This thesis deals with actuarial methods that are used for life insurance and reinsurance, for traditional insurance products (whole life, term insurance, pure endowment, endowment, whole life annuity, temporary annuity). The main goal of this thesis is to outline the actuarial methods used for life insurance premium and reinsurance premium. The work is focused on the comparison of the unisex rates, gender specific rates and legislation changes for both sides, insurance company and policyholder. The model examples for each combination of insurance type and gender specific rates (male, female and unisex) are presented.In the last part of the thesis, the time series of the written premium for the Czech Republic market are analyzed for years from 2006 to 2013. The regression model is used to predict the development in next two years.

This thesis focuses on the analysis and description of the causes of trends in the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves in three selected Asian economies, China, Singapore and Hong Kong. In the analysis are examined selected factors whose relationship with the foreign reserves, based on their merits and in the work of this association subsequently investigated on empirical data, mainly from the balance of payments and the statement of net investment position to identify and specify the main causes of accumulation of foreign exchange reserves in individual economies. The general framework of work consists of the theories of international movement of capital, specifically called Lucas's paradox, whose presence adds insight about other possible causes of some capital flows.

The thesis deals with a role of foreign exchange reserves in developing countries. Main attention is devoted to the trends in development in foreign exchange reserves in recent years. The individual questions are analyzed in the context of accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. There are described connections between exchange reserves and individual periods of economic emergence in the developing countries. The thesis presents the meaning of exchange reserves in different types of foreign exchange regimes. There is described influence of exchange reserves on implementation of monetary policy. Foreign exchange reserves are divided in dependence on their origin. There is defined the relationship between accumulation of exchange reserves and net international investment position. The thesis deals with the role of foreign exchange reserves in global imbalances too. In the empirical part there are analyzed some questions described in theoretical part, using the cases of the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary.

Starting with the idea that unsustainable practices contribute to issues of social justice and poverty as much as to ecological issues. Chapter 1 traces the origins of the terms sustainable and development individually to see how it is that they came together. Chapter 2 traces the major international conferences and documents and their use of the terms sustainable development. Chapter 3 takes a phenomenology approach to get a bit deeper into sustainable development. I examine the most commonly cited definition of sustainable development as well as a broader definition of sustainable development as a process of change. Chapter 4 examines the field of environmental ethics and argues that constant debates over value distract policy makers from the central question of what morally motivates people to support environmental ethics views. Chapter 5 examines the institution and regime building process, and the conclusion offers three questions to measure our progress.

[pt] Uma possível razão para a alta acumulação de reservas internacionais observada em diversos países está relacionada à vontade de se assegurar contra eventuais crises. Os modelos quantitativos de seguro, entretanto, possuem dificuldade para racionalizar as posições de reserva, a menos que os agentes exibam níveis relativamente altos de aversão ao risco. Esse resultado sugere uma conexão entre o puzzle de reservas internacionais e o equity premium puzzle, que exploramos nesta dissertação. Introduzimos preferências Epstein- Zin em um modelo padrão de default soberano com dívida de longo prazo e um ativo livre de risco, e o calibramos para a economia mexicana. Em seguida, precificamos um ativo de ação dentro do modelo e usamos simulações para estabelecer uma relação positiva entre o nível ótimo de reservas e o equity premium, conforme variamos o grau de aversão ao risco dos agentes domésticos. Usando uma estimativa do equity premium para o México, calibramos o nível de aversão ao risco e encontramos um nível ótimo de reservas internacionais próximo aos dados. Por fim, fornecemos evidência empírica consistente com a relação estabelecida no modelo. Especificamente, introduzimos estimativas do equity premium e, usando especificações crosssectional e de painel, documentamos uma associação positiva e robusta entre essas duas variáveis. / [en] Insurance is a possible explanation for the large holdings of international reserves observed in many countries. Quantitative models of the insurance motive, however, struggle to rationalize reserve positions, unless agents exhibit relatively high levels of risk aversion. This result suggests a connection between the international reserves puzzle and the equity premium puzzle, which we explore in this paper. We introduce Epstein-Zin preferences into a standard sovereign default model with long-term debt and a risk-free asset, and calibrate it to the Mexican economy. We then price an equity claim within the model, and use simulations to establish a positive relationship between optimal reserve holdings and the equity premium, as we vary the degree of risk aversion of domestic agents. Using an estimate of the equity premium for Mexico, we calibrate the level of risk aversion and find it produces an optimal level of international reserves that is close to the data. Finally, we provide empirical evidence consistent with the relationship established with the model. Specifically, we introduce estimates of the equity premium into standard regressions used to explain countries holdings of international reserves. Using both cross-sectional and panel specifications, we document a robust positive association between these two variables.

The concept of provisions that would save the cost that make the profit lower. But on the other lead, this provisins concept has to be corresponding tu the diligence principle. Height needs that provisions leave to cover all possible risks.

<p>Specijalni rezervati prirode &quot;Gornje Podunavlje&quot;, &quot;Karađorđevo&quot;, &quot;Koviljsko - petrovaradinski rit&quot;, &quot;Obedska bara&quot;, i &quot;Stari Begej - Carska bara&quot; predstavljaju upečatljive primere vlažnih stani&scaron;ta Vojvodine. Raznovrsni prirodni resursi predodredili su ove prostore za privredni razvoj u okviru &scaron;umarstva, ribarstva, lovstva, ali i turizma. Sve to proizvodi&nbsp; snažan pritisak na za&scaron;tićene ekosisteme. Intenzivni uticaji na ove prostore realizovani su i u pro&scaron;losti, pre progla&scaron;enja za&scaron;tite. Zbog svega, ovo je pravi momenat da se počne razmi&scaron;ljati o njihovom održivom kori&scaron;ćenju, kako bi i buduće generacije mogle, u istoj ili većoj meri, da koriste resurse specijalnih rezervata prirode. Održivi razvoj bi mogao bitno da pomogne proces za&scaron;tite prirode koja je od su&scaron;tinskog značaja za ova vlažna stani&scaron;ta.</p> / <p>Special nature reserves &quot;Gornje Podunavlje, &quot;Karadjordjevo&quot;, &quot;Koviljsko - petrovaradinski rit&quot;, &quot;Obedska bara&quot;, and &quot;Stari Begej - Carska bara&quot; present outstanding examples of wetlands in Vojvodina. Diverse natural resources have earmarked these areas for economic development within forestry, fishing, hunting and tourism. All of these activities have protection of nature has been declared. Because of all this, it is the right moment to start thinking about using special nature reserves sustainably, so as to let future generations use their rosources to a greater extent. Sustainable development could significantly help the process of the protection of nature, which is of essential importance for these wetlands.</p>

The MA thesis "Volunteering in Armed Forces" focuses on describing and analysing the phenomenon of volunteering in relation to the voluntary service in the reserves of the armed forces. This topic is highly relevant in the Czech context, as there are long-term efforts made by the Czech Armed Forces to strengthen and enhance this specific component of national defense. In 2012 a new concept of reserves, the Active Reserve Concept (Koncepce aktivní zálohy) was finally approved by the Czech government. The first objective of this thesis is to shed some light on the general motivation of the volunteers to join the reserves and to show whether the incentives are mainly economic, socio-psychological or whether other factors are at play. In order to do this, the volunteering as such must first be defined as a phenomenon influencing the entire society. Then it is also necessary to show how volunteering related to national defense differs from other forms of volunteering. Next, the thesis illustrates how the system of active reserves works in a number of selected countries (Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States), where this model is applied for a long period of time and became widely accepted. The author points out the differences in national characteristics and other differences from the...

The rise of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind and solar power, creates new challenges for electric power systems. One of these challenges occur in Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) on power system because of decreasing system inertia from RES. The purpose of FCR is to regulate the system frequency after a disturbance that gives rise to a Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) and an Instantaneous Frequency Deviation (IFD). Conventional electricity production such as hydro and nuclear power have a contribution for the amount of inertia in the system, while RES lack this contribution of inertia.This paper studies different cases of amount of inertia to understand the impact of lower amount of inertia caused by RES on power system. A power system was simulated and the IFD and SteadyState Frequency Deviation (SSFD) of the system were examined as the nuclear powers were substituted by wind powers. The results showed that a large amount of inertia implies a small IFD and vice versa.Furthermore, this paper also studies Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) as a power support for FCR when using RES. The conclusion for the impact of the battery was to use high injected power and triggering frequency level (TLF) and vice versa to get an acceptable IFD. In other words, this means that it is possible to keep the IFD within predefined limits by using batteries and identify the appropriate range of battery control settings.

Leisure activities and outdoor recreation are valuable aspects of people's everyday life. With more people living in cities than ever, access to natural areas is becoming a more relevant issue, and many protected nature areas serve both to preserve biodiversity and make nature accessible to a wider public. Living at a distance to nature increases the need for transportation and previous research show that travel connected to leisure activities, and to outdoor activities in particular, is carried out by car to a higher extent than other travel. With increasing climate change, a shift towards more sustainable transportation is needed. While much research and work has been put into shifting everyday travel to public transport, there is a lack of research and a bigger resistance to change when it comes to leisuretravel. This study investigates the possibility of traveling with bus to nature reserves around Umeå, Sweden, by combining public transport data with data on nature reserves. The analyses are carried out in ArcGIS Pro, using Network Analyst models Route and Service area for six different times on a Saturday between 10.00 am and 11.40 am. The results show that, out of 69 nature reserves in a 50 km radius from the city centre, 24 are reachable within 90 minutes and ten of them within 60 minutes. Further, the study discusses the possibility to exercise popular outdoor activities in these nature reserves. The most common activities are walking and hiking and the findings show that six of the ten nature reserves have roads, paths or tracks that make these activities possible.