Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-123). Also available via the Internet.

Inaug.-Diss.--Kiel. / Lebenslauf. "Quellen und Literatur": p. 46-47.

Thesis (M.Hous.M.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-112). Also available in print.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1987. / Also available in print.

This thesis readdresses the notion 'Tong Fang' through the lens of supply- side perspective. As a conceptually 'new' object which has raised widespread concerns since the early 2010s, Tong Fang has only been narrowly examined as the mainstream discussions predominantly confine their very concerns to simply the relationship between the material housing structure and the relevant dwellers. The wider socio-political implications are ignored as the social relations, forces and processes that are indispensable in comprehending the existence of Tong Fang are utterly unaddressed. In particular, the underlying reasons of why such housing structure, represented by its tininess, excessive rental charge and other infer ior environment qualities, could be rampantly produced in Hong Kong is still unsatisfactorily addressed. To explore these overlooked aspects, this study alternatively analyses the production of Tong Fang in Hong Kong and essentially articulates the spatial form to the corresponding processes. Harvey's theory 'Class Monopoly Rent' is employed as the major conceptual tool to analyze the contemporary production of Tong Fang in which the lucrative profitability, resulted from the circumstance which Tong Fang has been constituted as almost the only private affordable dwelling in the housing market structure in recent decades, appears to be the fundamental drive. Through viewing how the potential of CMR has been generated and how it has been appropriated through Tong Fang construction, the necessitated processes and relations are able to be disclosed. Moreover, Harvey's another contribution 'Relational Space' is also invoked to substantiate the exploration of the concrete social processes and relations lying behind Tong Fang as spatial products. All in all, by scrutinizing the production of Tong Fang in Hong Kong, this thesis is expected to enrich our understanding to this contemporary urban blight.

The thesis is focused on the development prices of rent in Czech Budweis and is divided into several parts. The first part is focused on the history of inhabitation and history of rents. The second part is devoted to explaining basic concepts that are important for my work. In the next section of the literary research, I pay attention to itself lease and the rent, where these concepts and facts related with them, described in more detail. In the practical part there is processed the information from questionnaire, information from Správa domů s.r.o. and still focus on apartments, that have been over the past few years, realized rent through estate agents. From the processed data are created synoptic charts and graphs, together with commentaries and evaluation.

Esta tese teve como objetivo analisar o processo de geração e apropriação da renda petrolífera nos modelos de organização adotados pela indústria brasileira de petróleo. O interesse pelas jazidas de petróleo tem sua origem nas altas rendas geradas na cadeia produtiva, principalmente na fase de exploração, as quais podem ser apropriadas por quem exerce a propriedade sobre o recurso. O entendimento da moderna indústria petrolífera brasileira em um contexto de altos preços de petróleo, de incremento da produção e da descoberta de grandes acumulações de petróleo no pré-sal, leva à discussão em torno da disputa da riqueza gerada, o modelo de organização da indústria e o papel da empresa estatal, PETROBRAS. Tais aspectos foram avaliados seguindo uma perspectiva histórica, baseada no estudo da renda marxista e na aplicação de categorias concretas de análise à indústria petrolífera, abrangendo no período de estudo o pré-monopólio do petróleo, a consolidação da indústria petrolífera com bases estatais, o modelo de concessão e o modelo misto para explorar o pré-sal. A indústria petrolífera mexicana e venezuelana foram estudadas como referencia. Realizada a análise, identificou-se - dada a disponibilidade de recursos petrolíferos orientados a atender o abastecimento interno - o predomínio de excedente econômico gerado no mercado nacional e em menor medida uma renda petrolífera, diferencial e absoluta conseguida no mercado internacional. Também se constatou que dentro do estado nacional moldou-se um processo de disputa do excedente econômico nas suas várias etapas históricas, já que, uma vez definida a hegemonia sobre o petróleo, a disputa pelos excedentes se dá no seio do próprio Estado, entre os estados e os municípios. Concluiu-se que o modelo de organização da indústria petrolífera brasileira é resultado da disputa pelas forças envolvidas na apropriação da renda petrolífera. / This thesis aims to analyze the process of generation and appropriation of oil rent in the organizational models adopted by the Brazilian oil industry. Interest in owning of petroleum fields has its origin in the high rents generated in the production chain, especially in the exploration phase, which may be appropriated by whoever has the property rights on the resource. The understanding of modern Brazilian oil industry in a context of high oil prices; the increase of production and the discovery of large accumulations of oil in pre-salt, leads to discussions around the dispute of the wealth generated, the organizational model of the industry and the role of state-owned company, PETROBRAS. These aspects were evaluated following a historical perspective, based on the study of Marxist rent theory and the application of concrete categories of analysis specific to the oil industry, covering in the period of the study the pre-monopoly, the consolidation of the oil industry with state basis, the concession model and the mixed model to explore the pre-salt. Given the availability of oil resources geared to meet domestic supply during the analysis it was identified the predominance of economic surplus generated in the domestic market and to a lesser extent, a differential and absolute rent achieved in the international market. On the other hand, also within the national state a process of dispute of that economic surplus was shaped, once defined hegemony over oil the dispute for economic surpluses occurs within the state itself, between the states and municipalities. It was concluded that the organizational model of Brazilian oil industry is a result of the dispute by the forces involved in the appropriation of oil rents.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma resenha das principais contribuições teóricas sobre a regulação de recursos minerais não-renováveis, com vistas a avaliar algumas perspectivas sobre o futuro do setor de petróleo e gás natural no Brasil, objeto de substanciais transformações institucionais nos últimos anos. Inicialmente, apresenta-se um panorama histórico sobre o conceito de renda ao longo da literatura, procurando explicitar as peculiaridades da renda mineral. Argumentamos que a forma como o Governo tributa a renda mineral com vistas a extrair seus benefícios tem impacto sobre a percepção de risco do investidor privado, podendo alterar sua decisão de investir. Busca-se, fundamentalmente, avaliar sob que condições um tributo incidente sobre o setor de petróleo é neutro e que possíveis conseqüências o novo modelo institucional brasileiro terá sobre a atração de investimentos exploratórios. / The goal of this work is to present a report of the main contributions in the regulation of non-renewable resources, searching to evaluate some of the perspectives about the future of the oil and natural gas sectors in Brazil, which have being the object of substantial institutional changes in the last years. To begin with, we present a historical overview about the idea of Rent along literature, trying to show the particularities of mineral rent. We argue that the way the Government taxes mineral rent, with the purpose of extracting its benefits, has an impact over investor’s risk sensitiveness, possibly leading to a change of investment decision. We search mainly to evaluate under whichc onditions a tax over oil sector is neutral and which possible consequences the new Brazilian institutional model will have over the attraction of investments in exploration.

Depuis le boom pétrolier (tafra) des années 1970 et l’émergence des Etats rentiers, l’institution de la famille a connu d’importants changements dans les pays du Golfe, notamment à Oman et au Koweït. En particulier, le mariage et la procréation, deux événements clés qui servent à reproduire la famille, ont été affectés. Le « modèle de nuptialité traditionnel » longtemps caractérisé par un mariage précoce et universel, un écart d’âge important entre époux et la polygamie semble aujourd’hui remis en cause par l’enrichissement matériel, l’éducation de masse, l’urbanisation et les progrès sanitaires. En plus d’une transition de la nuptialité, on observe une transition de la fécondité dans les deux pays. Cependant, l’application des hypothèses de la théorie de la modernisation dans la casuistique des pays pétroliers produit des schémas démographiques atypiques : le maintien du mariage consanguin, l’émergence de nouvelles formes « non conventionnelles » de polygamie, la hausse du douaire, une fécondité toujours élevée, des choix matrimoniaux toujours déterminés par la famille et l’Etat, etc. Ces schémas obligent à repenser les schémas linéaires et déterministes des théories de la modernisation toujours utilisées en démographie, et à saisir les dynamiques adaptatives de la famille face au paradigme moderne. Intégrer la dimension politique permettra de comprendre certains de ces paradoxes. Bien que l’Etat ait incité à la modernisation des comportements démographiques, il semble avoir favorisé sur un autre front des pratiques matrimoniales et procréatives traditionnelles dans le but de consolider l’identité nationale. Les Etats rentiers ont pu, à travers le déploiement de moyens matériels et idéologiques transmettre des idéaux natalistes et prolonger le patriarcat. A travers les entretiens semi-directifs menés à Oman et au Koweït avec plusieurs générations, cette étude cherchera à situer les comportements dans un contexte économique, culturel et politique déterminé. / Since the oil boom and the emergence of rentier states, Gulf families have undergone tremendous changes, notably in Oman and in Kuwait. Particularly, marriage and procreation which represent two major events for reproducing the family, have been transformed. The traditional nuptiality model, characterized by early and universal marriage, age difference between spouses and polygamy seems today questioned by the material affluence, mass education, urbanization and health advances. In addition to a nuptiality transition, a fertility transition has been also observed. However, the application of modernization theory hypothesis in the cases of oil countries produces atypical demographical patterns: preservation of consanguineous marriage, new forms of “non conventional” polygamy, preservation of still high fertility rate, soaring bride prices, matrimonial choices still dictated by family and state. These patterns oblige us to reconsider the linear an determinist patterns of the modernization theory which is still used in demography; as to better understand the adaptive dynamics of the family in front of the modern paradigm. The introduction of the political dimension helps us understand some of these paradoxes. Although the state has encouraged the modernization of demographic behavior, it has in another side favored traditional practices related to marriage and procreation, in the aim of consolidating the national identity. The rentier states, through material an ideological means, could have enhanced natalist ideals and reinforce patriarchy. Through semi directives interviews conducted in Oman and Kuwait with different generations, this study seeks to situate the behaviors in a political, cultural and economic context.

El presente proyecto “Fancy Rent Bag” tiene por finalidad desarrollar un modelo innovador y escalable que permita contribuir sosteniblemente a la sociedad, de tal manera que este pueda hacer frente a nuestros competidores del mercado nacional a través de diferentes estrategias de marketing enfocadas en optimizar nuestros procesos operativos y de venta; y así posicionar a la empresa y aumentar su participación de mercado para llegar a al segmento objetivo y clientes potenciales de manera efectiva. Asimismo, nuestro público objetivo se divide en dos segmentos. Por un lado, el primer segmento o también “consumidoras que desean alquilar carteras de marca” se enfoca en mujeres peruanas modernas residentes de Lima Metropolitana de 18 a 39 años de edad de los niveles socioeconómicos AB y C. La propuesta brindada para el segmento 1 es ofrecer un espacio digital en el cual las usuarias puedan encontrar diversas carteras de marca a precios accesibles. Por otro lado, el segundo segmento de mercado o “propietarias”, son aquellas mujeres que desean rentar sus carteras de marca y ganar dinero adicional; este segmento comprende a mujeres peruanas de estilo sofisticado residentes de Lima Metropolitana de 20 a 40 años de edad pertenecientes a un nivel socioeconómico A y B. Ante ello, durante el transcurso del proyecto fue posible percibir una acogida incremental por la renta de las carteras de marca, lo cual también fue validado con las impresiones e interacciones en redes sociales, Google Ads y Google Analytics. / "The present project “Fancy Rent Bag” aims to develop an innovative and scalable model, which allows contributing sustainably to society, so that it can face our national competitors through different marketing strategies focused on optimizing our operational and sales processes. Thus, the company will be able to position in the market and increase its market share to reach its target segment and potential customers effectively. Likewise, our target audience is divided in two segments. On the one hand, the first segment or also called ""consumers who want to rent luxury or designer bags"" focuses on modern peruvian women residing in Metropolitan Lima from 18 to 39 years of age from the socioeconomic status A, B and C. The proposal for segment 1 is to offer a digital space in which users can find different exclusive bags at affordable prices. On the other hand, the second segment or also called “owners” are those women who want to rent their luxury bags and earn extra money. This segment includes Peruvian women of sophisticated style residing in Metropolitan Lima from 20 to 40 years of age from the socioeconomic status A and B. Given this, during the course of the project it was possible to notice an incremental reception of the rent of luxury bags, which was with the impressions and interactions on social networks, Google Ads and Google Analytics. / Trabajo de investigación