Denna studie har syftat till att undersöka hur ett antal aktörer resonerar kring lägesfaktorn ochdess inverkan i hyressättningen av nyproducerade lägenheter i fem utvalda områden i Stockholm.Detta då de tidigare studier som har utrett lägets inverkan i hyressättningen har baserats på detbefintliga hyresrättsbeståndet, där hyrorna till stor del är satta enligt bruksvärdesprincipen. Då detnumera till största del tillämpas presumtionshyra och egensatt hyra på nyproducerade lägenheter,saknas information om lägets inverkan i de lägenheter som tillförs marknaden idag. Resultatet visade att det endast är presumtionshyror och egensatta hyror som används i de utvaldaområdena samt att valet av hyressättningsprincip är ej lägesspecifikt. Läget har ingen direktinverkan i någon av dessa hyressättningsprinciper. Lägesfaktorn kommer indirekt in ipresumtionshyressättningen genom markpriser och avkastningskrav. Markpriserna kan dockibland vara en liten faktor av produktionskostnaderna och andra mikrofaktorer kan ge ett störregenomslag på hyresnivåerna i vissa situationer. Aktörer på marknaden resonerar ochargumenterar även olika kring det avkastningskrav som ska tillämpas i de enskilda projekten,vilket även det skapar en asymmetri kring lägets inverkan i denna princip. Läget har dessutomingen tydlig inverkan i de egensatta hyrorna då läget kommer in i bedömningen avnormhyresnivån. Denna normhyresnivå baseras dock på nyligen satta presumtionshyror ochandra egensatta hyror i samma område, som ej tar läget i tydlig beaktning. Lägets möjligagenomslag i egensatta hyror hålls även tillbaka då hyrorna anpassas för att kunna klara enbruksvärdesprövning i Hyresnämnden. Läget har dock fått ett större genomslag i de senare årens hyresförhandlingarna. Läget har nuäven tagits i beaktning i nyligen avgjorda rättsfall, Stockholmshyra samt i 73-punktsprogrammet.Det finns därmed tendenser till att läget kommer att få ett större genomslag i framtiden. Dessaförslag och rättsfall har dock brister som uppmärksammas i denna studie. / The purpose of this research paper was to investigate how a number of actors reasoned about thelocation factor and its impact on the rent setting of newly constructed apartments in five selectedareas in Stockholm. Previous researchers that have investigated the impact of location on rentsetting has conducted research on the existing rental housing stock in which the predominanttechnique for setting rent is the use-value principle. However, the most used rent settingprinciples are now presumption rent and self-set rents on newly constructed apartments.Therefore, it exists a research gap regarding the impact of the location factor in the rent setting ofthe rental housing stock that is being supplied to the market today. The result showed that the real estate developers only applied presumption rents and self-set rentsin the selected areas. The result also showed that the choice of rent setting principle is notlocation-specific. The location factor does not have a direct impact in these rent settingprinciples. In presumption rent, the location factor has an indirect effect through the land priceand yield. However, land prices can sometimes be a small factor in production calculation andother micro factors can have a larger impact on rent levels in some situations. In addition, theinterpretation and the application of the yield differ between the actors. Therefore, there is anasymmetry in how the location factor impact in presumption rent. In self-set rent, the factor oflocation does not have a clear impact. When setting the rent, the rent is based on recent rentlevels for similar apartments in the area, but these are presumption rents and self-set rents, wherethe location factor does not have a clear impact. The full extent of the impact of the locationfactor is not realized since real estate owners tune-down rents in order to pass a use-value trial inthe Rent tribunal. However, the location has had a greater impact on the rent negotiations in recent years. The location factor has now also been acknowledged in recent court cases, Stockholmshyra and the73-point program. Thus, there are tendencies that the location factor will have a greater impact inthe future, but these proposals and legal cases also have deficiencies that have been addressedand analysed in this study.

No description available.

This thesis describes the history surrounding Silas Wright and the anti-rent agitation in New York during the 1840's.

Thesis. 1978. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 119-120. / M.C.P.

This thesis focuses on the industry wage differentials, rent-sharing and the gender wage gap. I empirically investigate: i) the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, ii) how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector and iii) the existence of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, through the unobserved ability hypothesis. The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, i.e. Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the U.K. To do so, we have relied on a unique harmonised matched employer-employee data set, the 1995 European Structure of Earnings Survey. As far as we know, this paper is the first to analyse with recent techniques, on a comparable basis, and from a European perspective: i) inter-industry wage differentials by gender, ii) gender wage gaps by industry, and iii) the contribution of industry effects to the overall gender wage gap. It is also one of the few, besides Kahn (1998), to analyse for both sexes the relationship between collective bargaining characteristics and the dispersion of industry wage differentials. Empirical findings show that, in all countries and for both sexes, wage differentials exist between workers employed in different sectors, even when controlling for working conditions, individual and firm characteristics. We also find that the hierarchy of sectors in terms of wages is quite similar for male and female workers and across countries. Yet, the apparent similarity between male and female industry wage differentials is challenged by standard statistical tests. Indeed, simple t-tests show that between 43 and 71% of the industry wage disparities are significantly different for women and men. Moreover, Chow tests indicate that sectoral wage differentials are significantly different as a group for both sexes in all countries. Regarding the dispersion of the industry wage differentials, we find that results vary for men and women, although not systematically nor substantially. Yet, the dispersion of industry wage differentials fluctuates considerably across countries. It is quite large in Ireland, Italy and the U.K., and relatively moderate in Belgium, Denmark and Spain. For both sexes, results point to the existence of a negative and significant relationship between the degree of centralisation of collective bargaining and the dispersion of industry wage differentials. Furthermore, independently of the country considered, results show that more than 80% of the gender wage gaps within industries are statistically significant. The average industry gender wage gap ranges between -.18 in the U.K. and -.11 in Belgium. This means that on average women have an inter-industry wage differential of between 18 and 11% below that for men. Yet, correlation coefficients between the industry gender wage gaps across countries are relatively small and often statistically insignificant. This finding suggests that industries with the highest and the lowest gender wage gaps vary substantially across Europe. Finally, results indicate that the overall gender wage gap, measured as the difference between the mean log wages of male and female workers, fluctuates between .18 in Denmark and .39 in the U.K. In all countries a significant (at the .01 level) part of this gap can be explained by the segregation of women in lower paying industries. Yet, the relative contribution of this factor to the gender wage gap varies substantially among European countries. It is close to zero in Belgium and Denmark, between 7 and 8% in Ireland, Spain and the U.K., and around 16% in Italy. Differences in industry wage premia for male and female workers significantly (at the .05 level) affect the gender wage gap in Denmark and Ireland only. In these countries, gender differences in industry wage differentials account for respectively 14 and 20% of the gender wage gap. To sum up, findings show that combined industry effects explain around 29% of the gender wage gap in Ireland, respectively 14 and 16% in Denmark and Italy, around 7% in the U.K. and almost nothing in Belgium and Spain. In conclusion, our results emphasize that the magnitude of the gender wage gap as well as its causes vary substantially among the European countries. This suggests that no single policy instrument will be sufficient to tackle gender pay inequalities in Europe. Our findings indicate that policies need to be tailored to the very specific context of the labour market in each country. The second chapter examines investigates how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector. Empirical findings show that individual gross hourly wages are significantly and positively related to firm profits-per-employee even when controlling for group effects in the residuals, individual and firm characteristics, industry wage differentials and endogeneity of profits. Our instrumented wage-profit elasticity is of the magnitude 0.06 and it is not significantly different for men and women. Of the overall gender wage gap (on average women earn 23.7% less than men), results show that around 14% can be explained by the fact that on average women are employed in firms where profits-per-employee are lower. Thus, findings suggest that a substantial part of the gender wage gap is attributable to the segregation of women is less profitable firms. The third and final chapter contributes to the understanding of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, taking advantage of access to a unique matched employer-employee data set covering the period 1995-2002. Findings show the existence of large and persistent wage differentials among workers with the same observed characteristics and working conditions, employed in different sectors. The unobserved ability hypothesis may not be rejected on the basis of Martins’ (2004) methodology. However, its contribution to the observed industry wage differentials appears to be limited. Further results show that ceteris paribus workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more profitable firms. The instrumented wage-profit elasticity stands at 0.063. This rent-sharing phenomenon accounts for a large fraction of the industry wage differentials. We find indeed that the magnitude, dispersion and significance of industry wage differentials decreases sharply when controlling for profits.

No description available.

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Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-55).

En ostädad arbetsplats kan medföra arbetsmiljörisker, ett ökat antal besiktningsanmärkningar, sänka produktiviteten samt ge ett sämre arbetsklimat där medarbetarna inte trivs. Det är även en rättighet att vistas i en arbetsmiljö som inte medför en risk för varken fysisk eller psykisk ohälsa.Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en förståelse för vad som motiverar individen individuellt samt tillsammans i en grupp att hålla en god ordning och möjligheten att påverka detta. Studien behandlar människors beteende i grupp och individuellt, målbildens inverkan på individen och praktiska hjälpmedel för att uppnå en god och städad arbetsmiljö. Med praktiska hjälpmedel avses i detta fall arbetsplatsdispositionsplan, tillbudsrapportering, rutiner samt ett instrument kallat Interpersonal Dynamics Inventory. Instrumentet identifierar människors personlighetstyp och vad som motiverar denne genom att mäta ett beteende.För att undersöka frågan gjordes en omfattande litteraturstudie samt platsbesök och samtal med platscheferna på fyra olika projekt. Dessa har alltid strävat efter att uppnå ordning och reda på arbetsplatsen.Resultaten baseras på de samtal som fördes med inriktning på arbetsmiljö och städning. Under samtalen fick respondenterna bland annat bedöma fem olika bilder som skulle representera olika grader av städade miljöer. Detta visar att människors uppfattning kring hur en städad miljö skall se ut kan skilja sig. Att skapa en gemensam målbild och skapa en norm där alla är eniga om vad som eftersträvas är därför ett önskemål för att undanröja meningsskiljaktigheter. / An untidy workplace can lead to enhanced safety risks in the work environment, an increased number of inspection remarks, lower productivity, ultimately—an insufficient work environment where employees do not feel comfortable. It is also a human right to reside in an environment that does not pose a risk to neither physical nor mental illness.The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of what motivates the individual to keep good order on the workplace, on an individual basis, as well as in a group setting. The study deals with the behavior of people, in groups, and individually—along with the objective’s impact on the individual and the practical means to achieve a good and tidy work environment. The practical aids referred to in this study are the workplace disposition plan, the incident reporting, the procedures, and a tool named Interpersonal Dynamics Inventory. This tool identifies people's personality, and what motivates individuals to participate in a behavior that addresses the maintaining of a tidy work environment.To investigate the issue, a comprehensive literature study, site visits, and discussions with site managers on four different projects has been done. These projects were deemed successful regarding the matter of maintaining a good and tidy work environment.The results are based on conversations held with a focus on working environment and the cleaning thereof. During the conversations, the respondents got to assess five pictures of different working environments—each perception of a tidy work environment was different. This shows that people's perception of what a tidy environment should look like may differ. To create a common vision and create a standard where all agree on what is sought for is therefore to be desired in order to eliminate disagreements.