No description available.

In the diploma thesis with the above name, I have described the subject in general in the introductory part. The diploma thesis describes ionizing radiation, history and present, its types and uses as well as protective aids, which are necessary to use when working with ionizing radiation. I have dealt with the principle of monitoring workers, workplaces and patients, as well as limitations and all the quantities that describe or characterize ionizing radiation. In the next part of my diploma thesis I focused on dosimetry, where I described types of dosimeters. The diploma thesis deals with legislation - laws, decrees and government orders, which give the legal framework of the given issue. In the final part of this thesis I have described the radiodiagnostic activity in the Department of Digital Subtraction Angiography, Gastroenterology and Interventional Cardiology, Pilsen University Hospital, from whose activities I drew background material for this work. The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the measured values of doses of ionizing radiation in the medical staff and to analyze the radiation protection provision at the Department of Radiology at FN Pilsen. For comparison, the measured values from the personal dosimeters of the medical staff at the mentioned workplaces at FN Pilsen were used. In the theoretical part I used all available sources, foreign and Czech literature. Resources are provided at the end of this paper. The work is focused on quantitative research, which I used in the practical part with statistics. All obtained values from personal dosimeters were obtained from the records of the University Hospital in Pilsen. The data presented in the diploma thesis are measured doses of healthcare personnel for the last seven years. Doses were measured using OSL dosimeters, which are today the most widely used dosimetry in health care. The main aim of the thesis, given that I work as a radiographer, was the examination of the doses of radiographers, doctors and nurses in the Department of Radiology of the Faculty of Nursing in Pilsen, not in the patients who were examined in these departments. In terms of patients, this is a medical exposure, and in this case there is no limit for irradiation.

The thesis derives from the needs of institutions using sources of ionizing radiation to implement a new legislative regarding nuclear law, effective since 1st January 2017. The thesis is focused on radiological events at radiological institutions of chosen healthcare facilities. The theoretical part makes the reader familiar with the term "radiological event", generally elaborates on the field of diagnostic radiography and radiation protection. The practical part of the thesis deals with evaluation of the most occurring causes and the frequency of radiological events, obtained from the records of medical irradiation, even of wrongly carried out exposures in chosen diagnostic radiography institutions and wrongly sorted radiological events to a relevant category. To fulfil all the goals of the master thesis and to apply the results of the work in practice, also the contents of following document were evaluated - "Evaluation of the means of radiation protection", which every holder of permission to work with ionizing radiation has to submit to the SŮJB yearly, till 30th April, with the data from the previous year. This rule is valid since the new nuclear law was adopted. The results of this thesis served the chosen institution to create such report till 30th April 2019, with a broader extent of the analysis and evaluation than last year. The maximal detail of the report about causes and frequency of radiological events and mapping the real situation at the facilities serves also to the State Office for Nuclear Safety (SONS) to create a Recommendation of the SONS regarding the radiological events. Equally, the thesis was beneficial to the observed facilities, to realise the causes and frequency of radiological events in individual years. It is then up to an individual institution and to the employee supervising the radiation protection, to evaluate the consequences of the found causes, for example to point them out within a yearly training of radiation employees, and to consistently see to the compliance of all preventive measures, which proposal and implementation also belongs to the main tasks of the supervisor.

O trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para aplicação de procedimentos de referência, seguindo as recomendações da Portaria Federal n° 453 do Ministério da Saúde (PF 453), para controle de qualidade em sistemas de radiodiagnóstico odontológico, que possa ser aplicada em consultórios odontológicos, visando uma melhoria na qualidade da imagem radiológica e a diminuição da dose no paciente. Foram realizados testes em um equipamento de raios X intrabucal, seguindo uma metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho e os requisitos da PF 453. Foi desenvolvido neste trabalho um objeto teste (objeto simulador) para a verificação da melhor qualidade de imagem em relação ao menor tempo de exposição. A utilização deste objeto permitiu a redução do tempo de exposição de 0,5 s, maior valor da região linear da curva característica, para 0,2 s. O sistema de raios X testado atendeu de maneira satisfatória à norma, destacando que a dose de entrada na pele diminuiu com o uso de posicionadores, mas o tamanho do campo aumentou e ultrapassou o valor máximo de 6cm recomendado nesta portaria. A importância do controle de qualidade em sistemas de radiodiagnóstico odontológico é evidenciada pelo uso rotineiro da radiação X nos consultórios odontológicos. A PF 453 recomenda a realização dos testes de constância com freqüência mínima de 2 anos, porém sugere-se que o próprio profissional, cirurgião-dentista, implemente seu controle interno da qualidade das radiografias obtidas em seu aparelho. Isto poderá ser executado por meio de exposições mensais do objeto teste (objeto simulador) desenvolvido neste trabalho. / This work presents quality control reference procedures for dental diagnostic radiology systems, following the recommendations of the Publication 453 of the Brazilian Health Ministry (PF 453), to be applied in dental clinics, in order to achieve an improvement in the radiological image qualities and the patient dose reduction. All tests were applied in an intraoral X rays system, following the methodology developed and the requirements of the PF 453. In order to verify the best quality of the image in relation to the smaller exposition time an object test was also developed in this work. The use of this object allowed the reduction of the exposition time of 0.5 seconds, the maximum value of the linear region of the characteristic curve, for 0.2 seconds. The tested X rays system showed a very good agreement with the applied procedures, detaching the reduction of the skin entrance dose using the film-holding devices. However, the size of the field increased and exceeded the maximum value of 6cm recommended in the standard. The importance of the quality control in dental diagnostic radiology systems is essential due to the constant use of X radiation in dental clinics. The PF453 recommends the frequency of at least two years for the constancy tests. However, it is suggested that the professional, surgeon-dentist, should be responsible for the internal control of the image quality obtained from the X rays device. This can be done through monthly exposures of the object test developed in this work.

De acordo com os princípios da proteção radiológica, as práticas que envolvem radiações ionizantes devem ser planejadas e executadas de modo que os valores de doses individuais, o número de pessoas expostas e a probabilidade de exposições acidentais sejam tão baixos quanto razoavelmente exequíveis. Para tanto, faz-se necessário que na execução da dosimetria das radiações sejam utilizados medidores confiáveis de grandezas dosimétricas. Esta confiabilidade depende não só da calibração do medidor, mas também do seu desempenho em determinadas condições de teste. A International Standardization Organization (ISO), com o objetivo de promover a padronização e a coerência metrológica internacional, estabeleceu conjuntos de feixes de raios X de referência para calibração e testes de dosímetros, cuja implantação nos laboratórios de metrologia deve atender a requisitos técnicos específicos. Em baixas energias existem especificidades que precisam ser consideradas tanto na implantação dos feixes de referência quanto na sua utilização em calibração e testes. O presente trabalho faz uma análise dos procedimentos e critérios de implantação das radiações de referência ISO 4037, em baixas energias. Foram realizados experimentos que permitiram cálculos de parâmetros de caracterização dos feixes de referência do Laboratório de Calibração de Dosímetros do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (LCD/CDTN). Alternativas às metodologias usuais de determinação da camada semirredutora foram estudadas. Espectros de feixes de referência foram simulados por meio de softwares e comparados com espectros medidos experimentalmente. Condições climáticas distintas foram reproduzidas em laboratório para análise dos seus efeitos sobre os parâmetros dos feixes. Incertezas em relação às medidas de parâmetros de implantação foram avaliadas. Os feixes de baixa energia, de acordo com os critérios da norma ISO 4037, foram considerados implantados, permitindo a revisão dos valores dos coeficientes de conversão de kerma no ar para grandezas operacionais de proteção radiológica. / According to the radiological protection principles, practices involving ionizing radiation must be planned and carried out under the guarantee that the values of individual doses, the number of people exposed to radiation and the probability of accidental exposures are as low as reasonably achievable. Therefore, radiation dosimetry is required to be done with reliable instruments designed for measuring dosimetric quantities. The reliability of the dosimetry depends on both the calibration of the dosimeter and its proper performance under certain test conditions. The International Standardization Organization (ISO), in order to promote international standardization and metrological coherency, established sets of reference X-ray beams for dosimeter calibration and typing-test; they are expected to be implemented in metrology laboratories in compliance with specific technical requirements. At low energies there are specific requirements that need to be considered in both the implementation of the reference beams and their use in calibration and testing. The present study is an analysis of the procedures and criteria for ISO 4037 reference radiation implementation, at low energies. In the Dosimeter Calibration Laboratory of the Development Center of Nuclear Technology (LCD / CDTN), experiments were performed for determining the X-ray reference radiation parameters. Alternatives to the usual methods for half-value layer determination were studied. Spectra of reference beams were simulated with software and compared with experimental measurements. Different climatic conditions were reproduced in the Laboratory for analysis of its influence on the determination of the beam parameters. Uncertainties in the measurements of studied parameters were evaluated. According to the ISO 4037 criteria, the low energy X-ray beams were considered to be implemented; they allowed the determination of the conversion coefficients from air kerma to the operational radiation protection quantities.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-27T10:21:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Martins Dias Batista.pdf: 1543209 bytes, checksum: 0d8e882a87ce71946ea5ad1860282d27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T10:21:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Martins Dias Batista.pdf: 1543209 bytes, checksum: 0d8e882a87ce71946ea5ad1860282d27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-14 / Background: The concept of radioprotection is usually recognized as important among the technical level of health professionals and higher. However, the information on the formal knowledge and its application in practice are scarce. Noticing the discrepancy in radiation protection process in sectors using ionizing radiation, decided to search the knowledge that health professionals have on radiation protection and the need for educational intervention for professionals to work consciously and with adequate protection. Objectives: To assess the knowledge that the health professionals of a university hospital (UH) have about radioprotection, educate staff about the harmful effects of ionizing radiation and application of the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle in routine work and implement the knowledge of radioprotection through playful learning using teaching materials and easy to understand. Methods: This is an exploratory cross-sectional study with a qualitative analysis of the open questions and the quantitative issues addressed by a semi-structured questionnaire was applied to 59 employees from different sectors of UH to assess the degree of knowledge. From the findings it was prepared a booklet with playful images to be distributed to all employees of the UH. In the internal prevention week of work accidents at the UH it was made by the employees a performance about radioprotection. Results: According to the participants with technical or graduated degree, they did not have training on radiation protection as students or it was insufficient to practice. The work environment, even in a UH, provides little information about radiation protection and the rules which govern it. Much of the respondents (25%) even knowing not observe the radiation protection procedures. In the assessment of formal knowledge on the concept and the usual measures of radioprotection we observed that 1/3 of the participants have good theoretical knowledge, 1/3 have incomplete knowledge and 1/3 is completely unaware of the concept and radioprotection actions. Conclusion: The employees of a UH, even at graduated level, need training on radiation protection, because the training course failed in this respect. We believe the same should happen in other health institutions. The actions aimed at training in radiation protection were very well accepted by employees and their effective translation greater individual and collective protection is being evaluated / Introdução: O conceito de radioproteção é habitualmente reconhecido como importante entre os profissionais de saúde de nível técnico e superior, porém, são escassas as informações sobre o conhecimento formal e sua aplicação na prática. Percebendo a defasagem no processo de proteção radiológica nos setores que utilizam radiação ionizante, resolvi pesquisar o conhecimento que os profissionais da saúde têm sobre proteção radiológica e a necessidade de intervenção educativa para que os profissionais trabalhem de forma consciente e com proteção adequada. Objetivos: Avaliar o conhecimento que os profissionais de saúde de um hospital de ensino (HE) têm sobre radioproteção; conscientizar as equipes sobre os efeitos danosos das radiações ionizantes e aplicação do princípio ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) na rotina de trabalho e implementar o conhecimento sobre radioproteção através do ensino lúdico utilizando material didático e de fácil compreensão. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal exploratório com análise qualitativa das questões abertas e quantitativa das questões dirigidas. Foi aplicado um questionário semiestruturado a 59 funcionários dos diferentes setores do HE para avaliar o grau de conhecimento existente. A partir dos achados foi elaborada uma cartilha com imagens lúdicas para ser distribuída a todos os funcionários do HE. Na semana interna de prevenção de acidentes de trabalho do HE foi feita pelos funcionários teatralização sobre a radioproteção. Resultados: Na opinião dos participantes o curso técnico ou superior que fizeram não forneceu formação sobre radioproteção ou esta foi insuficiente para a prática. O ambiente de trabalho, mesmo em um HE, disponibiliza poucas informações sobre radioproteção e as normas que a regem. Boa parte dos entrevistados (25%) mesmo tendo conhecimento não observam as medidas de radioproteção. Na aferição do conhecimento formal sobre o conceito e as medidas habituais de radioproteção observamos que 1/3 dos participantes tem bom conhecimento teórico, 1/3 tem conhecimento incompleto e 1/3 desconhece completamente o conceito e as ações de radioproteção. Conclusão: Os funcionários de um HE, mesmo os de nível superior, têm necessidade de capacitação sobre radioproteção, pois o curso de formação falhou neste aspecto. Acreditamos que o mesmo deve acontecer em outras instituições de saúde. As ações objetivando a capacitação em radioproteção foram muito bem aceitas pelos funcionários e sua tradução efetiva em maior proteção individual e coletiva está sendo avaliada

In the diploma thesis with the above name, I have described the subject in general in the introductory part. The diploma thesis describes ionizing radiation, history and present, its types and uses as well as protective aids, which are necessary to use when working with ionizing radiation. I have dealt with the principle of monitoring workers, workplaces and patients, as well as limitations and all the quantities that describe or characterize ionizing radiation. In the next part of my diploma thesis I focused on dosimetry, where I described types of dosimeters. The diploma thesis deals with legislation - laws, decrees and government orders, which give the legal framework of the given issue. In the final part of this thesis I have described the radiodiagnostic activity in the Department of Digital Subtraction Angiography, Gastroenterology and Interventional Cardiology, Pilsen University Hospital, from whose activities I drew background material for this work. The aim of this diploma thesis was to find out the measured values of doses of ionizing radiation in the medical staff and to analyze the radiation protection provision at the Department of Radiology at FN Pilsen. For comparison, the measured values from the personal dosimeters of the medical staff at the mentioned workplaces at FN Plzeň were used. In the theoretical part I used all available sources, foreign and Czech literature. Resources are provided at the end of this paper. The work is focused on quantitative research, which I used in the practical part with statistics. All obtained values from personal dosimeters were obtained from the records of the University Hospital in Pilsen. The data presented in the diploma thesis are measured doses of healthcare personnel for the last seven years. Doses were measured using OSL dosimeters, which are today the most widely used dosimetry in health care. The main aim of the thesis, given that I work as a radiological assistant, was the examination of the doses of radiological assistants, doctors and nurses in the Department of Radiology of the Faculty of Nursing in Pilsen, not in the patients who were examined in these departments. In terms of patients, this is a medical exposure, and in this case there is no limit for irradiation.

O trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para aplicação de procedimentos de referência, seguindo as recomendações da Portaria Federal n° 453 do Ministério da Saúde (PF 453), para controle de qualidade em sistemas de radiodiagnóstico odontológico, que possa ser aplicada em consultórios odontológicos, visando uma melhoria na qualidade da imagem radiológica e a diminuição da dose no paciente. Foram realizados testes em um equipamento de raios X intrabucal, seguindo uma metodologia desenvolvida neste trabalho e os requisitos da PF 453. Foi desenvolvido neste trabalho um objeto teste (objeto simulador) para a verificação da melhor qualidade de imagem em relação ao menor tempo de exposição. A utilização deste objeto permitiu a redução do tempo de exposição de 0,5 s, maior valor da região linear da curva característica, para 0,2 s. O sistema de raios X testado atendeu de maneira satisfatória à norma, destacando que a dose de entrada na pele diminuiu com o uso de posicionadores, mas o tamanho do campo aumentou e ultrapassou o valor máximo de 6cm recomendado nesta portaria. A importância do controle de qualidade em sistemas de radiodiagnóstico odontológico é evidenciada pelo uso rotineiro da radiação X nos consultórios odontológicos. A PF 453 recomenda a realização dos testes de constância com freqüência mínima de 2 anos, porém sugere-se que o próprio profissional, cirurgião-dentista, implemente seu controle interno da qualidade das radiografias obtidas em seu aparelho. Isto poderá ser executado por meio de exposições mensais do objeto teste (objeto simulador) desenvolvido neste trabalho. / This work presents quality control reference procedures for dental diagnostic radiology systems, following the recommendations of the Publication 453 of the Brazilian Health Ministry (PF 453), to be applied in dental clinics, in order to achieve an improvement in the radiological image qualities and the patient dose reduction. All tests were applied in an intraoral X rays system, following the methodology developed and the requirements of the PF 453. In order to verify the best quality of the image in relation to the smaller exposition time an object test was also developed in this work. The use of this object allowed the reduction of the exposition time of 0.5 seconds, the maximum value of the linear region of the characteristic curve, for 0.2 seconds. The tested X rays system showed a very good agreement with the applied procedures, detaching the reduction of the skin entrance dose using the film-holding devices. However, the size of the field increased and exceeded the maximum value of 6cm recommended in the standard. The importance of the quality control in dental diagnostic radiology systems is essential due to the constant use of X radiation in dental clinics. The PF453 recommends the frequency of at least two years for the constancy tests. However, it is suggested that the professional, surgeon-dentist, should be responsible for the internal control of the image quality obtained from the X rays device. This can be done through monthly exposures of the object test developed in this work.

Die Rückstände des Uranbergbaus in Sachsen wurden in der Vergangenheit bewusst oder unbewusst als Baumaterial im Straßen- und Wegebau, zum Planumsausgleich für Flächen und beim Hausbau verwendet. Die Broschüre richtet sich an Planungsbüros, Antragsteller sowie Ausführende im Bau- und Straßenbau und liefert umfassende Informationen für eine strahlenschutzgerechte, sichere und kostengünstige Verwertung oder Beseitigung dieser Stoffe. Enthalten sind Hinweise zu Planung, Antragstellung, Voruntersuchung, strahlen-schutzfachlicher Baubegleitung und Dokumentation von Baumaßnahmen, bei denen mit radioaktiven Stoffen zu rechnen ist.

No description available.