Nonlinear optical frequency conversion is one of the most important key techniques in order to obtain lasers with wavelengths targeted for specific applications. In order to realize efficient and tailored lasers, the quasi-phase-matching (QPM) approach using periodically-poled ferroelectric crystals is getting increasingly important. Also understanding of damage mechanisms in nonlinear materials is necessary to be able to design reliable and well working lasers. This is especially true for high power application lasers, which is a rapidly growing field, where the damage problem normally is the ultimate limiting factor. In this thesis work, several promising novel ferroelectric materials have been investigated for nonlinear optical applications and the emphasis has been put on QPM devices consisting of periodically-poled structures. The materials were selected from three different types of ferroelectric materials: 1) MgO-doped stoichiometric LiNbO3 (MgO:SLN) and LiTaO3 (MgO:SLT), and non-doped stoichiometric LiTaO3 (SLT), 2) KTiOPO4 (KTP) and its isomorphs RbTiOPO4 (RTP), and 3) KNbO3 (KN). The focus in our investigations have been put on the spontaneous polarization switching phenomena, optimization of the periodic poling conditions, and the photochromic optical damage properties which were characterized by the help of blue light-induced infrared absorption (BLIIRA) measurements. With electrical studies of the spontaneous polarization switching, we were able to determine quantitatively, and compare, the coercive field values of different materials by applying triangularly shaped electric fields. We found that the values of the coercive fields depended on the increase rate of the applied electric field. The coercive field of KN was the lowest (less than 0.5 kV/mm) followed by the ones of KTP, SLT, and MgO:SLT (1.5 to 2.5 kV/mm). MgO:SLN, and RTP had relatively high coercive fields, approximately 5.0 to 6.0 kV/mm, respectively. Based on the domain switching characteristics we found, we successfully fabricated periodically-poled devices in all of the investigated materials with 30 μm periodicities and sample thickness of 1 mm. Blue light-induced infrared absorption (BLIIRA) has been characterized for unpoled bulk and periodically-poled samples using a high-sensitivity, thermal-lens spectroscopy technique. SLT showed a large photorefraction effect and the BLIIRA signal could not be properly measured because of the large distortion of the probe beam. The rise and relaxation time of BLIIRA, after switching the blue light on and off was in a time span of 10 to 30 sec except for KTP and its isomorphs, which needed minutes to hours in order to saturate at a fixed value. KN and MgO:SLN showed the lowest susceptibility to the induced absorption. Periodic poling slightly increased the susceptibility of KTP, MgO:SLT, and KN. Relatively high thresholds were observed in MgO:SLT and KN. By increasing the peak-power intensity of the blue light, the induced absorption for MgO:SLN, KTP and KN saturated at a constant value while that of MgO:SLT increase in a constant fashion. This trend is critical issue for the device reliability at high-power applications. / QC 20100830

In many fields, scientific or industrial, optical devices that can be tailored in terms of spectral qualities and output power depending on the application in question are attractive. Nonlinear optics in combination with powerful laser sources provide a tool to achieve essentially any wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum, and the advancement of material technology during the last decade has opened up new possibilities in terms of realising such devices. The main part of the thesis deals with the development of compact functional lasers based on nonlinear interaction utilising diode-pumped solid-state lasers and also laser diodes. Efficient frequency conversion into the visible and ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum has been achieved, using both Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO4 lasers as well as a semiconductor laser as the fundamental light sources. For the nonlinear conversion, periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP), bismuth triborate (BiBO) and beta barium borate (BBO) have been employed. In the search for compact and reliable light sources emitting in the visible part of the spectrum, two different approaches have been explored. First, a scheme based on sum-frequency mixing of a diode-pumped solid-state laser and a laser diode of good beam quality. The idea of this approach is to take advantage of the individual strength of each device, which would be the flexibility in terms of wavelength for the laser diode and the possibility to reach high output power from the diode-pumped solid-state laser. Second, by mixing two different solid-state lasers substantially more output power could be generated albeit at a cost of less freedom in the choice of spectral output. As these two light sources had their central wavelength at 492 nm and 593 nm, respectively, they are highly interesting in biomedical applications since they correspond to the peak absorption of several popular fluorophores. In applications such as lithography, material synthesis and fibre grating fabrication, laser sources emitting in the deep-UV spectrum are desired. An all solid-state 236 nm laser source with 20 mW of average power have been designed and constructed, by frequency-quadrupling a passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser lasing on a quasi-three level transition. Also, a novel concept for miniaturising solid-state lasers has been examined. Using a heat-conductive polymer carrier, a generic approach especially suited for mass-production of functional laser devices is presented. Finally, it has been proven that GRIN lenses can provide a very compact beam shaping solution to standard laser diodes based on the beam twisting approach. This method offers several advantages such as compactness of the beam shaping system, automated assembly in solid-state laser manufacturing due to the shape of these lenses and polarisation preservation of the laser diode output. / QC 20100903

This thesis examines second-order optical nonlinear wave mixing processes in domain-disordered quasi-phase matching waveguides and evaluates their potential use in compact, monolithically integrated wavelength conversion devices. The devices are based on a GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice-core waveguide structure with an improved design over previous generations. Quantum-well intermixing by ion-implantation is used to create the quasi-phase matching gratings in which the nonlinear susceptibility is periodically suppressed. Photoluminescence experiments showed a large band gap energy blue shift around 70 nm after intermixing. Measured two-photon absorption coefficients showed a significant polarization dependence and suppression of up to 80% after intermixing. Similar polarization dependencies and suppression were observed in three-photon absorption and nonlinear refraction. Advanced modeling of second-harmonic generation showed reductions of over 50% in efficiency due to linear losses alone. Self-phase modulation was found to be the dominant parasitic nonlinear effect on the conversion efficiency, with reductions of over 60%. Simulations of group velocity mismatch showed modest reductions in efficiency of less than 10%. Experiments on second-harmonic generation showed improvements in efficiency over previous generations due to low linear loss and improved intermixing. The improvements permitted demonstration of continuous wave second-harmonic generation for the first time in such structures with output power exceeding 1 µW. Also, Type-II phase matching was demonstrated for the first time. Saturation was observed as the power was increased, which, as predicted, was the result of self-phase modulation when using 2 ps pulses. By using 20 ps pulses instead, saturation effects were avoided. Thermo-optically induced bistability was observed in continuous wave experiments. Difference frequency generation was demonstrated with wavelengths from the optical C-band being converted to the L- and U-bands with continuous waves. Conversion for Type-I phase matching was demonstrated over 20 nm with signal and idler wavelengths being separated by over 100 nm. Type-II phase matched conversion was also observed. Using the experimental data for analysis, self-pumped conversion devices were found to require external amplification to reach practical output powers. Threshold pump powers for optical parametric oscillators were calculated to be impractically large. Proposed improvements to the device design are predicted to allow more practical operation of integrated conversion devices based on quasi-phase matching superlattice waveguides.

Le développement de sources moyen infrarouge compactes et accordables dans les gammes de transmission de l’atmosphère présente un intérêt majeur dans les secteurs de la défense et de la sécurité. Les sources paramétriques à quasi-accord de phase en configuration guidée sont prometteuses pour gagner en compacité puisque l’on réduit la puissance de pompe nécessaire par rapport aux sources « massives ». Le premier axe de la thèse consiste à étudier des guides d’onde en arséniure de gallium périodiquement orientés (OP-GaAs) adaptés à un pompage par laser fibré et à des puissances relativement élevées. Le second vise à étudier de façon novatrice la possibilité d’intégrer dans un composant monolithique une diode laser en matériaux antimoniures avec un convertisseur de fréquence en antimoniure de gallium (GaSb). L’enjeu dans les deux cas est de réduire au maximum les pertes à la propagation dans ces guides d’onde pour exploiter pleinement leurs propriétés non-linéaires.Ce travail de thèse a permis de modéliser des structures de guides d’onde ambitieuses pour réduire les pertes, de développer les briques technologiques nécessaires à la fabrication de guides d’onde OP-semi-conducteur faibles pertes et de faire de premières caractérisations de ces composants dans le moyen-infrarouge. Les performances de guides d’onde GaAs ruban enterrés ou non ont pu être comparées, donnant une réduction des pertes d’un facteur trois avec des rubans enterrés. Plusieurs générations de guides d’onde GaSb ont vu le jour, et montrent des performances à l’état de l’art des structures en GaAs. En conséquence, diverses solutions ont été explorées pour intégrer une diode laser en matériaux antimoniures avec le guide d’onde convertisseur de fréquence. / The development of compact and tunable mid-infrared laser sources in the atmospheric transmission windows presents a major interest for several security and defense applications. Quasi-phase-matched parametric sources in guided wave configuration are promising solutions to enhance compactness, because of the reduction in pump power requirements with respect to bulk devices.The first axis of this thesis consists in studying orientation-patterned gallium arsenide (OP-GaAs) waveguides, adapted to fiber laser pumping and to relatively high pump power. The second axis is devoted to the original idea of integrating an antimonide based laser diode with a gallium antimonide (GaSb) frequency converter in a monolithic component. The goal in both cases is to minimize propagation losses in those waveguides to exploit the whole potential of their non-linear properties.This work led to model ambitious low-loss waveguides structures, to develop the technological fabrication steps necessary for OP-semiconductor waveguides manufacturing, and to characterize these components in the mid-infrared. The first buried ridge GaAs waveguide structure has been compared to the ridge one, giving a reduction of a factor three in the propagation losses. Several generations of GaSb waveguides have come forward, with constant losses improvement and reach GaAs state-of-the-art performances. Lastly, multiple solutions have been explored in order to integrate an antimonide-based laser diode with the frequency converter waveguide.

Les applications de spectroscopie, en particulier l’analyse de gaz à effet de serre, de composés organiques volatils ou autres polluants atmosphériques motivent le développement d’instrumentations spécifiques. L’étude présentée ici vise à proposer de nouvelles sources aptes à caractériser la composition d’un milieu gazeux, liquide ou solide. Les raies d’absorption optique de la plupart des gaz à détecter sont particulièrement fortes dans l’infrarouge moyen (en particulier entre 3 et 5 µm). Pour adresser cette plage spectrale, l’optique non linéaire propose de nombreuses solutions. Les sources rapportées ici sont des oscillateurs paramétriques optiques (OPO) dont la spécificité repose sur l’utilisation de cristaux non linéaires à quasi-accord de phase apériodique. Ces cristaux présentent de larges bandes de gain intrinsèques. Les travaux présentés permettent une étude du comportement de telles sources, absentes de la littérature en régime d’impulsions picosecondes. Des caractéristiques propres à l’utilisation des cristaux apériodiques sont rapportées. Un outil permettant une observation spectrale dynamique en régime picoseconde est proposé puis utilisé pour l’étude du démarrage de nos OPO. Ces sources large bande sont ensuite associées à des filtres spectraux rapides placés dans la cavité. Deux types de filtres sont utilisés. D’abord l’association d’un réseau de diffraction en configuration Littrow avec un déflecteur rapide. Ensuite l’insertion dans la cavité d’un réseau de Bragg en volume chirpé, placé sur une platine de translation, pour tirer profit de la condition de pompage synchrone. Ces deux solutions nous permettent d'obtenir des dispositifs largement et rapidement accordables en longueur d'onde. L’utilisation de telles sources pour des applications de détection de gaz est démontrée. / Spectroscopy applications related to greenhouse gases or other atmospheric pollutants, involve the development of a large range of specific tools. The aim of the work presented here is to develop new devices to characterize the composition of gas, liquid, or solid media. Most of the species to be detected show particularly strong optical absorption lines in the mid-infrared region (in particular around 3 to 5 µm). To address this specific spectral range, nonlinear optics provide a wide range of solutions. The sources reported here are optical parametric oscillators (OPO) based on aperiodically poled nonlinear crystals. Such crystals offer broad gain bandwidths. The work presented here contains a study of those sources, not reported so far in the literature for picosecond regime. Behaviors that are specific to the use of aperiodic crystals are reported. A useful tool allowing dynamical spectral studies is proposed, and implemented to investigate buildup regime of the picosecond OPO. Those sources are then associated with rapid spectral filters inserted in the cavity. Two different approaches are developed. The first is based on the association of a diffraction grating in Littrow configuration with a deflecting device. The second takes advantage of the synchronous pumping scheme, with an intracavity chirped volume Bragg grating mounted on a translation stage. Fast and wide wavelength tuning is demonstrated with those devices. Gas detection applications are also demonstrated.

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L’optique non linéaire qui convertit la gamme de fréquences des sources lasers vers l’ultraviolet, le visible, l’infrarouge ou le térahertz par exemple, joue un rôle crucial pour la médicine, l’industrie, les applications militaires, la recherche etc. L’accord de phase par biréfringence (BPM) ou le quasi-accord de phase (QPM) à partir de processus non linéaires quadratiques, peuvent être utilisés pour la conversion de fréquence dans le domaine de transparence de cristaux non linéaires. Dans ce travail de thèse, un cristal uniaxe de La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 (LGN) a été élaboré en utilisant une méthode de Czochralski, puis il a été étudié pour le BPM. Nous avons aussi validé la théorie du QPM angulaire (AQPM), qui correspond à la généralisation du QPM à n’importe quel angle par rapport au vecteur du réseau. Pour cela, nous avons étudié un cristal biaxe de Rb: KTiOPO4 à domaines ferroélectriques alternés périodiquement (PPRKTP) usiné en forme de sphère. Tous ces résultats constituent une base fiable for les études avenir consacrées à la conception de dispositifs pour la conversion de fréquence. / Nonlinear optics converting the frequency range of laser sources to ultraviolet, visible, infrared or terahertz ranges for example, plays a crucial role in medicine, industry, military applications, research and so on. Birefringence phase-matching (BPM) or quasi-phase-matching (QPM) from quadratic nonlinear processes, can be used for frequency conversion in the transparency range of nonlinear crystals. In this PhD work, a La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 (LGN) uniaxial crystal was grown using a Czochralski method and then studied for BPM. We also validated the theory of angular-QPM (AQPM), corresponding to a generalization of QPM achieved at any angle with respect to the grating vector. For that purpose, we studied a periodically-poled large-aperture Rb:KTiOPO4 (PPRKTP) biaxial crystal cut a sphere. All the results provide a reliable basis for further studies devoted to the design of frequency conversion devices.

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