This thesis is concerned with the moments, places, and circumstances in which the great magnitude of the world is felt. I live within the vast space of the spherical earth and the infinite space of the universe, however, it is rare that I consider the immensity of this space in which I live and endeavor to build. This thesis is an examination of the ability of both architecture and landscape to frame immense space and phenomena of the earth, reinforcing our relationship with the larger space that we inhabit. This work is rooted in two accounts of immensity: The first is a landscape, a beach on the small Danish island of R??m??, where I stood on a vast, flat plane, surrounded by the seemingly limitless extension of space. The second is an architectural space, Kunsten Museum of Modern Art Aalborg in Northern Denmark by Finnish Architect Alvar Aalto. There I stood in an interior that framed an experience of immensity unnoticed from the exterior. The beach was for me a rare and profound experience of immense space, and the museum an architectural examination of immensity mediated by mass and interiority. I weigh these personal accounts against immensity portrayed in art, architecture, fiction, and philosophy. I consider paintings by German Romantic painter Caspar David Friedrich, an Infinity Environment installation by contemporary artist Doug Wheeler, and the documentation of sand-filled homes in Namibia by contemporary photographers Y?? Ogata and Ichir?? Ogata Ono. I examine the portrayal of immensity in Michael Ondaatje???s novel The English Patient and Karen Blixen???s short story Babette???s Feast and consider how immensity is manifest in space, people, and architecture in the writing of philosophers and theorists Dom Hans Van der Laan, Emmanuel Levinas, and Otto Friedrich Bollnow. Lastly, I consider the role that architecture plays in framing immensity by analyzing Kunsten Museum of Modern Art Aalborg and Grundtvig Church in Copenhagen by Danish architect Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint alongside Henry Plummer???s writing on the Salk Institute and Kimbell Art Museum by American architect Louis Kahn.

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Throughout his career as moral philosopher Hare has insisted that there is a rational way of arriving at substantive moral judgements. Hare develops this view - first presented in ' The language of morals' (1952) and ' Universalizability' (1955) - into the claim that rational agents are required to adopt utilitarian solutions to moral disputes. In ' Freedom and reason ' (1963) this claim is defended with reference to the view that the formal features of moral language (universalizability and prescriptivity)commit moral agents to a certain method of reasoning, and that this method of reasoning, when conjoined with facts about people's desires and preferences, leads us to accept substantive moral judgements consistent with those required by a form of utilitarianism. This view features throughout Hare's subsequent work, but the argument for it undergoes change. This means change in the defence of the claim that the meta-theory Universal Prescriptivism is consistent with a form of normative utilitarian theory, as this claim is argued for in 'Ethical theory and utilitarianism' (1976) and 'Moral Thinking' (1981). I shall endeavour to trace the chronological development of Hare's thinking, and will concentrate on developments in the argument for a theory of act-utilitarianism. I shall argue that the argument for utilitarianism gives rise to two major problems which arise from a specific feature of the argument, namely, the attempt to run the resolution of bi-lateral and multi-lateral cases of conflict along lines analogous to the resolution of conflict in the single-person case. Hare's argument requires that a decision-maker must identify the person with whom he reverses roles as himself, and that he must be prepared to concede that the things his recipient has good reasons for wanting are also reasons for him to want the same things. I argue that it is not possible to make coherent sense of the identity of the person in the reversed-role situation and that the motivational states a decision -maker is expected to deem 'his own' are not properly states of himself. If I am right, the 'identity'-question sits at the root of a motivational gap in Hare's theory.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This is research on the metaphor in R.M. Tshaka's lintsika ZeNtlambo yeTyhume. What comes out clearly is Tshaka's artistic employment of the metaphor especially in the poems selected from his poetry book lintsika ZeNtIambo yeTyhume. Chapter 1 gives the aim of this assessment which is to conduct research about metaphor in selected poems and the method of how comparison has been done in the poems. This research is based on the ideas of theorists like: Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) and Johnson (1980) as pointed out by Hermanson (1995). Works by literary critics like Mona (1994) and Qangule (1972) inspired this research. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the views by various critics and linguists about metaphor. Here, thoughts from critics revolving around the metaphor clarify what is meant by metaphor in culture and in everyday use. Chapter 3 deals with the metaphor in selected poems. Poems have been selected according to the themes and a critical analysis is done to illustrate the significance of each metaphor in each poem. Tshaka's topics in selected poems are drawn from the following issues: 1. Originality (cultural); 2. Habitation; 3. Historical; 4. Political and 5. Biblical (religious). Chapter 4 is the conclusion of the research on metaphor and is arrived at by reviewing clearly the manner in which Tshaka utilises metaphor in the selected poems. It is here that attention is also drawn to his succesful use of metaphor. High quality language that arrests one's interest is manifestly evident in the selected poems because Tshaka's topics are realistic, sensible and drawn from daily experience. To cite an example, Qangule (1972) in his critical analysis of the poem Igqili (p.59), discusses metaphor and ideophone extensively. Metaphors are not used in isolation, but are used grammatically to give a clear tone and it is clearly evident that Tshaka has used grammatical and conceptual theories because in the formation of the copulative there is a morpheme which establishes personification, emphasis or otherwise a metaphor. Metaphor then, is companson of two objects (things, items); assimilation of one thing with another which is not the former one, or incorporation according to speech and opinion or otherwise the action to give evidence of what is being compared. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing / studie oor die gebruik van die metafoor in "lintsika ZeNtiambo yeTyhume" van R M Tshaka toon duidelik die digter se artistieke werking van die metafoor in uitgesoekte gedigte van sy boek. Wat belangrik is uit Tshaka se gedigte is die kunstige gebruikmaking van die metafoor. Sy keurige taalgebruik tref met die eerste oogopslag. Hoofstuk 1 handeloor die doelstelling van die studie asook die wyse waarop die vergelyking getref is in studie. Die navorsing word gesteun deur toerië geformuleer deur Hermanson (1995) soos Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C) en Johnson (1980). Ander literêre leiersfigure soos Mona (1994); Qangule (1972) en Tshaka (1953) word ook in hierdie studie in ag geneem. Hoofstuk 2 gee 'n oorsig oor die menings van kritici en taalkundiges ten opsigte van die metafoor en verwys beide na die metafoor in kultuur en alledaagse gebruik. Hoofstuk 3 handeloor die metafoor in geselekteerde gedigte. Gedigte is tematies gekies en 'n kritiese analise is verskaf om te toon en nadruk te lê op die belangrikheid van elke metafoor in elke gedig. Tshaka se onderwerpe in geselekteerde gedigte word bespreek onder die hoofde: 1. Oorspronklikheid (kultureel) 2. Lewenswyse 3. Geskiedenis 4. Politiek 5. Godsdienstigheid Hoofstuk 4 is die gevolgtrekkings van die studie in die vorm van In oorsig oor die wyse waarop Tshaka baie suksesvol die metafoor aanwend. Vergelyking is 'n fokus punt van hoe die digteer sy gedigte bespreek het, byvoorbeeld: Qangule het in sy kritiese benaderings van die gedig se krities op die gedig "Igqili" (bl. 59), baie gebruikgemaak van metafore en idiofoone. Metafore word nie ge-isoleerd gebruik nie, maar grammaties, en hulle gee In volle betekenis van wat die digter wil benader. Tshaka het begrippe van teorieë deur die gebruikmaking van grammatikale. Daar is In morfeem in die verbindingswoord wat personifikasie vestig. Metafoor is die vergelyking van twee objekte: (items) assimilasie van een ding met 'n ander, óf 'n inkorporasie van spraak en mening, óf die aksie om vergelyking te bewys.

Restriction Modification (R-M) systems prevent the invasion of foreign genetic material into bacterial cells and are therefore important in maintaining the integrity of the host genome. The spread of antibiotic resistance, which is proposed to occur via the transfer of foreign genes to the bacterial genome, makes the subject of R-M systems extremely relevant. R-M systems are currently classified into four types (I to IV) on the basis of differences in composition, target recognition, cofactors and the manner in which they cleave DNA. Kennaway et al (2012) proposed that there is an evolutionary link between Types I and II. Comparing the structures of examples from two of the subfamilies of Type II systems (IIB and IIG) to those of Type I structures, similarities can be observed. Due to the fact that Type II R-M systems cut DNA at fixed positions, they can be used to obtain genetic material selectively. They have therefore proven to be invaluable in molecular biology. One aspect of this project aims to create a novel R-M system, a pseudo-Type II system, by removing the molecular motors from the restriction subunit of a Type I system and fusing the remaining nuclease domain to a known Type I methyltransferase (MTase). This will not only provide evidence to support the theory that evolution has produced a pared down form of the Type I systems in the Type II systems, but it may also become a useful biological tool. This thesis describes the several attempts at doing this and how the subsequent constructs were expressed, purified and assayed to varying degrees of success. An important characteristic of the Type I systems is their ability to methylate DNA, and it is the mechanism via which host DNA is protected from restriction. This is another subject investigated in this project. As with the nuclease activity of the Type I systems, the site at which DNA is methylated is dictated by the HsdS subunit. It is described here how this subunit can be altered to change the sequence of DNA that is recognised by the system. Again, using Type II system subtypes as a reference, various mutations were made to the HsdS subunit of an MTase from Staphylococcus aureus. This is in an effort to bring about a new mode of action, but also to provide further evidence for an evolutionary link between the two system types. The HsdM and HsdS subunits are expressed from two separate genes at the same locus. There is a frameshift between the genes where the start of the hsdS gene occurs a few base pairs upstream from the stop codon of the hsdM gene. This work shows that removing this frameshift creates an MS fusion product, and in vivo studies show that this product has methylase activity and can form an active restriction complex when the HsdR subunit is added. The product can also be over-expressed and purified, and shows in vitro restriction activity on addition of the HsdR subunit protein. The HsdS subunit is composed of two target recognition domains (TRDs), each dictating one part of the bipartite recognition sequence. These TRDs can be altered, bringing about a change in the sequence of DNA recognised by the enzyme. In this thesis, it is shown that the C-terminal TRD can be removed and that the subsequent “Half S” enzyme possesses both methylase and restriction activity in vivo and that its recognition sequence is different from that of the wild-type enzyme. After the successful creation of both “MS fusion” and “Half S” recombinant proteins of the Sau1, Type I system from a CC398 strain of Staphylococcus aureus, a further construct was produced. This possesses both in vivo and in vitro activity. The novel “M Half S Fusion” enzyme not only links the two aspects of this project but also creates a structure similar to some seen in the Type II systems. This shows that the Type I systems can be manipulated to change their mode of action but also supports the idea that Types I and II are evolutionarily linked. By making the alterations in a step-wise fashion identifies that these structural changes can create viable enzymes, and that they could have occurred through the process of evolution.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Philosophy, 2001. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 259-275).

La thèse de la bonne réponse s'inscrit dans la foulée de la discussion portant sur l'indétermination de la loi et sur la capacité de cette dernière à contraindre l'adjudication lors de causes difficiles. Se distinguant du réalisme juridique et du positivisme légal, qui défendent que la législation judiciaire est nécessaire, Dworkin postule qu'il est possible d'obtenir des jugements objectifs à condition d'admettre qu'il est impossible d'avoir une perspective moralement neutre. Selon lui, l'interprétation de la loi doit tenir compte de la cohérence formelle du système légal, mais aussi de son intégrité avec l'éthos qui justifie le contrat social d'une communauté. Cependant, il appert que la thèse dworkinienne suppose la cohérence de cet éthos, mais ne la démontre pas. Par ailleurs, l'analyse dworkinienne de l'indétermination de la loi ne porte que sur une de ses sources et en néglige une autre, qui nous apparaît toute aussi importante, soit l'indétermination dispositionnelle. Il faut conclure que l'approche dworkinienne, quoique riche et élégante, ne fournit pas de solution suffisante aux problèmes de l'indétermination de la loi et de la législation judiciaire.