessed additional fine structure that had never been observed before experimentally, nor would be expected from currently-available perturbation theory analysis software. Lastly, preliminary results are shown where 127I SSNMR is used to study important supramolecular systems, and the composition of the popular synthetic reagent ‘GaI’ is elucidated.

This dissertation attempts to extend the classes of halogen-containing systems which may be studied using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR). As line shape broadening due to the quadrupolar interaction (QI) scales inversely with the applied field, high-field magnet technology is indispensable for this research. Combining advanced radiofrequency pulse sequences with high-field wideline data acquisition allowed for the collection of very broad SSNMR signals of all quadrupolar halogen nuclei (i.e., 35/37Cl, 79/81Br and 127I) within a reasonable amount of experimental time. The initial systems for study were of the MX2 variety (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br, I). In total, 9 anhydrous compounds were tested. The effects of hydrate formation were tested on 7 additional compounds. Systematic trends in the observed δiso values (and to a lesser extent, Ω and CQ) were found to be diagnostic of the extent of hydration in these materials. Resolving power was successfully tested using SrBr2, which possesses 4 magnetically unique sites. The composition of CaBr2•xH2O was convincingly determined using SSNMR data and the hydration trends noted above. The sensitivity of the QI to the local bonding environment (e.g., bond distance changes of less than 0.05 Å) was used to refine (when coupled with gauge-including projector augmented-wave density functional theory (GIPAW DFT) quantum chemical computations) the structure of MgBr2, and was used to correct prior NMR data for CaCl2 (earlier accounts had been performed upon a CaCl2 hydrate). During NMR data analysis of certain iodine-containing materials, it was found that standard fitting software (which uses perturbation theory) could not reproduce the observations. Proper analysis required the use of exact simulation software and allowed for the observation of high-order quadrupole-induced effects (HOQIE). This motivated further studies using rhenium-185/187 nuclei, where it was expected that HOQIE would be more dramatic. The observed rhenium SSNMR spectra possessed additional fine structure that had never been observed before experimentally, nor would be expected from currently-available perturbation theory analysis software. Lastly, preliminary results are shown where 127I SSNMR is used to study important supramolecular systems, and the composition of the popular synthetic reagent ‘GaI’ is elucidated.

The functional oxides are performing materials showing interestant properties. The study of the local environment respect to the average struvture is essential for the deep understanding of the correlations between structure and properties ; this investigation of short and medium range can be performed with the use of solid state NMR techniques. In particular in this thesis three different classes of materials for applications in fields of optic and energy are considered : perovskite structure LaSrAlO4, the melilite system LaSr(Ga/Al)3O7 and the family of orthosylicates Li2(Fe/Mn)SiO4.

This dissertation attempts to extend the classes of halogen-containing systems which may be studied using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR). As line shape broadening due to the quadrupolar interaction (QI) scales inversely with the applied field, high-field magnet technology is indispensable for this research. Combining advanced radiofrequency pulse sequences with high-field wideline data acquisition allowed for the collection of very broad SSNMR signals of all quadrupolar halogen nuclei (i.e., 35/37Cl, 79/81Br and 127I) within a reasonable amount of experimental time. The initial systems for study were of the MX2 variety (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br, I). In total, 9 anhydrous compounds were tested. The effects of hydrate formation were tested on 7 additional compounds. Systematic trends in the observed δiso values (and to a lesser extent, Ω and CQ) were found to be diagnostic of the extent of hydration in these materials. Resolving power was successfully tested using SrBr2, which possesses 4 magnetically unique sites. The composition of CaBr2•xH2O was convincingly determined using SSNMR data and the hydration trends noted above. The sensitivity of the QI to the local bonding environment (e.g., bond distance changes of less than 0.05 Å) was used to refine (when coupled with gauge-including projector augmented-wave density functional theory (GIPAW DFT) quantum chemical computations) the structure of MgBr2, and was used to correct prior NMR data for CaCl2 (earlier accounts had been performed upon a CaCl2 hydrate). During NMR data analysis of certain iodine-containing materials, it was found that standard fitting software (which uses perturbation theory) could not reproduce the observations. Proper analysis required the use of exact simulation software and allowed for the observation of high-order quadrupole-induced effects (HOQIE). This motivated further studies using rhenium-185/187 nuclei, where it was expected that HOQIE would be more dramatic. The observed rhenium SSNMR spectra possessed additional fine structure that had never been observed before experimentally, nor would be expected from currently-available perturbation theory analysis software. Lastly, preliminary results are shown where 127I SSNMR is used to study important supramolecular systems, and the composition of the popular synthetic reagent ‘GaI’ is elucidated.

Η διφωτονική απορρόφηση (ΔΦΑ) είναι το μη γραμμικό-φαινόμενο κατά το οποίο δύο φωτόνια απορροφούνται ταυτόχρονα σε ένα υλικό μέσο. Τα τελευταία 20 χρόνια το φαινόμενο αυτό έχει προσελκύσει ιδιαίτερα το ενδιαφέρον της επιστημονικής κοινότητας για την ανακάλυψη νέων αποδοτικών ενώσεων λόγω και των εφαρμογών που έχει βρεθεί ότι μπορεί να προσφέρει. Η διφωτονική μικροσκοπία, ο διφωτονικός πολυμερισμός, η τρισδιάστατη αποθήκευση δεδομένων είναι μερικές από τις σημαντικές εφαρμογές που εκμεταλλεύονται τα πλεονεκτήματα της ΔΦΑ. Τη τελευταία δεκαετία η έρευνα επικεντρώνεται στη θεωρητική και πειραματική μελέτη της ΔΦΑ οργανικών ενώσεων με σκοπό την διασύνδεσης των χαρακτηριστικών της δομής των μορίων με την ΔΦΑ που παρέχουν και την εύρεση στρατηγικών σύνθεσης οργανικών ενώσεων υψηλής ΔΦΑ. Επίσης πολλές είναι οι επιστημονικές εργασίες που χρησιμοποιούν τις ενώσεις αυτές στην έρευνα για την ανάπτυξη και βελτίωση των διφωτονικών εφαρμογών. Στη διατριβή αυτή γίνεται μελέτη της ΔΦΑ συζυγιακών οργανικών ενώσεων αποτελούμενες από ένα κεντρικό τμήμα συνδεδεμένο αντιδιαμετρικά με δυο ίδιους υποκαταστάτες. Τα συμμετρικά αυτά μόρια έχουν ως κεντρικό τμήμα φλουορένιο ή αλκόξυ-φαινυλένιο ή καρβοξύλιο και διάφορους υποκαταστάτες στα άκρα. Η τεχνική μέτρησης διφωτονικά διεγερμένου φθορισμού με laser femtosecond χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τον υπολογισμό των τιμών της ενεργούς διατομής ΔΦΑ των μορίων στη φασματική περιοχή 750-840nm. Από τη συγκριτική μελέτη των ενώσεων προκύπτει ότι ο υποκαταστάτης φθαλιμίδιο προσφέρει την μεγαλύτερη ΔΦΑ και για τα τρία διαφορετικά κεντρικά τμήματα, ενώ όταν συνδέεται με το φλουορένιο έχει την υψηλότερη ενεργό διατομή ΔΦΑ φθάνοντας την τιμή των 1650GM στη φασματική περιοχή που μελετήθηκε. Επίσης παρατηρήθηκε ότι ο υποκαταστάτης ναφθαλιμίδιο προκαλεί μετατόπιση του μεγίστου ΔΦΑ σε αρκετά μεγαλύτερα μήκη κύματος. Παρόμοια μετατόπιση παρατηρείται και για τα μόρια με κεντρικό τμήμα το καρβαζόλιο. Η μετατόπιση αυτή του φάσματος ΔΦΑ δεν αντιστοιχεί σε μετατόπιση του φάσματος μονοφωτονικής απορρόφησης. Οφείλεται στην άρση της κεντροσυμμετρίας του μορίου, λόγω της διαμόρφωσης της δομής του, η οποία κάνει επιτρεπτή τη διφωτονική μετάβαση στην πρώτη μονοφωτονικά επιτρεπτή ενεργειακή κατάσταση που ειδάλλως είναι απαγορευμένη. Η επίδραση του διαλύτη στις διφωτονικές ιδιότητες των μορίων μελετάται επίσης στη διατριβή αυτή. Για τις τέσσερις πιο αποδοτικές ενώσεις, ως προς το διφωτονικά διεγερμένο φθορισμό, έγιναν μετρήσεις για τον υπολογισμό των φασμάτων ΔΦΑ τους σε πέντε διαλύτες διαφορετικής πολικότητας (διηλεκτρικής σταθεράς). Από τις μετρήσεις φάνηκε η σημαντική επίδραση του διαλύτη στη ΔΦΑ των τεσσάρων χρωστικών η οποία μεγιστοποιείται σε διαλύτη μεσαίας πολικότητας, ο τρεις στην ακετοφαινόνη και μια στο THF. Η χαμηλή κβαντική απόδοση φθορισμού που παρατηρείται στα διαλύματα με ακετοφαινόνης μειώνει αρκετά το διφωτονικά προκαλούμενο φθορισμό και κατατάσσει τo THF ως τον αποδοτικότερο διαλύτη για διφωτονικές εφαρμογές που εκμεταλλεύονται το φθορισμό. Επίσης και ο μη πολικός διαλύτης τολουόλιο προκαλεί έντονο φθορισμό λόγω της υψηλής κβαντικής απόδοσης παρόλο που επιφέρει δραστική μείωση της ΔΦΑ σε σύγκριση με τους άλλους διαλύτες που μελετήθηκαν. Δύο από τις χρωστικές που μελετήθηκαν ως προς τη ΔΦΑ τους χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ως φωτοεκκινητής πολυμερισμού ενός ακρυλικού μονομερούς και την μελέτη του πολυμερισμού συναρτήσει διαφόρων παραμέτρων ακτινοβόλησης της ρητίνης. Οι χρωστικές αυτές έχουν φλουορένιο ως κεντρικό τμήμα και υποκαταστάτες στα άκρα φθαλιμίδιο ή τριφαινυλαμίνη. Και οι δύο χρωστικές δύναται να προκαλέσουν τον πολυμερισμό του μονομερούς με ακτινοβόληση υπερβραχέων παλμών στα 800nm, αλλά η προσθήκη αμίνης ως συνεκκινητή μειώνει το κατώφλι ισχύος εκκίνησης του. Επίσης, σε υψηλές τιμές ισχύος ακτινοβόλησης στο ίδιο μήκος κύματος παρατηρήθηκε αυτο-πολυμερισμός του μονομερούς γεγονός το οποίο έχει επισημανθεί μία μόνο ακόμη φορά σε μια εργασία με ρητίνη μίξης τριών ακρυλικών μονομερών. Δύο ρητίνες που παρασκευάστηκαν στην παρούσα διατριβή αναμιγνύοντας το μονομερές με τη κάθε χρωστική και με προσθήκη του συνεκκινητή μελετήθηκαν για την εξάρτηση του πολυμερισμού από τον φακό εστίασης και από την ισχύ, την ταχύτητα σάρωσης και τη διάμετρο της δέσμης. Για το σκοπό αυτό κατασκευάστηκαν δοκίμια στα οποία εγγράφονταν πολυμερισμένες γραμμές μεταβάλλοντας κάποια από τις παραπάνω παραμέτρους και μετρώντας το πάχος και το ύψος των γραμμών αυτών από τις εικόνες μικροσκοπίου σάρωσης ηλεκτρονίων. Το γεγονός ότι ο μικρότερης ισχύος φακός παρατηρηθηκε ότι προκαλεί λεπτότερη γραμμή εξηγείται από το φαινόμενο κατωφλίου του πολυμερισμού. Ωστόσο η λεπτότερη γραμμή επιτυγχάνεται με τον ισχυρότερο φακό καθώς μπορεί να μειωθεί περισσότερο η ισχύς της δέσμης λόγω του χαμηλότερου κατωφλίου εκκίνησης του πολυμερισμού για το φακό αυτό. Η αύξηση της ταχύτητας σάρωσης ή η μείωση της ισχύος της δέσμης επιφέρουν μικρότερες διαστάσεις πάχους και ύψους της γραμμής που πολυμερίζεται. Επίσης η κατανομή της ισχύος ακτινοβόλησης σε ολόκληρο το πίσω άνοιγμα του φακού επιφέρει καλύτερη εστίαση και λεπτότερη πολυμερισμένη γραμμή. Ωστόσο η κατάλληλη χωρική διαμόρφωση της δέσμης μπορεί να μειώσει τις διαστάσεις των πολυμερισμένων δομών. / -

A ênfase deste trabalho foi a aplicação da técnica de RMN em campo zero para a obtenção do acoplamento quadrupolar e dos espectros de RMN em banda larga dos núcleos de 27Al (amostra GdAl2), 139La e 55Mn (amostras de Manganita), à temperatura de 4,2 K. O objetivo do trabalho foi obter resultados confiáveis tanto em relação aos espectros quanto aos valores dos acoplamentos quadrupolares das amostras de GdAl2 e de Manganitas, e utilizar estes resultados para auxiliar a entender e a determinar algumas das propriedades físicas destes materiais (no caso do GdAl2 o comportamento tipo Spin-Glass e o efeito Magnetocalórico, no caso das Manganitas a Magnetoresistência Colossal). Para se determinar o valor do acoplamento quadrupolar utilizou-se a técnica de medida das oscilações quadrupolares. Os espectros de RMN, em banda larga, foram obtidos utilizando-se a técnica de eco de Hahn variando-se a frequência de excitação em uma faixa de 5 a 500 MHz. A maior sensibilidade do equipamento montado em nosso laboratório permitiu que se observassem os múltiplos ecos devidos à interação quadrupolar. Consequentemente, estes ecos permitiram a obtenção de espectros de RMNz de 27Al com alta resolução e a medida do valor do acoplamento quadrupolar diretamente do espectro. Também foi mostrado que os múltiplos ecos do 27Al são originados em regiões diferentes da amostra. Os resultados dos experimentos de oscilação quadrupolar em amostras de Manganitas permitiram que se observassem vários valores de acoplamento quadrupolar, que podem ser devido à desordem da estrutura cristalina dos octaedros de MnO6 ou à variação angular do ângulo entre o campo magnético hiperfino e a o eixo de fácil magnetização. Também foi mostrado que os valores de acoplamento quadrupolar mudam em função do elemento dopante utilizado. A aplicação do campo externo diminui a distribuição de acoplamento quadrupolar, mostrando que a aplicação do campo magnético externo causa mudanças ou na rede cristalina e/ou na orientação do campo magnético hiperfino e, consequentemente, sobre as propriedades físicas das Manganitas. A comparação entre os espectros de 139La e 55Mn das diferentes amostras de Manganita mostrou a coexistência de fases magnéticas. Estes resultados mostram que a técnica de RMNz é uma excelente ferramenta para se determinar o estado magnético fundamental dos materiais magnéticos e as mudanças na estrutura cristalina através da observação do acoplamento quadrupolar. / The emphasis of this work was the application of zero-field NMR technique to obtain the quadrupole coupling and NMR broadband spectra of the nuclei 27Al (GdAl2 sample), 139La and 55Mn (Manganites samples), at 4.2 K. The objective was to obtain reliable results for both spectra and quadrupole coupling values of samples GdAl2 and Manganites, and use these results to help understand and determine some of the physical properties of these materials (for GdAl2 the Spin-Glass type behavior and the Magnetocaloric effect and for Manganites the Colossal Magnetoresistance effect). To determine the value of the quadrupole coupling it was used the quadrupole oscillations technique. The NMR broadband spectra were obtained using the Hahn echo technique, in the frequency excitation range 5 to 500 MHz. The greater sensitivity of the equipment allowed observing multiples echoes due to quadrupole interaction, these echoes allowed to obtain spectra of zero field RMN of 27Al with high resolution and measure the value of the quadrupole coupling directly from the spectrum. It was also shown that the 27Al multiple echoes are generated in different regions of the sample. The quadrupole oscillation experiments results on Manganite samples have obtaned several values of quadrupole coupling, indicating that the Manganites Ferromagnetic Metallic Phase present high degree of disorder or, in the crystalline structures or in the hyperfine magnetic field direction. It was shown that the change in the value of the quadrupole coupling depends on the dopant used in the Manganites composition. The results of the quadrupole oscillations with application of an external magnetic field showed that the degree of disorder decreases due to the external magnetic field, showing the influence of the external magnetic field on the crystal network and/or in the hyperfine magnetic field direction, and consequently of some Manganites physical properties. The comparison between the spectra of 139La and 55Mn of the different Manganite samples shows the coexistence of different magnetic phases. These results showing that the technique of zero-field NMR is excellent to determine the fundamental magnetic state of the magnetic materials and observe changes in the crystal structure by the observation of the quadrupole coupling.

Abstract The subjects of this thesis are the dynamics of liquid crystals in external electric and magnetic fields as well as the magnetic properties of small molecules, both studied by liquid crystal nuclear magnetic resonance (LC NMR) spectroscopy. Director dynamics of a liquid crystal 5CB in external magnetic and electric fields was studied by deuterium NMR and spectral simulations. A new theory was developed to explain the peculiar oscillations observed in the experimental spectra collected during fast director rotation. A spectral simulation program based on this new theory was developed and the outcome of the simulations was compared with the experimental results to verify the tenability of the theory. In the studies on the properties of small solute molecules, LC NMR was utilised to obtain information about anisotropic nuclear magnetic interaction tensors. The nuclear magnetic shielding tensor was studied in methyl halides, the spin-spin coupling tensor in methyl mercury halides and the quadrupolar coupling tensor in deuterated benzenes. The effects of small-amplitude molecular motions and solvent interactions on the obtained parameters were considered in each case. Finally, the experimental results were compared to the corresponding computational NMR parameters calculated in parallel with the experimental work.

This dissertation attempts to extend the classes of halogen-containing systems which may be studied using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR). As line shape broadening due to the quadrupolar interaction (QI) scales inversely with the applied field, high-field magnet technology is indispensable for this research. Combining advanced radiofrequency pulse sequences with high-field wideline data acquisition allowed for the collection of very broad SSNMR signals of all quadrupolar halogen nuclei (i.e., 35/37Cl, 79/81Br and 127I) within a reasonable amount of experimental time. The initial systems for study were of the MX2 variety (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; X = Cl, Br, I). In total, 9 anhydrous compounds were tested. The effects of hydrate formation were tested on 7 additional compounds. Systematic trends in the observed δiso values (and to a lesser extent, Ω and CQ) were found to be diagnostic of the extent of hydration in these materials. Resolving power was successfully tested using SrBr2, which possesses 4 magnetically unique sites. The composition of CaBr2•xH2O was convincingly determined using SSNMR data and the hydration trends noted above. The sensitivity of the QI to the local bonding environment (e.g., bond distance changes of less than 0.05 Å) was used to refine (when coupled with gauge-including projector augmented-wave density functional theory (GIPAW DFT) quantum chemical computations) the structure of MgBr2, and was used to correct prior NMR data for CaCl2 (earlier accounts had been performed upon a CaCl2 hydrate). During NMR data analysis of certain iodine-containing materials, it was found that standard fitting software (which uses perturbation theory) could not reproduce the observations. Proper analysis required the use of exact simulation software and allowed for the observation of high-order quadrupole-induced effects (HOQIE). This motivated further studies using rhenium-185/187 nuclei, where it was expected that HOQIE would be more dramatic. The observed rhenium SSNMR spectra possessed additional fine structure that had never been observed before experimentally, nor would be expected from currently-available perturbation theory analysis software. Lastly, preliminary results are shown where 127I SSNMR is used to study important supramolecular systems, and the composition of the popular synthetic reagent ‘GaI’ is elucidated.

Les oxydes fonctionnels sont des matériaux qui manifestent des propriétés intéressantes. L'étude de l'environnement local par rapport à la structure moyenne idéale est essentiel et peut être fourni par l'utilisation de techniques modernes de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN). Le travail présenté dans cette thèse suit et développe ces approches combinées pour l'enquête de trois classes différentes d'oxydes fonctionnels qui trouvent des applications dans des domaines d'intérêt technologique pertinente, comme l'optique et de l'énergétique : système perovskite LaSrAlO4, mélilite LaSr(Ga/Al)3O7 et la famille de orthosilicates Li2(Fe/Mn)SiO4. / The functional oxides are performing materials showing interestant properties. The study of the local environment respect to the average struvture is essential for the deep understanding of the correlations between structure and properties ; this investigation of short and medium range can be performed with the use of solid state NMR techniques. In particular in this thesis three different classes of materials for applications in fields of optic and energy are considered : perovskite structure LaSrAlO4, the melilite system LaSr(Ga/Al)3O7 and the family of orthosylicates Li2(Fe/Mn)SiO4.

No description available.