Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 S24 / Master of Landscape Architecture

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

This research is based upon fieldwork carried out in 2005 and 2006 among Truku people, a Taiwanese indigenous group living in eastern Taiwan. It examines the transformation of the relationship between women and land, and explores meanings related to women’s ownership of land since the government introduced the privatisation of land ownership and cash cropping into Truku society in the 1960s. However, the imposition of these programmes of land reform and capitalisation has generated various types of conflict over land in Truku society. Since the 1960s, Truku people have suffered from loss of lands, arising from various governmental policies on economic development. Hence, many land reclamation movements have arisen, organised by Truku people in order to reclaim their land rights. Furthermore, the transformation of property relations has generated many conflicts over land and inheritance between different households and has created tensions between women and men in terms of land ownership in contemporary society. Most importantly, I reflect on the prevalent idea that women’s right to own land is not sanctioned by ‘traditional’ Truku culture, an argument which, I argue, is problematic, because the idea does not (neatly) fit into actual Truku practices of property transaction. Truku people strategically make use of this narrative of ‘tradition’ in order to strengthen their own tactical position in land disputes which arise between different households. Furthermore, I am critical of the emphasis placed on masculine or male Truku culture in this narrative, which is constructed by Truku activists in land reclamation movements in contemporary Truku society. Through investigation of the processes by which women obtain land in Truku society, I argue that women’s ownership of land cannot simply be regarded as a consequence of the implications of privatisation, but is also a result of kinship practices and their work in cultivating land and maintaining the economic well-being of the household in contemporary society. This research attempts to contribute to anthropological perspectives on property relations, economic anthropology, gender studies, kinship studies and studies of indigenous movements in Taiwan.

南海，一片充滿希望與危機的海域，冷戰過後南海各國爭相競取其中的各式資源，並將之列為國家利益，在各國聲討權利同時，自認為遭受侵權的一方大動作的發起維權行動，這當中以中國大陸與菲律賓在南海的紛爭最受國際關注。 中國大陸採取填海造島工程，片面改變島礁地貌，使其轉變成極具戰略價值的軍與民共用之島嶼；菲律賓則是將南海爭權案件交由國際仲裁判決，意圖讓南海問題放大成為國際關注的焦點議題，藉由國際輿論聲討自稱擁有的南海主權。 目前中國大陸在南海的造島規模已經足以改變當前該區域平衡發展，藉由人工造島將島礁改變成對自己有利的戰略要點，進而向前部署潛艦、戰機等的軍事武器，甚至可成為投射兵力的一個跳板，這樣變動足以動盪南海區域穩定，這當然引發各方的關注，且各國群起反對相關造島工程的進行，其中以美國採取的軍艦航行南海或是戰機巡弋南海屬較為積極的行動派國家。 2016年7月12日南海仲裁判決出爐，但就南海現況來看，中國大陸並沒有因為相關判決而減緩或停止造島工程，而後續隨著中國大陸的造島戰略發展，相關聲索國家彼此間的軍事、外交關係的改變都會間接影響南海局勢的變化。 / South China Sea, a region is full of crisis and hope. After Cold War, the claimant countries in the South China Sea were eager for the resources and regarded those resources as their country interests. Some countries thought they were losing right on the claimed territorial seas and tried to take actions to maintain it. Therefore, the South China Sea becomes a disputed water territory and that let the China and Philippines disputes issue of the South China Sea to draw attentions of the international community. China constructed several islands in the South China Sea and transformed as highly strategic values islands for military and civilian use. The Philippines submitted its Memorial to the Arbitral Tribunal and tried to make the disputes issue of the South China Sea become an international issue and let the issue to be widely discussed in the international community. China has influenced the region’s balance by constructing islands in the South China Sea and transformed those islands to be forward strategy points. Meanwhile China also can install weapons such as submarines, fighter jets on the islands and utilize them as the power projection platforms which can change the region’s balance in the South China Sea. As we know, China’s Islands reclamation has drawn the attention of the international community and all the countries started to against it. Especially, the United States, who is an active country, has already dispatched warships and military planes in the immediate proximity of the disputed islands. Even though, after the Permanent Court of Arbitration had published the arbitration award by the tribunal on 12 July 2016, China still continues its land reclamation. Base on the China’s strategy development in islands construction, the situation of the South China Sea will be influenced by the changing relationship among those claimant countries in military and diplomat way.

Reciprocal plantings of populations of broomsedge, taken from an abandoned strip mine and from an abandoned farm plot in south central Kentucky, on strip mine spoil and abandoned field soil resulted in patterns of populations differentiation. Clonal plantings of populations from strip mine habitats and old field development appeared equal in height and biomass when grown on old field soils in both field trials and growth chamber studies. Populations when planted in strip mine soils in field trials and controlled growth experiments. Later flowering in strip mine populations may be a key to survival strategy in the harsh microclimates of spoil banks. Andropogon virginicus L. may prove to be a significant and economically sound species in reclamation programs.

For successful restoration of unstable ecosystems in the dumps recreating a fully functioning lan dis needed. Dump substrates often have poor grain composition, extreme pH or are toxic. They also lack important recent organic matter, which improves the overall quality of the soil and is therefore necessary for the development of quality and fertile soil. Therefore, restoration of ecosystems in the dumps is initially very slow. A number of reclamation measures was invented to accelerate this process - for example, heaping up of topsoil to dump substrates. With organic matter present in the topsoil soil formation is faster and often with their physical and chemical properties differ significantly from then developed soils. There has already been number of works written considering development of soils on the Velká podkrušnohorská výsypka so far, none of which, however, did not affect grasslands. The aim of this work was to obtain complete information about the development of chemical and microbial properties of soils that were recultivted by reclaimed topsoil and grassed and then to compare them with developments in the areas of overgrown spontaneous succession. It was found that the total carbon content increases with time only in the reclaimed areas and maximum of the increase is in the depth of...

Les sols sous contraintes que ce soit du point de vue charges polluantes comme avec les Métaux Traces (MT) ou bien du point de vue stress hydrique (perte des capacités de rétention menant à la désertification des sols) concernent de nombreux espaces du territoire national, de même que la région du pourtour Méditerranéen. Le nombre de sites pollués par des substances inorganiques affectant de larges espaces est en constante augmentation. Les stratégies pour leur rémédiation sont variées mais très peu envisagent la dépollution tout en restaurant les propriétés pédologiques des sols concernés. La rémédiation comme la restauration des capacités fertilisantes de sols pollués sont un enjeu international. Pour cela, la stratégie de cette étude porte sur le développement d’outils technologiques innovants basée sur la phytorémédiation assistée par des matrices duales de sols contaminés par des MT (Cuivre, Chrome, Arsenic). Ces matrices duales ont une action double concomitante en permettant une immobilisation ou un piégeage des MT tout en favorisant la repousse végétale ou la catalyse de la croissance végétale. Le piégeage peut se faire par l’apport d’amendement ayant des capacités d’échanges (généralement liées à l’existence de phase allophane et/ou d’un réseau poral important) et de rétention (liées au réseau porale et à l’existence de phases minérales type phosphates, silice amorphe, oxydes hydroxydes de fer-manganèse). L’élaboration, à partir de laitiers d’aciéries, d’une matrice susceptible d’adsorber des MT (aspect dépollution) tout en favorisant la pousse végétale (aspect amendement) nous a permis de tester ce produit de synthèse. La seconde originalité de cette étude est d’analyser le potentiel de ces matrices, non seulement à différentes échelles (du pot en passant par le stade mésocosme et jusqu’au champ), du point de vue impact écotoxique – dépollution de sols associé à une re-végétalisation. Cette dernière participe également au transfert des charges polluantes (MT) depuis l’amendement de synthèse ou du sol vers, et dans le réseau racinaire des radicelles et ainsi favoriser la réhabilitation des propriétés hydriques des sols par le développement d’un couvert végétale pérenne. On conjugue ainsi un apport dépolluant à celui de maintient de la potentielle anti-désertification grâce au développement de solutions innovantes respectueuses de l’environnement sur la base de technologie douce valorisant les co produits de l’industrie. / Soil contamination by trace elements is a widespread problem in many parts of the world. The accumulation of toxic metals in soil is mainly inherited from parent materials or inputs through human activities. In fact, one of the sources of soil contaminations is very important resulting from chemical widely used wood preservative industries in aquatic environments and storing the wood after treatment by chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Elements such as As, Cu, Cr, and Zn can be found in excess in contaminated soils at wood treatment facilities, especially when Cu sulphates and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) were used as a preservative against insects and fungi, which may result in soil phytotoxicity as well as toxic to plants, animals and humans. New techniques are being developed to remediate trace elements in contaminated soils such as phytoremediation and in situ stabilization. In situ stabilization technique or in situ immobilisation is one of the common practices for reducing negative effects of metals and metalloids such as As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn in contaminated soils by adding amendments. Alkaline materials are usually added to acidic soils to improve soil chemical and physical properties and also to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of contaminant. Slag, which consists of calcium oxide, phosphorus oxide, silicon oxide, iron oxide, and other metal oxides, is an alkaline by-product of metallurgical processes or a residue of incineration processes. Slags have been successfully used to soil reclamation and soil fertiliser. It has been used as a soil additive to reduce various metals contaminated soil by precipitation and adsorption on the surface of metal oxide. The objectives of this Ph.D study were to evaluate the physical, chemical soil properties and the distribution of trace elements in contaminated soil. Also to evaluate the characteristics of two different slags samples, a basic slag (BS) and a basic slag phosphate (BSP) which are alkaline by-products of the French steel industry and which used as a soil amendments to improve soil properties and for the in situ immobilisation of copper and metals in chromated copper arsenate (CCA) contaminated soil.

A reciclagem profunda com espuma de asfalto tem sido uma alternativa de sucesso para a restauração de pavimentos degradados. Em relação às soluções tradicionais de reabilitação, como os recapeamentos, tem a vantagem de proporcionar a correção de defeitos em camadas inferiores, com a manutenção ou pequena elevação do greide da pista, além de ganhos ambientais, como um menor consumo de materiais virgens da natureza e redução do volume de material descartado. Entretanto, no Brasil não há método para dimensionamento estrutural para esta tecnologia, o que dificulta seu emprego. Para o desenvolvimento de um procedimento de dimensionamento que contemple este tipo de solução, foram estudados métodos presentes na bibliografia internacional: guia da AASHTO de 1993 e Caltrans, dos EUA, TRL386 e TRL611, da Inglaterra, as duas versões do guia sul-africano TG2 e os métodos oriundos do Austroads, tanto o procedimento interino de 2011 como adaptações de órgãos da Austrália e Nova Zelândia. Observou-se divergência de opiniões quanto ao comportamento do material reciclado com espuma de asfalto. Alguns órgãos e autores consideram o comportamento do mesmo mais próximo às misturas asfálticas, sendo o mecanismo de falha o trincamento, e outros o definem como semelhante a um material granular modificado com alta coesão e ruptura devido às deformações permanentes. Correlaciona-se tal associação ao teor de espuma usualmente utilizado nas obras rodoviárias. Outros aspectos que se destacam para este tipo de base são o ganho de resistência ao longo do tempo devido à cura, mesmo com início da operação da rodovia e a importância da infraestrutura remanescente no dimensionamento. Tais fatos foram corroborados pelos estudos de caso e resultados do trecho experimental construído na Rodovia Ayrton Senna - SP 070, monitorado por meio de ensaios deflectométricos com FWD durante um ano. Como resultado do trabalho, foi proposto um procedimento para o dimensionamento estrutural de pavimentos com camadas recicladas a frio com espuma de asfalto utilizando dados deflectométricos que atende o método do Manual de Pavimentação do Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes (DNIT) e incorpora diferentes aspectos na análise mecanicista. Outras conclusões são a viabilidade técnica a longo prazo da solução mencionada e a importância do controle tecnológico, com ênfase para o monitoramento deflectométrico nos primeiros meses de operação do pavimento para averiguar a evolução da cura do material. / Full-depth pavement reclamation with foamed asphalt has been a successful alternative for the rehabilitation of degraded pavements. In relation to the traditional rehabilitation methods, such as overlays, it has the advantage of provide the correction of the lower layer\'s defects considering the maintenance of the road grade or slight increase of it. Besides that, there are environmental gains, with less consumption for virgin materials and reduction of discarded material volume. However, in Brazil there is no structural design method for this technology, which hinders its use. To develop a design procedure which includes this kind of solution, several international methods were studied, like AASHTO (1993) and CALTRANS, from the USA; TRL386 and TRL611, from England; TG2 guide, from South Africa; and methods derived from the Austroads were studied, both, the interim procedure 2011 and local departments adaptations from Australia and New Zealand. There are divergent opinions of the behavior of the recycled material with foamed bitumen. Some agencies and authors consider the behavior of it similar to the asphalt mixtures, and the failure mechanism cracking due to fatigue. Others define it as similar to modified granular material with high cohesion and disruption due to permanent deformation. Such association is related to the foamed asphalt content usually used in road works. Other aspects that stand for such basecourse material are the gain of strength over time due to cure, even with the beginning of the highway operation and the importance of the remaining pavement\'s layers in design process. These facts were corroborated by case studies and results of the test section built in Ayrton Senna Highway - SP 070, which was monitored through falling weight deflectometer (FWD) measurements for a year. As result of this work, it is proposed a procedure for the structural design of cold recycled pavements with foamed asphalt using deflectometer data that meets the method of paving manual of the Brazilian National Department of Transport Infrastructure (DNIT). Other findings are the technical long-term viability of that solution and the importance of technological control, with emphasis on the deflection monitoring in early pavement operation to ascertain the evolution of the curing process.

A mineração é uma das atividades antrópicas mais impactantes aos recursos naturais, e que pode afetar profundamente a resiliência dos ecossistemas em função do elevado nível de degradação do solo e da paisagem. Diante disso, muitas áreas mineradas não são efetivamente recuperadas a ponto de restabelecer parte relevante da biodiversidade e dos serviços ambientais perdidos com a mineração. No entanto, novos métodos de restauração ecológica têm gerados resultados promissores mesmo em situações de degradação tão intensa como as de mineração, o que permitiria rever os níveis mínimos de qualidade ambiental exigidos de áreas que foram mineradas e que precisam passar por um processo de recuperação como forma de mitigação dos impactos causados e cumprimento de demandas legais de compensação ambiental. Assim, o objetivo geral desse estudo é avaliar a recuperação física, química e microbiológica do solo em áreas de mineração de bauxita em processo de recuperação ambiental. Avaliamos inicialmente a restauração do solo em minas de bauxita localizadas em Poços de Caldas-MG, tendo como objetivo contextualizar a melhoria do solo através de vários parâmetros químicos, físicos e microbiológicos em áreas recém-mineradas, em restauração de diferentes idades e remanescentes de floresta nativa. Encontramos que a restauração florestal foi eficiente em desencadear um processo de recuperação do solo, que resultou no restabelecimento, em poucos anos, de características químicas, físicas e microbiológicas já bem similares às do ecossistema de referência. Em seguida, avaliamos a recuperação dos teores de fósforo no solo pela restauração de florestas tropicais em minas de bauxita, e obtivemos como principais resultados a recuperação de importantes frações de P no solo, parte relevante da produção de serapilheira e da estrutura da floresta ao longo da trajetória sucessional nas jovens áreas restauradas após a mineração. A restauração ecológica mostrou-se capaz de restaurar rapidamente importantes atributos do solo, evidenciando o potencial da abordagem de restauração ecológica para mitigar os impactos ambientais negativos da mineração. Dessa maneira, destaca-se que políticas públicas voltadas para a mitigação de danos ambientais causados pela mineração podem exigir níveis mais elevados de qualidade ambiental em áreas de recuperação de minas, protegendo os interesses coletivos envolvidos na mediação de interesses entre empresas e sociedade. / Mining is one of the human activities with the highest impact in natural resources. It can profoundly affect the resilience of ecosystems due to the high level of soil degradation and landscape alteration. Thus, many mined areas are not effectively recovered enough to restore important part of biodiversity and ecosystem services lost. However, new ecological restoration methods showed promising results even in such intense degradation situations such as mining. Thus, it is needed to review the minimum levels of environmental quality required for areas that have been mined and need to recovered to mitigate the impacts and compliance with legal demands of environmental compensation. Thus, the general objective of this study is to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological soil in bauxite mining areas under ecological restoration. We initially evaluated soil restoration in bauxite mines located in the county of \"Poços de Caldas\", aiming to contextualize soil improvement through various chemical, physical and microbiological parameters in newly mined areas, restoration of different ages and remaining native forest. We found that forest restoration was effective in triggering a soil recovery process, which resulted in the recuperation, in a few years, of the chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics already very similar values to the references. We then evaluated the recovery of soil phosphorus for the restoration of tropical forests in bauxite mines, and obtained as main results the recovery of important fractions of soil P, litter production and forest structure along the successional trajectory in young restored areas after mining. Ecological restoration proved to be able to quickly restore important soil properties, showing the potential of ecological restoration approach to mitigate the negative environmental impacts of mining. Thus, it is emphasized that public policies to mitigate environmental damage caused by mining may require higher levels of environmental quality in mining recovery areas, protecting the collective interests involved in the mediation of interests between business and society.