Includes appendices. Bibliography: p. 141-147.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In this study, we examine the involvement of Churches and Government in New South Wales Aboriginal Reserves and Stations during the twentieth century (1900-1975). Two non-denominational Missions, the United Aborigines’ Mission (UAM) also called the Australian Aborigines’ Mission (AAM) and the Australian Inland Mission (AIM) were particularly active and they both started their work in New South Wales before extending it into other Australian States. Their action in New South Wales was distinctive because it mostly involved women and the missionaries were sent to live with Aboriginal communities. Therefore, unlike the ‘strictly authoritarian’ approach adopted in Northern Territory or Western Australia, missionaries in NSW lived by themselves among people who had settled in Reserves and maintained as much as possible a sense of community. The establishment of Aboriginal Schools gave Missions the opportunity to strengthen their influence among the communities. Elementary education was at the core of the intervention of the Government and the Missions. While the Missions’ involvement was accepted and even encouraged by the State Government at first, as soon as its agency, the Aborigines’ Protection Board was given the legislative power to control Aboriginal people, the Missions were induced to confine themselves to the religious sphere. The study demonstrates that while the White institutions sought to extend their authority over Aboriginal people, the latter were asserting their agency. Thus, some communities appear to have embraced evangelical forms of Christianity when the control of the administration was reaching its peak. As government managers were sent in Aboriginal reserves, in the 1930s, exclusive Native Church Conventions gained momentum. In 1940, the new agency of the Government, the Aborigines’ Welfare Board, aimed at implementing a new policy: the assimilation of Aboriginal people. From that time, the Government became reluctant about the involvement of the Missions and encouraged town local denominational churches to open their congregations to accept Aborigines. This attempt failed as neither the Black nor the White congregations were disposed to integrate. Thus the study highlights how the relations between the Church and the Government ebbed and flowed as both institutions wanted to assert their control over New South Wales Aboriginal communities. The research also demonstrates how Aboriginal people were able to resist within the constraints, revealing a constant negotiation - overt but also concealed - between these three groups. The translation into French of an Australian history book about the relations between Aboriginal people and Europeans is closely related to the historical research. Indeed, the Manning Valley was one of the places where the Missions and later on the Native Churches were particularly influential. Therefore some people like Ella Simon and Bert Marr are present in both works - the thesis and the history book. It seems appropriate to end the thesis with the translation of an interview given by Ella Simon. As always she talks proudly of her Aboriginal culture and at times continues without addressing the interviewer’s question. Thus when the interviewer asked if she is telling a ‘true story and not a legend’, her only answer is: ‘it’s about Forster.' The translation will hopefully offer a more informed view of Australian history and more specifically Aboriginal-European relations to a francophone readership. Although aware that ‘rewriting is a manipulation undertaken in the service of power’, we would like to think that ‘in its positive aspect’, rewriting or translating ‘can help in the evolution of a literature and a society.’

天然資源價格高漲，及全球貿易失衡，造成新興國家累積大量美元資產，資本市場自由化、投資商品多元化，促使主權基金備受矚目。擁有高額外匯存底的台灣，是否需成立主權基金，成為國內學者專家關注議題。贊成者認為可以降低持有外匯存底機會成本，增加財政收入；扶植國內產業、提升國際競爭力，反對者認為主權基金並非穩賺不賠；容易特權干預、政商勾結，不符合企業報酬最大化原則。各種研究報告顯示主權基金有可能變成金融巨獸，但是，歷經金融海嘯的洗禮，面對投資績效與保護主義雙重壓力，會不會逐漸萎縮泡沫化，值得進一步觀察與研究。 本篇論文希望透過有關文獻的整理與回顧，對主權基金相關概念做一彙整與分析，歸納主要主權基金之經驗，包括政治環境、資產規模與追求目標等共同屬性，與台灣財政、經濟現況做相關性研究，佐以其他國家成立主權基金與否原因之比較結果，傾向現階段台灣以尚不需成立主權基金為宜。 關鍵詞：主權基金、外匯存底 / The prices of natural resources have increased, while global trade has became unbanced; as a result, the developing countries have accumulated lots of reserves assets, which are invested in diversified financial products. The above situation has caused Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) to attract a lot of attention. This study investigates whether Taiwan, should establish its own Sovereign Wealth Fund. Supporters of the SWF believe that it will reduce the opportunity costs of holding foreign exchange reserves while increasing revenues, supporting domestic industries, and enhancing international competitiveness. In contrast, opponents of the SWF argue that it is too risky, easy prey to government and business collusion as well as corruption. Various studies indicate that SWFs may become financial giants, but after the latest financial crisis, investment performance is limited by conservative hedging. The new development of SWFs are worthy of further observations and research. This paper aims to review the literature on SWFs. It goes through the world’s major SWFs, asset scales and objectives. The study concludes that due to Taiwan’s specific financial and economic status, it is not appropriate for Taiwan to set up a Sovereign Wealth Fund at this moment. Key words：Sovereign Wealth Funds、foreign exchange reserves

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Texas Christian University, 2007. / Title from dissertation title page (viewed Dec. 10, 2007). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Marine ecosystems can be exposed to natural and anthropogenic disturbances that can lead to ecological failures. Marine reserves have been lately suggested to protect marine populations and communities that have been affected by habitat destruction and harvest. This research evaluates the potential role of two marine reserves established in Oregon in 1967 (Whale Cove) and 1993 (Gregory Point). The red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) was selected as indicator of population recovery since it is the only species that is commercially harvested. Changes in density, biomass, average size, size structure, growth and mortality rates were evaluated through time to assess population recovery. These parameters were also compared between reserves and adjacent exploited areas to evaluate the effect of exploitation. Results from Whale Cove (old reserve) indicate that the population in this area is fully recovered. On the contrary, the population in Gregory Point (new reserve) showed signs of recovery after six years of being protected. The importance of red urchins as source populations to provide larvae to adjacent areas was explored by the analysis of drifter's trajectories. Both reserves might be connected in a network where larvae produced in Whale Cove will provide recruits to Gregory Point and adjacent exploited areas, as well as populations in northern California. Gregory Point releases larvae that become recruits for Whale Cove only when spawning takes place in winter, otherwise larvae travel to central California. No clear trends were found in growth and mortality rates between reserves and non-reserves; differences were more related with food availability, competitors, and age specific mortality. We applied qualitative simulations to characterize and differentiate the community network inside reserves and exploited areas. Results suggest that communities from a particular site can be represented by a set of alternative models with consistent species interactions. Differences in predator-prey interactions as well as non-predatory relationships (interference competition, mutualism, amensalism) were found among sites. Each set of models represents a hypothesis of community organization that agreed with natural history information. Alternative models suggest that kelp forest communities are dynamic and can shift from one network configuration to another providing a buffer against a variable environment. / Graduation date: 2002

Movement patterns and space use by mature fishes are critical in determining the effectiveness of marine reserves in conserving spawning stock biomass and/or providing biomass to adjacent fisheries through 'spillover'. Home range sizes, activity patterns, site fidelity and habitat preferences were determined for acoustically-tagged snappers and groupers using a rigorously-calibrated array of omnidirectional hydroacoustic receivers deployed in the diverse coral reef environments of a no-take marine reserve (NTMR) network in the Dry Tortugas, Florida. An individual-based localizing tendency model of reef fish movement was parameterized from fine-scale acoustic telemetry data and integrated into a Spatial Management Performance Assessment (SMPA) simulation model for reef fish populations developed to quantitatively evaluate performance of no-take marine reserves in the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Spatially-explicit SMPA models were parameterized for three overfished stocks in the lucrative snapper-grouper fishery: red grouper (Epinephelus morio), black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), and mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis). SMPA models were used to evaluate the impacts of a variety of life histories, movement strategies and speeds, and management regulations upon long-term stock sustainability, as measured by annual changes in spawning potential ratio (SPR), and long-term stock productivity, as measured by annual changes in fisheries yield-in-weight per recruit (Yw/R). Under assumptions of constant regional fishing pressure, constant recruitment, and 'realistic' fish movement, SMPA simulation runs from initial conditions in 2000 suggested that by 2014, the Tortugas NTMR network should function to restore red grouper populations to 30% SPR, a Federal management benchmark for sustainability. Mutton snapper were the most mobile of the species investigated; if mutton snapper movements are ignored, their population is predicted to attain 30% SPR by 2014, but given 'realistic' mobility, they may not attain this target by 2021 without additional protections. Black grouper are currently fished at over 9 times sustainable levels. SMPA simulations suggest coupling an increase in minimum size at capture of 20 - 25 cm with NTMR implementation would result in substantial short term losses in yield, but would restore both black grouper and mutton snapper populations to 30% SPR by 2021 and lead to increased long-term yields. Although marine reserve sites are often chosen opportunistically, these findings strongly suggest that reserve designs (e.g. proper sizes and configurations) must take into account the scales and patterns of movement exhibited by the exploited stocks they are intended to protect. These modeling efforts also suggested reserves are not a panacea; in order to promote sustainability for severely depleted stocks, they must be accompanied by an overall reduction in fishing capacity. Although important questions remain concerning the movements of reef fish in response to habitat and density dependent processes, our analyses of realistic reef fish behaviors suggest that the NTMRs of the Dry Tortugas promote substantial gains in SPR, promoting long-term stock sustainability and enhanced egg production. Increased rates of movement diminish these benefits, but may also mitigate short-term losses in yield associated with NTMR establishment.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves 206-212. Also available online.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Montana, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Mar. 14, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-117).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Montana, 2006. / Mode of access: Internet. Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 8, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-52).

Diorhabda elongata elongata leaf beetles were released at two field locations in the upper Colorado River watershed of Texas in 2003 and 2004 for the biological control of invasive Tamarix, exotic trees deteriorating riparian ecosystems of western North America. Establishment and biological success were monitored using trees on transects from the release points. D. elongata elongata released at the Lake Thomas site in August 2003 successfully overwintered and were recovered in the spring 2004; however, beetles were not present after June 2004. The April 2004 release at Beals Creek led to establishment and survival during 2005 and 2006. Mean abundance increased from less than five insects per tree per 2 minute count in August 2004 to more than 40 insects per tree per 2 minute count in August 2006. By then the population was dispersed throughout an area of approximately 12 hectares and beetles were present on 100% of the 47 trees surveyed, 57% of which were at least 90% defoliated. To measure the impact of beetle defoliation on Tamarix, nonstructural carbohydrates (NCHOs) were measured in manipulative field cage experiments in Texas and natural experiments in Nevada. There was no significant difference in NCHOs between trees with versus trees without beetle herbivory in the cage experiment, although spring foliage regrowth was reduced by 35% in trees defoliated the previous fall. In Nevada, root crown tissue was sampled in 2005 and 2006 from trees that had experienced 0-4 years of defoliation. In 2005, NCHO concentrations differed between tree stands and ranged from 9.0 ± 0.8% (Mean ± SE) in non-defoliated trees to 3.2 ± 0.4%, 2.1 ± 0.4% and 2.3 ± 0.4% in trees defoliated for 1, 2 and 3 successive years, respectively. NCHO concentrations in 2006 were similar, ranging from 13.6 ± 0.9% in non-defoliated trees to 7.6 ± 0.8%, 2.3 ± 0.4%, 1.5 ± 0.3% and 1.7 ± 0.4% in trees defoliated for 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. The establishment, biological success and host impact of D. elongata leaf beetles suggest there is potential for biological control of Tamarix in the United States.