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The purpose of this study is to estimate and compare the entropy and redundancy of written English and Swedish. We also investigate and compare the entropy and redundancy of Twitter language. This is done by extracting n consecutive characters called n-grams and calculating their frequencies. No precise values are obtained, due to the amount of text being finite, while the entropy is estimated for text length tending towards infinity. However we do obtain results for n = 1,...,6  and the results show that written Swedish has higher entropy than written English and that the redundancy is lower for Swedish language. When comparing Twitter with the standard languages we find that for Twitter, the entropy is higher and the redundancy is lower.

The goal of this paper will be to study how frame theory is applied within the field of signal processing. A frame is a redundant (i.e. not linearly independent) coordinate system for a vector space that satisfies a certain Parseval-type norm inequality. Frames provide a means for transmitting data and, when a certain about of loss is anticipated, their redundancy allows for better signal reconstruction. We will start with the basics of frame theory, give examples of frames and an application that illustrates how this redundancy can be exploited to achieve better signal reconstruction. We also include an introduction to the theory of frames in infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces as well as an interesting example.

Redundancy payment and other forms of compensation in employment relations The diploma thesis deals with forms of compensation in employment relations in contemporary Czech labour law. Aside from the Introduction and Conclusion, the thesis consists of four chapters. The second chapter discusses the concept of compensations in labour law, and provides an analysis of the functions of labour law compensations, from the perspective of both the employee and employer. An overview of the different types of compensations is provided, including their categorization. Redundancy payment, the primary and most frequent type of labour law compensation in Czech law, forms the content of chapter three. The functions of redundancy payments are explained, and the terms and conditions which give rise to the right of employees to redundancy payment are analyzed. Further, the amounts of redundancy payments under different circumstances are dealt with in detail, including an explanation of the methods of their calculation; the author also focuses on the category of average monthly remuneration and its importance in this relation. Each of the manners of employment termination and their relevance for the right to redundancy payment are discussed, as well as the amounts of redundancy payments pertaining to each type of...

The coding and transmission of the massive datasets captured by Earth Observation (EO) satellites is a critical issue in current missions. The conventional approach is to use compression on board the satellite to reduce the size of the captured images. This strategy exploits spatial and/or spectral redundancy to achieve compression. Another type of redundancy found in such data is the temporal redundancy between images of the same area that are captured at different instants of time. This type of redundancy is commonly not exploited because the required data and computing power are not available on board the satellite. This paper introduces a coding scheme for EO satellites able to exploit this redundancy. Contrary to traditional approaches, the proposed scheme employs both the downlink and the uplink of the satellite. Its main insight is to compute and code the temporal redundancy on the ground and transmit it to the satellite via the uplink. The satellite then uses this information to compress more efficiently the captured image. Experimental results for Landsat 8 images indicate that the proposed dual link image coding scheme can achieve higher coding performance than traditional systems for both lossless and lossy regimes.

The de-industrialisation of the UK economy caused by globalised international markets, advancements in technology and production with changing consumer demands have made much of what was ‘traditional’ manufacturing redundant; this has led to industrial restructuring or even collapse, resulting in mass job redundancies. Market and industrial pressures have intensified since the late 1990s, culminating in the symbolic collapse of MG Rover in 2005 in addition to other key producers in the West Midlands, which represented the end of mass automotive production in the region (Donnelly et al. 2012). This came alongside various geographical, political and economic factors, including the restructuring of regional development agencies, prolonged industrial decline and a period of national economic recession, which presented challenges for any recovery. This thesis examines more precisely the closure of the commercial vehicle manufacturer LDV in 2009, once a part of the larger conglomerate British Leyland. The closure further reinforced the decline in UK automotive manufacturing until that point. The research involves the corporate collapse of LDV and the local government reaction to the closure and the following re-employment pathways of the redundant LDV workforce. The research continues the discussion of plant closures and the issues that redundant workers face when engaged in the labour market during economic recession. In particular, the thesis contribution employs a qualitative approach to examine the difficulties faced by the office tier, or ‘white collar’, workers who possess relatively high skills and who regarded as flexible and less vulnerable workers within the labour market. Yet this research exposes that highly skilled specialist workers are themselves also subject to unique issues when adjusting to the labour market. This topic is covered through the concept of worker trajectories: the research illustrates the unique employability issues and job precariousness that highly skilled workers can experience. The research concludes that the ability of highly skilled redundant workers to adapt effectively requires local job recovery strategies to implement short- and long-term policies with an emphasis on better job search and network development for individuals to sustain a resilient economy, and to mitigate the effects of plant closure upon redundant workers and maintain high skills within the region.

Reliability and redundancy of safety-critical network systems is a paramount issue in system engineering. Be it in evaluating existing network systems or solving optimization problems for designing network systems, it is important to consider reliability and redundancy. This dissertation is in collaboration with AIRBUS Group, France, and they are very interest in the optimal design of safety-critical aircraft architecture systems which have to consider reliability and redundancy. To address the problem of optimally designing such systems, we chose to focus on one specific aircraft architecture system the door management system. It checks if all doors are properly closed and the cabin has the correct pressure. It is a safety-critical system since it is part of the pressurization system of an aircraft. To optimally design the DMS while considering reliability, a suitable reliability evaluation algorithm is necessary. In this dissertation, we begin by proposing a suitable reliability evaluation algorithm for a type of non series-parallel network system which includes the DMS and which can be used in an optimization model. The reliability evaluation algorithm is based on a simplification of the probability principle of inclusion-exclusion formula for intersections of unions. The simplification exploits the presence of many repeated events and has many fewer terms, which significantly reduces the number of operations needed. We compare its computational efficiency against the sum of disjoint products method KDH88 for a simple artificial example and for the DMS. Afterwards, we introduce the first MILP model for the DMS with k-redundancy. As the model is too difficult to be solved efficiently by standard MILP solvers, we discuss the issues of solving the model with general solving methods such as branch-and-bound and branch-and-price. We introduce specialized branching rules and new heuristics to solve the DMS problem with k-redundancy more efficiently and show results of computational tests which compare the specialized solving algorithms with general solving algorithms for example instances of the DMS problem. Lastly, we discuss the problems of considering reliability in MI(N)LP models for the DMS and how the new reliability evaluation algorithm can be used. In this discussion, we give different MI(N)LP models for the DMS problem with redundancy and reliability. Moreover, we propose a new heuristic for the DMS problem with redundancy and reliability. It is based on branch-and-bound, the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition and on the new reliability evaluation algorithm. We show results of computational tests of the new heuristic for example instances of the DMS problem and discuss its validity.

Freight transportation networks are an important component of everyday life in modern society. Disruption to these networks can make peoples’ daily lives extremely difficult as well as seriously cripple economic productivity. This dissertation develops a quantitative framework for assessing vulnerability and redundancy of freight transportation networks. The framework consists of three major contributions: (1) a two- stage approach for estimating a statewide truck origin-destination (O-D) trip table, (2) a decision support tool for assessing vulnerability of freight transportation networks, and (3) a quantitative approach for measuring redundancy of freight transportation networks.The dissertation first proposes a two-stage approach to estimate a statewide truck O-D trip table. The proposed approach is supported by two sequential stages: the first stage estimates a commodity-based truck O-D trip table using the commodity flows derived from the Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) database, and the second stage uses the path flow estimator (PFE) concept to refine the truck trip table obtained from the first stage using the truck counts from the statewide truck count program. The model allows great flexibility of incorporating data at different spatial levels for estimating the truck O- D trip table. The results from the second stage provide us a better understanding of truck flows on the statewide truck routes and corridors, and allow us to better manage the anticipated impacts caused by network disruptions.A decision support tool is developed to facilitate the decision making system through the application of its database management capabilities, graphical user interface, GIS-based visualization, and transportation network vulnerability analysis. The vulnerability assessment focuses on evaluating the statewide truck-freight bottlenecks/chokepoints. This dissertation proposes two quantitative measures: O-D connectivity (or detour route) in terms of distance and freight flow pattern change in terms of vehicle miles traveled (VMT). The case study adopts a “what-if” analysis approach by generating the disruption scenarios of the structurally deficient bridges in Utah due to earthquakes. In addition, the potential impacts of disruptions to multiple bridges in both rural and urban areas are evaluated and compared to the single bridge failure scenarios.This dissertation also proposes an approach to measure the redundancy of freight transportation networks based on two main dimensions: route diversity and network spare capacity. The route diversity dimension is used to evaluate the existence of multiple efficient routes available for users or the degree of connections between a specific O-D pair. The network spare capacity dimension is used to quantify the network- wide spare capacity with an explicit consideration of congestion effect. These two dimensions can complement each other by providing a two-dimensional characterization of freight transportation network redundancy. Case studies of the Utah statewide transportation network and coal multimodal network are conducted to demonstrate the features of the vulnerability and redundancy measures and the applicability of the quantitative assessment methodology.

This dissertation is in the area of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) of digital Integrated Circuits (ICs). Today's digital ICs, such as microprocessors, memories, digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., range from a few thousands to billions of logic gates, flip-flops, and other components, packed in a few millimeters of area. The creation of such highly complex systems would not be possible without the use of CAD tools. CAD tools play the key role in determining the area, speed and power consumption of the resulting circuits. We address several problems related to the logic synthesis step of the CAD flow. First, we investigate properties of double-vertex dominators in directed acyclic graphs. We present an O(n) algorithm for identifying all O(n2) double-vertex dominators of a given vertex, where n is the size of the graph. The key to the algorithm's efficiency is a new data structure for representing double-vertex dominators which has O(n) size and can be efficiently manipulated. This work improves the state of the art in double-vertex dominators identification in terms of both space and time complexity. We also show how dominators can be used for structural decomposition of Boolean functions represented by circuit graphs. Next, we present a depth-optimal technology mapping algorithm for look-up table (LUT) based Field Programmable Gate Arrays. This algorithm is two orders of magnitude faster than previous technology mapping algorithms while achieving solution with a smaller number of LUTs. We also consider level-limited decomposition of Boolean functions which is of particular interest for applications which require circuit representations of a limited depth, such as control logic of microprocessors. We present an efficient algorithm for computing the decomposition of type f = g * h + r, where f, g, h and r are Boolean functions. Another contribution of the dissertation is an algorithm for identifying and removing redundancy in combinational circuits. This algorithm provides a quick partial solution which might be more suitable than exact ATPG and SAT-based approaches for redundancy removal runs at the intermediate steps of the CAD flow. It is embedded into the internal logic synthesis tool of IBM. Other contributions of the dissertation are a proof that, for some Reduced Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams, none of the bound-set preserving orderings is best, a proof of the existence of a perfect input assignment which guarantees that two non-equivalent Boolean functions hash to two different values, and a set of efficient algorithms for the analysis of random Boolean networks. / QC 20100914

In unmanned aerial systems an autopilot controls the vehicle without human interference. Modern autopilots use an inertial navigation system, GPS, magnetometers and barometers to estimate the orientation, position, and velocity of the aircraft. In order to make correct decisions the autopilot must rely on correct information from the sensors. Fault diagnosis can be used to detect possible faults in the technical system when they occur. One way to perform fault diagnosis is model based diagnosis, where observations of the system are compared with a mathematical model of the system. Model based diagnosis is a common technique in many technical applications since it does not require any additional hardware. Another way to perform fault diagnosis is hardware diagnosis, which can be performed if there exists hardware redundancy, i.e. a set of identical sensors measuring the same quantity in the system. The main contribution of this master thesis is a model based diagnosis system for a fixed wing UAV autopilot. The diagnosis system can detect faults in all sensors on the autopilot and isolate faults in vital sensors as the GPS, magnetometer, and barometers. This thesis also provides a hardware diagnosis system based on the redundancy obtained with three autopilots on a single airframe. The use of several autopilots introduces hardware redundancy in the system, since every autopilot has its own set of sensors. The hardware diagnosis system handles faults in the sensors and actuators on the autopilots with full isolability, but demands additional hardware in the UAV.