In low-resource contexts, household-level point-of-use water treatment (POUWT) techniques are the final, and sometimes only, barrier against waterborne illnesses, and in these and other water-related applications, health risks can be quantified using one of two methods. Firstly, Escherichia coli (or other indicator organism) counts can be used to monitor water and determine adherence to a health-based limit (i.e. compliance monitoring). Secondly, E. coli can be used to conduct a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), indicating the level of protection conferred by a given POUWT device by spiking test water with E. coli to ascertain a reduction efficacy relative to that target organism, a process referred to as challenge testing, which is typically carried out in a laboratory context. Although both methods are well established, both have scope for improvement for effective field application in low-resource contexts. Regarding compliance monitoring, I assessed the performance of a new low-cost field kit for E. coli enumeration, which was designed by others. I also assessed the feasibility of re-using some disposable materials, in terms of sterility and mechanical wear. The use of the new low-cost field kit was successful during the fieldwork campaign; however, re-using disposable materials introduced a relatively high occurrence of false positive results during E. coli enumeration. Use of the new low-cost field kit can reduce financial barriers, thus enabling greater water quality testing coverage. Regarding challenge testing, the aim of this study was to adapt current protocols to assess the household performance (as opposed to laboratory performance) of POUWT techniques. I developed a conceptual framework to conduct Field Challenge Tests (FCT’s) on POUWT techniques, using a probiotic health supplement containing E. coli as the challenge organism. I successfully carried out a FCT in Malawi with limited resources, verifying FCT viability. Applications of such FCT’s include quality control practices for manufactured devices, guiding QMRA and recommendations by public health organizations regarding POU device selection, and assessing the impact of user training programmes regarding POUWT techniques. / Graduate

La technologie d’identification radiofréquence (RFID) se décline aujourd’hui dans des milliers d’applications. Parmi elles nous pouvons citer les applications de gestion logistique des palettes/cartons dans les entrepôts industriels (RFID UHF) ainsi que l’identification des abonnés dans les réseaux de transports urbains (RFID HF). Depuis quelques années, des contributions scientifiques autour des technologies d’identification radiofréquence (RFID) avec un couplage capteur sont de plus en plus visibles. L’intérêt grandissant pour ce type de technologie s’appuie sur la possibilité d’une utilisation en masse de capteurs bon marchés pouvant être intégrés sur chaque objet. On parle alors d’objet connecté ou d’internet des objets (IoT). Dans cette thèse, nous nous focalisons sur l’étude et le développement d’un capteur RFID passif fonctionnant en bande UHF. Cette orientation technologique est dictée par l’application visée, l’agro-alimentaire, qui requiert des coûts de fabrication les plus faibles possibles et une distance de lecture supérieure au mètre. Pour l’élément sensible, nous utilisons un bio-polymère, plus précisément le gluten de blé dont les propriétés diélectriques en fonction de l’humidité relative ont été étudiées précédemment. Nous nous attachons à traiter toutes les problématiques liées à la communication entre un lecteur et un capteur RFID passif, l’objectif ultime de cette thèse étant de récupérer une information capteur à l’aide d’un lecteur RFID conventionnel respectant les standards du domaine et les directives radio en vigueur dans les différentes régions du monde. Pour valider cette étude, nous mettons en œuvre des capteurs-RFID pour réaliser un démonstrateur d’emballage « intelligent » permettant le suivi de la qualité des aliments. / Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is available today in thousands of applications. Among them we can mention the logistics management applications pallets / cardboard in industrial warehouses (RFID UHF) and the identification of subscribers in urban transport networks (RFID HF). In recent years, scientific contributions around the radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies with a sensor coupling are increasingly visible. The growing interest in this type of development rely heavily on a mass use of inexpensive sensors that can be integrated on each object.It is calledconnected objects or Internet of Things (IoT). In this thesis, we focus on the study and development of a passive RFID sensor operating in UHF band. This technological orientation is dictated by the targeted application, the food industry, which requires the lowest possible manufacturing costs and a reading distance greater than one meter. For the sensitive element, we use a biopolymer, specifically wheat gluten whose dielectric properties as a function of relative humidity have been studied previously. We are committed to dealing with all the issues related to the communication between a reader and a passive RFID sensor, the ultimate objective of this thesis being to get a sensor information using a conventional RFID reader complying with the standards and the radio directives imposed in different regions of the world. To validate this study, we are implementing RFID sensors to create a smart packaging demonstrator for monitoring the quality of food.

Este modelo contempla o cenário em que a sequência de frações não-conformes no decorrer de um ciclo do processo de produção aumenta gradativamente (situação comum, por exemplo, quando o desgaste de um equipamento é gradual), diferentemente dos modelos de Taguchi, Nayebpour e Woodall e Nandi e Sreehari (1997), que acomodam sequências de frações não-conformes assumindo no máximo três valores, e de Nandi e Sreehari (1999) e Trindade, Ho e Quinino (2007) que contemplam funções de degradação mais simples. O desenvolvimento é baseado nos trabalhos de Ferguson e Antoniak para o cálculo da distribuição a posteriori de uma medida P desconhecida, associada a uma função de distribuição F desconhecida que representa a sequência de frações não-conformes ao longo de um ciclo, supondo, a priori, mistura de Processos Dirichlet. A aplicação consiste na estimação da função de distribuição F e as estimativas de Bayes são analisadas através de alguns casos particulares / In this work, we propose an alternative model for Taguchi´s On-Line Quality-Monitoring Procedure for Attributes under a Bayesian nonparametric framework. This model may be applied to production processes the sequences of defective fractions during a cycle of which increase gradually (for example, when an equipment deteriorates little by little), differently from either Taguchi\'s, Nayebpour and Woodall\'s and Nandi and Sreehari\'s models that allow at most three values for the defective fraction or Nandi and Sreehari\'s and Trindade, Ho and Quinino\'s which take into account simple deterioration functions. The development is based on Ferguson\'s and Antoniak\'s papers to obtain a posteriori distribution for an unknown measure P, associated with an unknown distribution function F that represents the sequence of defective fractions, considering a prior mixture of Dirichlet Processes. The results are applied to the estimation of the distribution function F and the Bayes estimates are analised through some particular cases.

A utilização dos apalpadores acoplados a máquinas CNC se tornou uma realidade muito comum no mundo atual, principalmente devido à diminuição do tempo de preparação e possibilidades de realização de medições na própria máquina-ferramenta. Porém, ainda existem algumas barreiras a se transpor, como por exemplo, a dificuldade de programação, custo relativamente elevado e pouca literatura que trata exclusivamente a respeito da utilização dos apalpadores para medição nas máquinas-ferramentas. Nesse trabalho é realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o uso dos apalpadores em ambiente industrial, discutindo-se as tecnologias utilizadas na geração do sinal de \"trigger\" e é proposto um novo modelo de apalpador de contato elétrico, de baixo custo, desenvolvido especialmente para atender as necessidades de medições em tornos CNC. Os testes em laboratório revelaram que a repetibilidade do protótipo construído foi de 0,003 mm dentro de uma confiabilidade de mais ou menos 3 \'sigma\' ou 99,73%. Concluiu-se que tais características são altamente compatíveis com os requisitos necessários para a maioria dos processos de torneamento. / The use of touch trigger probes attached to CNC machines has become a world standard, especially due the reduction of setup time and the ability to promote work piece measurements on machine. However, some barriers like measurement routines programming difficulties, high costs of these equipments and the low number of technical literature about this subject, still need to be transposed. This work presents a review on the applications of touch trigger probes on companies shop floor, discussing the nowadays technologies used to generate the trigger signal. A new touch trigger probe model based on a simple electrical contact is specially developed to provide the measuring characteristics required for Lathes, with the needed characteristics and low cost. The tests of the probe developed in the laboratory shown a repeatability of 0,003 mm (more and less 3 \'sigma\' or 99,73%). Those characteristics are high compatible with the most needs of the industry.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-06-15T18:56:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Alana Deduck.pdf: 2321180 bytes, checksum: 2809c5488f4ec75ecf2a60424fafa5e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T18:56:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Alana Deduck.pdf: 2321180 bytes, checksum: 2809c5488f4ec75ecf2a60424fafa5e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O índice de qualidade da água (IQA) é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar o status da qualidade da água; sintetizando as informações fornecidas por parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral a elaboração e aplicação de um índice de qualidade da água em conformidade com a legislação brasileira. Para o desenvolvimento de um novo índice, denominado IQAc, vinculou-se a informação dos parâmetros que o compõe e a praticidade de cálculo à legislação vigente no Brasil. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 30 estações de monitoramento da água, nos domínios da unidade hidrográfica do Alto Iguaçu- Paraná, Brasil. A estes dados, aplicaram-se três metodologias de cálculo de IQAs: o método NSF (IQANSF), Bascarán (IQAb) e o método proposto nesta pesquisa denominado Bascarán-CONAMA (IQAc). Os índices foram comparados nos diferentes períodos pluviométricos e estações do ano. Posteriormente, o IQAc foi aplicado nas Bacias Hidrográficas do Rio Tibagi e do Rio das Cinzas, localizadas no Estado do Paraná, onde foram definidos 24pontos de monitoramento da água, monitorados entre julho de 2014 e junho de 2016.Foram realizadas ponderações sob um ponto de vista pluviométrico de períodos anuais mais chuvoso e menos chuvoso, bem como numa perspectiva sazonal. Foram elaborados mapas georreferenciados, utilizando o método de interpolação do Inverso da Distância Ponderada (IDW), a fim de obter a distribuição espacial dos valores estimados. Análises estatísticas foram realizadas ao nível de significância de 1%. A partir dos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, pôde-se concluir que o novo índice de qualidade da água desenvolvido se demonstrou adequado para avaliação de qualidade da água. Observou-se que o desenvolvimento de IQAs em função da regionalidade é um aspecto importante para avaliação da qualidade da água nos corpos hídricos. Foi constatado que a qualidade da água na área avaliada dos rios Tibagi e Cinzas está em conformidade com os requisitos mínimos de qualidade da água que constam na legislação brasileira para rios Classe 2. Foi concluído que o fator sazonal não exerceu influência significativa na qualidade da água, uma vez que na comparação tanto entre períodos pluviométricos, quanto entre as estações do ano, não foram verificadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos pontos de monitoramento. / The water quality index (WQI) is an important tool for assessing the status of water quality; synthesizing the information provided by physical, chemical and biological parameters. This work had as general objective the elaboration and application of a water quality index in accordance with the Brazilian legislation. For the development of a new index, denominated IQAc, the information of the parameters that compose it and the practicality of calculation was linked to the legislation in force in Brazil. For this purpose, 30 water monitoring stations were selected, in the domains of the hydrographic unit of Alto Iguaçu- Parana, Brazil. To these data, three methodologies for calculating WQIs were applied: the NSF method (NSFWQI), Bascarán (WQIb) and the method proposed in this research denominated Bascarán-CONAMA (IQAc). The indices were compared in different pluviometric periods and seasons. Subsequently, the IQAc was applied to the Hydrographic Basins of the Tibagi River and the Cinzas River, located in the State of Parana, where 24 water monitoring points were monitored from July 2014 to June 2016.Ponderations were made from a viewpoint of more and less rainy annual periods, as well as a seasonal perspective. Georeferenced maps were elaborated using the Weighted Distance Inverse (IDW) interpolation method, in order to obtain the spatial distribution of the estimated values. Statistical analyzes were performed at a significance level of 1%. From the results obtained in this research, it was concluded that the new water quality index developed was adequate for water quality assessment. It was observed that the development of WQI as a function of regionality is an important aspect for assessing water quality in water bodies. It was found that the water quality in the evaluated area of the Tibagi and Cinzas rivers complies with the minimum water quality requirements in Brazilian legislation for Class 2 rivers. It was concluded that the seasonal factor hasn’t had a significant influence on water quality, since in the comparison between rainfall periods and seasons, no statistically significant differences were observed in the monitoring points.

Este modelo contempla o cenário em que a sequência de frações não-conformes no decorrer de um ciclo do processo de produção aumenta gradativamente (situação comum, por exemplo, quando o desgaste de um equipamento é gradual), diferentemente dos modelos de Taguchi, Nayebpour e Woodall e Nandi e Sreehari (1997), que acomodam sequências de frações não-conformes assumindo no máximo três valores, e de Nandi e Sreehari (1999) e Trindade, Ho e Quinino (2007) que contemplam funções de degradação mais simples. O desenvolvimento é baseado nos trabalhos de Ferguson e Antoniak para o cálculo da distribuição a posteriori de uma medida P desconhecida, associada a uma função de distribuição F desconhecida que representa a sequência de frações não-conformes ao longo de um ciclo, supondo, a priori, mistura de Processos Dirichlet. A aplicação consiste na estimação da função de distribuição F e as estimativas de Bayes são analisadas através de alguns casos particulares / In this work, we propose an alternative model for Taguchi´s On-Line Quality-Monitoring Procedure for Attributes under a Bayesian nonparametric framework. This model may be applied to production processes the sequences of defective fractions during a cycle of which increase gradually (for example, when an equipment deteriorates little by little), differently from either Taguchi\'s, Nayebpour and Woodall\'s and Nandi and Sreehari\'s models that allow at most three values for the defective fraction or Nandi and Sreehari\'s and Trindade, Ho and Quinino\'s which take into account simple deterioration functions. The development is based on Ferguson\'s and Antoniak\'s papers to obtain a posteriori distribution for an unknown measure P, associated with an unknown distribution function F that represents the sequence of defective fractions, considering a prior mixture of Dirichlet Processes. The results are applied to the estimation of the distribution function F and the Bayes estimates are analised through some particular cases.

Esta tese apresenta uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo geral analisar em que medida o monitoramento da qualidade da educação básica favorece o alcance dos fins da educação, compreendida essa como ação pedagógica e como processo de trabalho. A partir de um referencial analítico sobre a natureza do trabalho educativo e sobre os fins da educação, questionou-se o monitoramento como meio eleito pelo Estado para elevar a qualidade da educação. O foco específico foi o ensino fundamental, etapa da educação básica que se identifica plenamente com o conceito de educação adotado, ou seja, educação como apropriação da cultura humana, que visa à humanização plena do homem. Para compreender o fenômeno no âmbito da cotidianidade escolar, a pesquisa qualitativa buscou compreender as complexas relações que o envolvem, priorizando os acontecimentos, antes da busca de causas. Utilizou-se de pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, assim como de perspectivas da etnografia para interrogar os sujeitos (professores, coordenadores pedagógicos e diretora da escola) na pesquisa de campo. A partir disso, foi possível verificar que o caminho adotado na política educacional brasileira de monitoramento da qualidade e, particularmente, em Minas Gerais vale-se de mecanismos da gerência tal como concebida por Harry Braverman (1987), ou seja, como controle do trabalho alheio. Nos moldes em que essa política foi formulada ao longo dos primeiros quinze anos do século XXI, ela foi apoiada num conceito distorcido do que seja a produtividade da escola, que a leva a identificar como produto do trabalho educativo um conhecimento supostamente tangível por meio de testes. A política intensifica o trabalho na escola, sem conseguir oferecer mais e melhor educação de fato. O monitoramento da qualidade da educação mineira negligencia que o fim da educação é o próprio homem e que esse fato é que deveria determinar a escolha dos meios, das estratégias. Isso conduz, ainda, à negligência de que aluno e professor são os trabalhadores que despendem sua força de trabalho na realização do produto do trabalho educativo e de que, portanto, eles não podem ter sua condição de sujeito negada. Leva, também, à confusão entre testagem de objetos e avaliação de sujeitos, bem como à distorção dos próprios fins da educação, na medida em que impele as escolas à redução curricular, por meio do treinamento dos alunos para a realização de testes. As interferências sobre a escola encerram a determinação do conteúdo e da forma do trabalho educativo. Ainda que a escola preserve espaços de autonomia, o monitoramento tem burocratizado a atividade educativa, porque aplica a esta uma lógica e uma forma extraídas de outros processos (como a produção de mercadorias). / This thesis presents a study that aimed to examine to what extent the monitoring of the quality of basic education promotes the achievement of educational purposes, including education as a pedagogical action and as a working process. From an analytical framework on the nature of the educational work and about the purposes of education, this work called into question the monitoring as a means chosen by the state to improve the quality of education. The specific focus was the primary school stage of education that fully identifies with the concept of education adopted, i.e. education as the appropriation of human culture, which aims at man\'s full humanization. To understand the phenomenon within the school daily life, qualitative research aimed at understanding the complex relationships that involve prioritizing the events before the search for causes. Bibliographic and documentary research were used, as well as perspectives of ethnography to examine the subject (teachers, pedagogical coordinators and school director) in the field research. From this, it was possible to verify that the path adopted in the Brazilian educational policy of quality monitoring-and particularly in Minas Gerais valley-betakes mechanisms of management as conceived by Harry Braverman (1987), this is as a control of other peoples labor. The way in which this policy was formulated over the first fifteen years of the century was supported by a distorted concept of school productivity, which leads to identify the knowledge supposedly measurable by testing as a educational work product. The policy intensifies work in school, unable to offer more and better education fact. The quality monitoring of education in Minas Gerais neglects the fact that the purposes of education is the human being itself and that this is what should determine the choice of means, strategies. This leads also to the negligence of that student and teacher are the workers who spend their workforce in the realization of the educational work product and that therefore they can not have denied their subjecthood. It also leads to the confusion between testing objects and evaluation of subjects as well as to the distortion of the own purposes of education in that schools are compelled to reduce curricula by means of training of students for exams. Interference in schools encloses determining the content and form of educational work. Although schools still preserves spaces of autonomy, monitoring has bureaucratized educational activity, since it applies to the latter the rationale and the form extracted from other processes (such as the production of goods).

ABSTRACT DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN ANKARA: A MONITORING STUDY Tezce, G&ouml / zde MS, Department of Environmental Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. &Uuml / lk&uuml / Yetis Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Filiz B. Dilek December 2010, 124 pages Following the event of severe drought experienced in 2007, it was decided to use Kesikk&ouml / pr&uuml / Reservoir as an additional source of water supply for the city of Ankara. Thereupon, there have been debates on the quality of Kesikk&ouml / pr&uuml / Reservoir water with the claims that some parameters, primarily sulfate and arsenic, were not complying with the quality standards and therefore there was a threat to public health. This study aims to determine whether the water quality in the distribution network in Ankara exceeds water quality standards, and to assess the status of water quality of Ankara. To this end, monthly samples were collected from 24 districts as distribution network water and also from the Kesikk&ouml / pr&uuml / Reservoir as source water, and were monitored in terms of certain water quality parameters during the period of July 2008 through June 2009. Sulfate concentration in Kesikk&ouml / pr&uuml / Reservoir water was measured as 300-500 mg/l and this high sulfate concentration in the source water led to high sulfate values in distribution system. On the other hand, the arsenic concentration in Kesikk&ouml / pr&uuml / water was analyzed between 9-11 &micro / g/l which is lower than the expected high arsenic concentration in Kizilirmak water. Moreover, monitoring of THM and HAA in distribution network was carried out to follow DBPs formation. The highest THM concentration was observed as 109 &micro / g/l for Bilkent in July 2008. Although for some districts and some months throughout the year THM concentration was higher than the EPA Stage-I (80 &micro / g/l) and Stage-II (40 &micro / g/l) limits, mean annual THM concentrations for districts in distribution system satisfies the standards. Furthermore, the highest HAA5 concentrations were determined as 75 &micro / g/l for Dikmen in February 2009. However, annual average HAA5 in any of the districts did not exceed USEPA limit of 60 &micro / g/l. Nonetheless, total/fecal coliform bacteria, which are the indicators of microbiological contamination, were detected in distribution system between the months of July 2008 and January 2009. However, the coliform bacteria did not appear with the increasing residual chlorine in the distribution system since January 2009. Results from this study demonstrate a temporal variability in water quality / indicating water quality deterioration in the distribution system during some months, while almost full compliance with the water quality standards during other months. Overall / due to Kesikk&ouml / pr&uuml / raw water, sulfate content appears to be the major concern in the water quality when considered the one-year monitoring period.

Progressive download video services, such as YouTube, are responsible for a major part of the transmitted data volume in the Internet and it is expected, that they also will strongly affect mobile networks. Streaming video quality mainly depends on the sustainable throughput achieved during transmission. In order to achieve an acceptable video quality in mobile networks (with limited capacity resources), traffic engineering mechanisms have to be applied. For that, the streaming video quality needs to be measured and monitored permanently. Therefore, the video timestamps which are encoded within the payload of the TCP segments have to be extracted. For that it is necessary to decode the video within the transported payload. Algorithms for decoding Flash Video, MP4 and WebM Video have already been implemented as a demonstration implementation in support of the network based measurement contribution to SG12 by Chemnitz University for TCP encoded progressive download Internet services. In the demonstration, the derived play out buffering from the monitored traffic is being output internally. A second application is then used to graphically display the estimation result. The measurement and estimation is solely done within a measurement point of an operator network without access to the client’s end device.

Depuis la mise en place de la première surveillance de la qualité des cours d’eau et des rivières à l’échelle nationale en 1971, plusieurs types de mesures cohabitent à l’échelle du bassin-versant : les réseaux de surveillance pris en charge par les services de l’Etat, d’une part, les suivis qualité des eaux du bassin-versant (SQE-BV) assurés par des acteurs décentralisés d’autre part. L’acquisition de connaissances complémentaires sur l’eau issues de la mesure sur le terrain a accompagné l’évolution des pratiques locales de gestion de l’eau, de manière contrastée selon les régions, les bassins et sous-bassins. A la faveur de la contrainte réglementaire et d’un attelage partenarial Etat-Région, les cours d’eau bretons ont fait l’objet d’une politique de surveillance très développée. L’urgence d’agir face à une visibilité plus marquée de la pollution a motivé cette démarche dans les années 1990. Cette thèse illustre cette démarche régionalisée par plusieurs études de cas, dont celle du bassin précurseur de l’Yvel-Yvet. L’ensemble de la thèse, appuyée sur l’étude de ces suivis locaux et sur une temporalité de plus de vingt ans, mobilise le concept d’instrument d’action publique pour expliquer les étapes, les ressorts socio-politiques et les échelles de la mise en oeuvre de cette politique territorialisée de reconquête de la qualité des eaux. / Since the establishment of the first national waterways and rivers quality monitoring in 1971, several types of measures coexist at the drainage basin scale: on the one hand, the monitoring networks supported by the State services; on theother hand, the water quality monitoring of the drainage basin (SQE-BV) provided by decentralized actors. The acquisition of complementary knowledge on water from the field measurement has accompanied the evolution of local practices of water management, in a different way depending on the regions, the basins and sub-basins. Thanks to the regulatory constraint and a State-Region partnership, Breton waterways have been the subject of a highly developed surveillance policy. This approach was motivated in the 1990s because of the urgency to act in front of a greater pollution visibility. This thesis illustrates the regionalised approach by several case studies, including that of the precursor basin of Yvel-Yvet. The whole thesis, based on the study of these local follow-ups and on a temporality of more than twenty years, mobilizes the concept of instrument of public action to explain the stages, the socio-political motivations and the implementation scales of this territorialized policy of regaining water quality.