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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Estudo da produção de estranheza em colisões entre íons pesados relativísticos a & / Measurements of Strangeness Production at 62.4 GeV

Guimarães, Karin Silvia Franzoni Fornazier 28 September 2007 (has links)
O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi obter a produção das partículas estranhas K0, e em colisões entre íons pesados relativísticos para ÖsNN = 62.4 GeV, bem como estudar o comportamento sistemático dessa produção em função da energia. Para isso, utilizamos os dados provenientes da colisão de íons pesados relativísticos obtidos pelo experimento STAR do RHIC. O objetivo deste trabalho também foi o de estudar dois estágios específicos da evolução do fireball formado nessas colisões: os chamados freeze-out químico e térmico. Estes estágios (ou fases) foram estudadas a partir das razões entre diversas partículas e da distribuição de momento transversal das mesmas, comparando os resultados com previsões e ajustes de modelos térmicos, a fim de avaliar possíveis efeitos da formação de um Plasma de Quarks e Gluons (QGP) em equilíbrio térmico sobre os hádrons medidos pelo experimento. O freeze-out químico foi estudado a partir das razões entre abundâncias de partículas produzidas na colisão, que foram comparadas a ajustes de um modelo térmico que trata o fireball como um gás de hádrons em equilíbrio (THERMUS) e aos resultados de um modelo que não assume esse equilíbrio (SHM). Com essa abordagem, verificamos que o modelo THERMUS ajusta bem os dados experimentais para uma ampla faixa de energias de colisão, principalmente para 62.4 GeV. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos obtidos foram estudados em função da energia para verificarmos se há um comportamento suave do sistema ou mudanças abruptas. O estudo indicou que esse comportamento é suave com a energia. Ainda neste estudo do freeze-out químico, comparamos os resultados do modelo THERMUS com os resultados do modelo que considera o não ? equilíbrio químico, o SHM. Nesta comparação, a razão apresentou um comportamento interessante, sugerindo que a energias mais baixas o sistema se comporta conforme a prescrição do modelo SHM, enquanto que o modelo que considera o fireball como um gás de hádrons em equilíbrio, novamente, demonstrou melhor compatibilidade a energias mais altas, reafirmando aqui a indicação de uma possível formação de um sistema termalizado. O freeze-out cinético/térmico foi estudado com os espectros de momento transversal, considerando um modelo fenomenológico inspirado na hidrodinâmica. Os resultados mostram que eventos mais centrais apresentam uma velocidade de expansão maior e uma temperatura menor, condizente com uma fonte que tem um gradiente de pressão maior. Também foi observado que a partícula ? apresenta sempre uma temperatura maior que as outras partículas (p, ?, ?) indicando um desacoplamento anterior dessas partículas em relação às outras. Finalmente, estudamos a utilização do SVT para a reconstrução de V0s, procurando compreender a maneira correta de se utilizar este detector na análise. Os resultados mostram que a utilização desse detector pode levar a uma melhora na eficiência e na pureza durante a reconstrução dessas partículas. / The main goal of this work was to measure the production of the singly strange particles, such as K0, and in Au+Au collisions at ?sNN = 62.4 GeV, inserting these results in a systematic energy scan study. The data were obtained from the STAR detector, one of the RHIC experiments. In addition, we have used the particle production in these collision to study two specific stages of the fireball evolution: the chemical and kinetic freeze-outs. These two stages were studied comparing the ratio between different particles (strange or not) and also the transverse momentum distribution with thermal models fits in order to check possible effects of equilibrated Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) in the hadron production. The chemical freeze-out was studied comparing the ratios between particles produced in the collision with two different thermal models: one which assumes a equilibrated hadron gas (THERMUS) and another one which assumes a possible non-equilibrated system (SHM). The experimental data were well described by the THERMUS model fit in a great range of energy collisions, mainly at 62.4 GeV. The thermodynamic parameters had been studied as function of the energy in order to verify if it has a smooth or abrupt behavior. The result indicated that this behavior is very smooth with energy. We also compared these results with SHM\'s predictions and, in this comparison, the ratio presented an interesting behavior, suggesting that at low energies the fireball consists of a non-equilibrated system, such as described by SHM model, whereas the model that considers the fireball as a equilibrated hadron gas. The kinetic freeze-out was studied with the transverse momentum spectra using a hydrodynamics inspired model. The results indicate that for the most central events there is a higher expanding velocity and a lower freeze-out temperature. It was also observed that for the particle, the freeze-out temperature is higher than the one for other particles (?, K, p) indicating an earlier decoupling of these particles from the fireball. Finally, we have studied the inclusion for the SVT in the V0 reconstruction analysis, trying to optimize this detector usage in the analysis. The results show that the inclusion of this detector in the analysis can improve the efficiency and purity of the V0 reconstruction in the STAR experiment.
172

Study of the angular correlation between heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged unidentified particles in pp and p-Pb collisions with ALICE / Estudo da correlação angular entre elétrons oriundos de quarks pesados e partículas carregadas em colisões pp e p-Pb com o detector ALICE

Oliveira Filho, Elienos Pereira de 05 December 2014 (has links)
The aim of relativistic heavy-ion collisions is to investigate the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) phase, that is achieved at high-enough temperatures and/or densities. In this context, light on heavy-ion collisions (e. g. p-Pb) are used to assess Cold Nuclear Matter effects (CNM), while elementary hadronic collisions (e. g. proton-proton) provide tests for QCD (Quantum Chromodynamics) based calculations and baseline for studies with heavy- ions. Heavy quarks, i. e. charm and beauty, are very convenient in the characterization of the QGP. They are produced via initial hard parton-parton scatterings at the early stages of the collision and, therefore, they are a self-generated probe for the system created in the reaction. In this work the angular correlation between electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays and charged particles was studied in pp (2.76 and 7 TeV) and p-Pb (5.02 TeV) collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, using the ALICE detector. The correlation strengths were evaluated as a function of multiplicity in p-Pb collisions. In pp collisions the relative beauty (and charm) contribution to the total heavy-flavour decay electron yield was estimated using the measured correlation distribution and Monte Carlo templates. / O próposito de colisões entre íons pesados relativísticos é investigar as propriedades do plasma de quarks e gluons (QGP, do inglês Quark-Gluon Plasma). A transição de fase, de um estado hadrônico para o QGP, ocorre em regimes onde a temperatura e/ou densidade atingem um valor suficientemente alto. Neste contexto, colisões entre íons pesados e leves (por exemplo, p-Pb) permitem acessar efeitos devido à matéria nuclear fria (CNM, do inglês Cold Nuclear Matter) e colisões elementares (por exemplo, próton-próton) são usadas como referência para estudos com íons pesados, além de proporcionarem testes para cálculos de QCD perturbativa. Quarks pesados, isto é charm e bottom, são ferramentes muito convenientes no estudo e caracterização do QGP. Essas partículas são produzidas através de espalhamento duro nos instantes iniciais da colisão e, portanto, elas atuam como uma sonda externa para o sistema criado na reação. Esse trabalho consiste no estudo da correlação angular entre elétrons oriundos de quarks pesados e partículas carregadas, em colisões pp (2.76 e 7 TeV) e p-Pb (5.02 TeV), no acelerador LHC (do inglês Large Hadron Collider) do CERN, usando o detector ALICE (do inglês A Large Ion Collider Experiment). A distribuição angular mencionada foi medida em função da multiplicidade do evento, no caso de colisões p-Pb. Em colisões pp, a contribuição relativa de quarks charm e bottom para o total de elétrons provenientes de quarks pesados foi estimada usando a função de correlação obtida.
173

Estudos de mésons vetoriais pesados no detector Phenix / STUDY OF HEAVY VECTOR MESONS AT PHENIX DETECTOR.

Silva, Cesar Luiz da 27 September 2007 (has links)
Neste trabalho são reportadas medidas realizadas no detector PHENIX do RHIC sobre J/Psi em colisões p+p e Au+Au a s^(1/2) = 200 GeV na região de rapidez central e Psi\' em colisões p+p nas mesmas condições. As medidas incluem a dependência com o momento transverso da produção de charmônio e o fator de modificação nuclear de J/Psis para vários regimes de centralidade de colisão. / This work reports measurements done by the PHENIX detector at RHIC about J/Psi in p+p and Au+Au collisions at s^(1/2) = 200 GeV in the mid-rapidity range and Psi\' in p+p collisions in the same conditions. The measurements include the transverse momentum dependence of charmonium production and J/Psi nuclear modification factor in different centrality regimes.
174

Efeito da subestrutura do nucleon e do vestimento dos mesons no emparelhamento nuclear.

Edilson Ferreira Batista 00 December 2002 (has links)
No presente trabalho de tese, nós estudamos os efeitos sobre o emparelhamento da interação efetiva nucleon-nucleon na matéria nuclear. Nucleons na matéria nuclear tendem a formar pares correlacionados e levemente ligados que dependem sensivelmente na interação efetiva entre os nucleons. A presença dos outros nucleons no meio nuclear veste os mesons e bem como os nucleons e também sua subestrutura. Estas variações em suas propriedades físicas, introduzem mudanças na interação efetiva nucleon-nucleon modificando suas correlações. O objetivo deste trabalho é quantificar tais efeitos e seus reflexo no emparelhamento nuclear. Na primeira parte do trabalho, nós analisamos os efeitos do meio nuclear sobre a subestrutura do nucleon e quantificamos seus efeitos na função de gap. Para estudar tais efeitos nós desenvolvemos um modelo de acoplamento quark-meson utilizando potenciais confinantes e calculamos algumas quantidades de campo médio como função da massa do quark. Na segunda parte nós consideramos o efeito do meio sobre o propagador dos mesons e analisamos seus efeitos na função de gap.
175

Equações de estado do plasma de quarks e glúons e suas aplicações / Quark gluon plasma equation of state and applications

Sanches Junior, Samuel Mendes 09 November 2018 (has links)
O plasma de quarks e glúons é um assunto que vem sendo muito estudado nos últimos anos, devido ao advento dos colisores de partículas modernos e os avanços nas pesquisas relacionadas a estrelas compactas. Assim, nesta tese tivemos como objetivo principal o estudo deste plasma. Para isto, aprimoramos uma equação de estado desenvolvida pelo nosso grupo, na qual foi adicionada a interação com um campo magnético constante. De posse desta nova equação de estado, que é formulada a partir da técnica de aproximação de campo médio, fizemos diversas aplicações. Em particular, no estudo de propagação de ondas lineares e não lineares, com o objetivo de verificar se a causalidade e estabilidade são respeitadas. Resolvemos a equação de Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff para obter o diagrama massa-raio para uma estrela de quarks compacta. Estudamos como é a evolução temporal do Universo primordial resolvendo as equações de Friedmann e a evolução temporal de bolhas do plasma de quarks e glúons no gãs de hádrons (e também de bolhas de gás de hádrons no plasma de quarks e glúons) utilizando a equação de Rayleigh-Plesset relativística. / The quark gluon plama is a subject that has been actively studied in recent years, due to the advent of modern particle colliders and advances in research related to compact stars. Thus, in this thesis we had as main goal the study of this plasma. For this, we improved an equation of state developed by our group, where an interaction with a constant magnetic field was added. With this new equation of state, which is formulated from the mean field approximation technique, we made several applications. As in the study of propagation of linear and non-linear waves, with the goal of verifying whether the causality and stability are respected. We solved the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation to obtain the mass-radius diagram for a compact quark star. We study how the temporal evolution of the primordial Universe by solving Friedmanns equations and the temporal evolution of bubbles of quark gluon plasma in a hadrons gas (and also of bubbles of hadrons gas in a quark gluon plasma) using the relativistic Rayleigh-Plesset equation.
176

Standard model and exotic physics with the top quark at ATLAS

Bernard, Clare Sullivan 12 March 2016 (has links)
The top quark is the most massive fundamental particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. Only experimentally observed in 1995, it can be used as a precise test of Standard Model predictions, and it could lend insight to the problem of what lies beyond the Standard Model. This thesis presents a measurement of top-quark pair production using data collected at a center-of-mass energy √s=7 TeV in 2011, and a search for production of vector-like quarks using data collected at √s=8 TeV in 2012. Both datasets were recorded by the ATLAS detector, a multipurpose proton-proton collider located at the CERN LHC outside of Geneva Switzerland. The top-quark pair production cross-section is measured as a function of four different variables and the results are presented as normalized, differential spectra. The variables considered are the transverse momentum of the top quark, and the mass, rapidity, and transverse momentum of the top-quark pair system. Events are selected in the lepton+jets channel, and the measured spectra are corrected for detector resolution and efficiency. The final results are compared with predictions from various Monte Carlo generators, theoretical calculations and proton parton distribution functions and found to be in reasonable agreement. Data is found to be softer than all predictions, particularly for high values of top-quark transverse momentum and the top-quark pair invariant mass. The search for vector-like quarks focuses on new heavy quarks that decay with a large branching ratio to a Z boson and a third generation Standard Model quark. Events are selected with at least two leptons (electrons or muons), and two of the leptons are required to reconstruct a Z boson with high transverse momentum. No significant excess of events is observed above the Standard Model prediction. Upper limits on the masses of vector-like T and B quarks are derived for various branching ratio hypotheses.
177

Lattice Calculation of Hadronic Light-by-Light Contribution to the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment

Jin, Luchang January 2016 (has links)
The quark-connected part of the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the muon’s anomalous magnetic moment is computed using lattice QCD with chiral fermions. We report several significant algorithmic improvements and demonstrate their effectiveness through specific calculations which show a reduction in statistical errors by more than an order of magnitude. The most realistic of these calculations is performed with a near-physical, 139 MeV pion mass on a (5.5 fm)³ spatial volume using the 48³ × 96 Iwasaki gauge ensemble of the RBC/UKQCD Collaboration.
178

Hidrodinâmica da combustão de matéria hadrônica em máteria de Quarks em estrelas de nêutrons

MANRIQUE, Marcos Antonio Albarracin January 2010 (has links)
Orientador: Gérman Lugones. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós Graduação em Física, 2010.
179

Quantum chromodynamics and the precision phenomenology of heavy quarks

Lim, Matthew Alexander January 2019 (has links)
In this thesis we consider the phenomenology of the theory of strong interactions, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), with particular reference to the ongoing experimental program at the Large Hadron Collider in CERN. The current progress in precision measurement of Standard Model processes at the LHC experiments must be matched with corresponding precision in theoretical predictions, and to this end we present calculations at next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbation theory of observable quantities involving quarks and gluons, the strongly interacting particles of the SM. Such calculations form the most important class of corrections to observables and are vital if we are to untangle signals of New Physics from LHC data. We consider in particular the amplitudes for five parton interactions at 1- and 2-loop order and present full (in the 1-loop case) and partial (in the 2-loop case) analytic results in terms of rational functions of kinematic invariants multiplying a basis of master integrals. We address the problem of the solution of a system of integration-by-parts identities for Feynman integrals and demonstrate how some current difficulties may be overcome. We consider also the properties of the top quark, and present the NNLO, real-virtual contributions to the calculation of its decay rate. The results are presented as helicity amplitudes so that the full behaviour of the top spin is retained. These amplitudes constitute a necessary ingredient in the complete calculation of top quark pair production and decay at NNLO which will be an important theoretical input to many experimental analyses. Turning to a more phenomenological study, we consider the extraction of two important SM parameters, the top mass and the strong coupling constant, from measurements of top pair production at the ATLAS and CMS experiments. We compare with NNLO theory predictions and use a least-squares method to extract the values of the parameters simultaneously. We find best fit values of the parameters which are compatible with previous extractions performed using top data with the current world averages published by the Particle Data Group. We consider the issue of PDF choice and the circumstances in which a heavy quark can be considered a constituent of the proton. In particular, we look at the production of a Higgs boson in association with bottom quarks in four and five flavour schemes, in which the b may or may not be included in the initial state. We show that theoretical predictions in both schemes are well-motivated and appropriate in different scenarios, and moreover that results in the schemes are consistent provided a judicious choice of the renormalisation and factorisation scales is made. We suggest a typical scale choice motivated by considerations of consistency and find it to be somewhat lower than the typical hard scale of the process.
180

Exploring selections across channels in Dark Matter searches with top quarks at the ATLAS experiment of the LHC

Sunneborn Gudnadottir, Olga January 2019 (has links)
Current estimates put Dark Matter to 26% of the energy-matter content of the universe, but very little is known about it other than its gravitational interactions. Eorts to learn more about Dark Matter include searching for it at high energy particle colliders. The lack of information about the nature of Dark Matter makes this a complicated task, and many searches are performed in dierent channels, and considering dierent theoretical models. In this thesis, I explore two such analyses, performed in the ATLAS collaboration using data from the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN: the tW+MET (missing transverse energy) nal state and the tt+MET nal state. I have made a generation-level study of the overlap between the signal regions used, and come to the conclusion that there is some. I have also compared the models used in these analyses, the 2HDM+a and the simplied spin-0 pseudoscalar model. Given the simplications made in my study, however, more sophisticated approaches should be used before anything conclusive can be said.

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