This thesis investigates the effect that variation in employment between industries has had on the depth of recession faced by Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States. This analysis is limited to the previous two national recessions. I use regression analysis to find that increases in variation in employment has a significant effect on the maximum increase in unemployment rate in MSAs after controlling for relevant MSA characteristics. In this framework I also find that increases in education could mitigate the negative effects of this variation. I include several other measures of depth of recession including the fall in economic conditions and length for real GDP to recover to its pre-recession levels. I find that the measure of variation is significant in explaining falls in the economic conditions, but not so in explaining the length it takes for each MSA to recover its real GDP.

In this post-boom era, the so-called dead mall is a growing phenomenon. A quintessentially American icon, the shopping mall arose in a time of prosperity, and was a central component of the pre-fab utopia of suburban life. The shopping mall was conceived to create a new and improved town center. As indoor private properties, developers attempted to engineer the conditions to instill a state of euphoria in shoppers, which would fuel the need to spend in order to heighten that satisfaction. But ultimately, just as the gratification was temporary, so too is the mall.

La ortodoncia osteogénica periodontalmente acelerada es un procedimiento indicado para minimizar el tiempo de tratamiento ortodóncico brindando una alternativa de tratamiento a pacientes periodontalmente comprometidos, con presencia de reabsorciones radiculares, periodonto reducido, entre otros. Los problemas periodontales no diagnosticados pueden ser agravados durante el tratamiento ortodóncico y dependiendo de su severidad, pueden requerir un tratamiento previo. El objetivo de este reporte es presentar el caso de una paciente con maloclusión Clase I con apiñamiento y recesión gingival, tratada con injerto conectivo de tejido libre, corticotomía con injerto óseo y técnica de arco recto prescripción CCO. Finalmente, se puede concluir que el manejo interdisciplinario es importante para el correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes. La ortodoncia osteogénica periodontalmente acelerada es una alternativa viable que reduce el tiempo de tratamiento ortodóncico y mantiene o mejorá la condición periodontal de los pacientes. / Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics is a procedure indicated to reduce the time of orthodontic treatment by giving an alternative treatment to periodontally compromised patients, with presence of root resorption, reduced periodontium, among others. Undiagnosed periodontal problems can be aggravated during orthodontic treatment and, depending on their severity, may require prior treatment. The objective of this report is to present the case of a patient with Class I malocclusion with crowding and gingival recession, treated with free tissue connective graft, corticotomy with bone graft and CCO Straighwire prescription technique. Finally, it can be concluded that interdisciplinary management is important for the correct diagnosis and treatment of patients. Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics is a viable alternative that reduces the time of orthodontic treatment and maintains or improves the periodontal condition of patients. / Tesis

Internal communication is very important in organizations as it has many advantages. Communicators such as marketers should have an internal market in mind and not just the external as it could be a key to success. Media channels that are used to communicate internally also play a big role in what the company is trying to convey to the internal market. Print communication plays a minor role, if any, in smaller companies now that electronic communication is making it easier for businesses to coordinate, educate and motivate internally. However, face-to-face was seen as the most effective tool in internal communication. Finally, there were no findings that the economic crisis in Spain 2013 was affecting the internal communication.

Bakgrund: Den globala ekonomin befinner sig våren 2009 i en recession. Under det sista kvartalet2008 försvagades konjunkturläget kraftigt. Det förändrade konjunkturläget har tvingat företagen attanpassa sig efter nya förutsättningar. Många företag anade att en avmattning skulle ske men närvändningen väl kom skedde det för många företag oväntat snabbt. Hur företaget hanterar situationenavgör förutsättningarna för att företaget även långsiktigt ska vara livskraftigt. Syfte: Vår studie syftar till att utifrån några olika perspektiv beskriva och jämföra hur tillverkandeföretag hanterar en akut neddragningssituation. Studien skall också visa på vilka underlag som liggertill grund för de beslut samt förklara hur olika faktorer påverkar beslutsfattandet. Av särskilt intresse äri vilken utsträckning hänsyn till strategiska tankegångar tas i den aktuella situationen. Slutsatser: Samtliga företag har använt sig av en prognostiserad framtida tillverkningsvolym somutgångspunkt när neddragningsåtgärder vidtagits. Nedgången ses endast som tillfällig och någonstrategisk omorientering har ej genomförts i de flesta av företagen. De åtgärder som vidtagits äranpassade för att företagen skall kunna hantera en snabb uppgång.

<p>Bakgrund: Den globala ekonomin befinner sig våren 2009 i en recession. Under det sista kvartalet2008 försvagades konjunkturläget kraftigt. Det förändrade konjunkturläget har tvingat företagen attanpassa sig efter nya förutsättningar. Många företag anade att en avmattning skulle ske men närvändningen väl kom skedde det för många företag oväntat snabbt. Hur företaget hanterar situationenavgör förutsättningarna för att företaget även långsiktigt ska vara livskraftigt.</p><p>Syfte: Vår studie syftar till att utifrån några olika perspektiv beskriva och jämföra hur tillverkandeföretag hanterar en akut neddragningssituation. Studien skall också visa på vilka underlag som liggertill grund för de beslut samt förklara hur olika faktorer påverkar beslutsfattandet. Av särskilt intresse äri vilken utsträckning hänsyn till strategiska tankegångar tas i den aktuella situationen.</p><p>Slutsatser: Samtliga företag har använt sig av en prognostiserad framtida tillverkningsvolym somutgångspunkt när neddragningsåtgärder vidtagits. Nedgången ses endast som tillfällig och någonstrategisk omorientering har ej genomförts i de flesta av företagen. De åtgärder som vidtagits äranpassade för att företagen skall kunna hantera en snabb uppgång.</p>

Even a well planned marketing strategy may fail if a country or region goes through a rapid business decline. As consumers' income drops, they must shift their spending patterns. They may have to simply do without some products. By carefully studying the environment, marketers can adapt their strategies to meet market place challenges and opportunities. This generally means adapting the marketing mix and/or changing the target markets. However, the response of marketing managers to recession depends on how they perceive its meaning and impact on their businesses. The purpose of the study was identified to be the determination of managements' perception of and response to economic recession by measuring (1) the meaning of the economic recession to marketing managers; (2) the impact of this recession on marketing decisions; and (3) the resultant adjustments in marketing strategy and action. Primary and secondary data was gathered through literature review and empirical research, respectfully. Data collection consisted of a structured questionnaire to serve as guideline for the follow-up interviews. A total of ten marketing managers participated in the qualitative interviews. These managers were selected by means of a non-probability sample. The recent recession has seen South Africa's real GDP growth slowing to 3% with unemployment rate increasing slightly to 23.6%, manufacturing production falling by contraction of 17.2% whilst the year-on-year CPI inflation rate was 8.1% in January 2009. These foregoing show how severe the recession has been. All interviewed respondents reported price competition to have been fierce during the recent economic recession. In their quest to minimise the effects of the economic downturn, companies adjusted their sales volumes and improvised their marketing spent by using more of company websites and e-mail marketing to keep customer informed of the product or service offerings available. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Even a well planned marketing strategy may fail if a country or region goes through a rapid business decline. As consumers' income drops, they must shift their spending patterns. They may have to simply do without some products. By carefully studying the environment, marketers can adapt their strategies to meet market place challenges and opportunities. This generally means adapting the marketing mix and/or changing the target markets. However, the response of marketing managers to recession depends on how they perceive its meaning and impact on their businesses. The purpose of the study was identified to be the determination of managements' perception of and response to economic recession by measuring (1) the meaning of the economic recession to marketing managers; (2) the impact of this recession on marketing decisions; and (3) the resultant adjustments in marketing strategy and action. Primary and secondary data was gathered through literature review and empirical research, respectfully. Data collection consisted of a structured questionnaire to serve as guideline for the follow-up interviews. A total of ten marketing managers participated in the qualitative interviews. These managers were selected by means of a non-probability sample. The recent recession has seen South Africa's real GDP growth slowing to 3% with unemployment rate increasing slightly to 23.6%, manufacturing production falling by contraction of 17.2% whilst the year-on-year CPI inflation rate was 8.1% in January 2009. These foregoing show how severe the recession has been. All interviewed respondents reported price competition to have been fierce during the recent economic recession. In their quest to minimise the effects of the economic downturn, companies adjusted their sales volumes and improvised their marketing spent by using more of company websites and e-mail marketing to keep customer informed of the product or service offerings available. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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Submitted by CAMILA AUGUSTO SILVEIRA null (mila_rock_bull@hotmail.com) on 2016-01-25T17:55:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese Camila 25.01.2016 final pdf.pdf: 1354976 bytes, checksum: 4ab9699639ad08683e783abe0d66648c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Manzano de Almeida (smanzano@marilia.unesp.br) on 2016-01-26T12:07:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 silveira_ca_me_sjc_int.pdf: 1354976 bytes, checksum: 4ab9699639ad08683e783abe0d66648c (MD5) silveira_ca_me_sjc_par.pdf: 411993 bytes, checksum: b5c5a046719cd7dd1155e259de7e081c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:07:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 silveira_ca_me_sjc_int.pdf: 1354976 bytes, checksum: 4ab9699639ad08683e783abe0d66648c (MD5) silveira_ca_me_sjc_par.pdf: 411993 bytes, checksum: b5c5a046719cd7dd1155e259de7e081c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar um novo protocolo multidisciplinar por meio de um estudo clínico randomizado para o tratamento de recessões gengivais associadas à lesão cervical não-cariosa. Foram selecionados 40 pacientes alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Grupo Teste (n=20), restauração parcial da lesão cervical e cirurgia para recobrimento radicular com enxerto de tecido conjuntivo (CTG+RP) e Grupo Controle (n=20), aplainamento da lesão cervical e cirurgia para recobrimento radicular com enxerto de tecido conjuntivo (CTG). Os grupos foram comparados quanto ao sangramento à sondagem (SS), índice de placa (IP), recessão gengival relativa (RGR), nível clínico de inserção (NIC), altura e largura das papilas (AL, LP),altura e espessura do tecido queratinizado (ATQ e ETQ), profundidade da lesão cervical (PLC), hipersensibilidade dentinária (HD) e na avaliação estética (MRES) durante um período de 6 meses. Após 6 meses, as porcentagens médias de recobrimento da altura da lesão cervical não-cariosa foram de 72,34±25,2 para o grupo teste e 74,85±33,1 para o grupo controle, sem diferença estatística entre eles. Foi notada diferença estatisticamente significante quando a hipersensibilidade cervical foi analisada. O grupo teste mostrou-se mais eficaz em 6 meses de acompanhamento na resolução desse sintoma (p=0,034). Na análise individual dos parâmetros da escala MRES, o grupo teste mostrou um melhor contorno gengival com diferença significante em relação ao grupo controle. Nos demais parâmetros, não houve diferenças significantes. Dentro dos limites do presente estudo, pode-se concluir que ambos os tratamentos foram efetivos e que a presença da restauração parcial de resina composta não interfere na taxa de recobrimento quando o retalho posicionado coronariamente associado ao enxerto de tecido conjuntivo é utilizado para o tratamento de recessões gengivais associadas à lesão cervical não-cariosa, além de proporcionar um melhor controle da hipersensibilidade dentinária e resultado estético mais harmonioso. / The aim of this study was to evaluate a new multidisciplinary protocol by means of a randomized controlled clinical trial for the treatment of gingival recession associated with cervical lesion non-carious. Were selected 40 patients randomly allocated to one of the following groups: Test group (n = 20), partial restoration of cervical lesion and surgery for root coverage with connective tissue graft (CTG + PR) and control group (n = 20), planning of non-carious cervical lesion and surgery for root coverage with connective tissue graft (CTG + RT). The groups were compared as to bleeding on probing (BOP), biofilm accumulation (IP), relative gingival recession (RGR), clinical attachment level (CAL), height and width of papillae (PH, PW), height and thickness of keratinized tissue (KTH and KTT), depth of the cervical lesion (CLD), dentin hypersensitivity (DH) and aesthetic evaluation (AE) for a period of 6 months. Average percentage rates of root coverage for test and control group were 72.34% and 74.85%, respectively. No significant statistical difference between test and control was observed regarding root coverage. A significant difference (p=0.034) was found for dentin sensitivity when control and test were compared. The test group showed better results regarding this parameter. The individual aesthetic analysis of MRES parameters, the test group showed a better gingival contour with a significant difference compared to the control group. When the other parameters were compared between the two groups, no difference was found. Within the limits of this study it can be concluded that both treatments were effective and that the presence of the partial restoration composite resin does not affect the root coverage when the coronally advanced flap associated with connective tissue graft is used for the treatment of gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesion, and provide better control of dentin hypersensitivity and harmonious aesthetic results.