Thesis (Master of Military Studies)-Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Feb 9, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Edith Cowan University, 2008. / Submitted to the Faculty of Education and Arts. Includes bibliographical references.

A founder population of lion (Panthera Leo) was introduced into a 70 km² privately-owned, wildlife reserve in the Waterberg area of South Africa. The lion and prey species' populations were monitored between 2001 and 2004. In this period, 452 kills were recorded at a mean kill rate of one kill every 2.43 days. The lions killed 11 common prey species. Eland, warthog, kudu, wildebeest and zebra comprised 75 % of the lion's diet. The lions consumed an average of 8 % of the available common prey species population per annum. Initially, the mean ungulate population growth rate was 30.9 %, but this rate declined to -0.8 % during the study period. Significantly more animals were killed in open habitats than in closed habitats. The loss in game value for the study period was over one million Rand. A formula was compiled to quantify the cost versus return aspects of introducing lion. / Nature Conservation / M. Tech. (Nature Conservation)

The Eden To Addo Corridor Initiative aims to connect formally protected areas in a conservation corridor from the coastal area of the Eden District near Plettenberg Bay, Western Cape, South Africa to the Addo National Elephant Park, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The corridor will incorporate government and privately owned land, and will be an attempt to maintain ecological processes at a range of spatial and temporal scales. The Langkloof Valley lies between the Baviaanskloof World Heritage Area and the Tstitsikamma National Park; two formally protected areas that will be incorporated into the Eden To Addo Corridor. Spatial prioritization analyses allow conservation planners to select areas that should be targeted for conservation action based on a range of criteria. Historically, ecological criteria have been included mostly alone in spatial prioritization. Recently, the idea of ‘conservation opportunity’ has emerged in the field of conservation planning; the notion suggests that a range of different types of data should be included in processes to spatially prioritise for conservation. By including those data defined as ‘human’ and ‘social’ data into prioritising activities, the feasibility of conservation plans can be accounted for, but historically conservation planners have failed to do so. I conducted a literature review that demonstrated that although the importance of human and social data are acknowledged in the conservation planning literature, these data that define opportunity are rarely actually included in spatial prioritisation analyses. I then carried out a social assessment that allowed me to define the social and human context of our study area and, specifically, what stewardship instruments land managers in the Langkloof would be prepared to engage. We found that land managers were generally willing to engage, but lacked the financial capacity to adopt conservation methods. Using a subset of the social and human data that were collected in the social assessment, I trialled a new Decision Support Software to fuse those data with ecological data in a novel attempt to identify priority areas for conservation action based on ecological integrity and feasibility. We also scheduled (ranked) land managers to approach for conservation action with a focus on local champions and clusters of land managers displaying strong conservation characteristics. Two corridors were identified; a major corridor in the western region of the valley and a secondary corridor closer to the middle. The members of the Initiative have been briefed on the outcomes, which provided them an opportunity to provide feedback; it is hoped that the framework of this study can be used for planning future connections. The Eden To Addo Corridor Initiative sent out a stewardship extension officer in February 2011 to approach those land managers areas that were identified. This planning exercise is a good demonstration of how, by collaborating effectively, academic conservation planners can contribute to supporting decision making by organizations that are implementing conservation action.

The first part is characterized by a pond ecosystem and National Nature Reserve Řežabinec in terms of its historical development and creation. Are mentioned methods , the method and system of protection of the site. The paper describes a method of fish farming during the period of the individual plans of care farming in the last five years and the water conditions in the area . The ecosystem is assessed on the basis of available data in the literature to me In our own work we focus on monitoring water chemistry and state recovery tank , especially in terms of development and biomass of zooplankton species representation in the course of one growing season. He also details the fishing and agricultural management and water management conditions in the locality. Marginally judging submerged and littoral vegetation and the presence of water birds. This work demonstrated the dependence of the size of the fish stock on the frequency of a generic representation of zooplankton and the positive impact of lower stocking on the development and stability of the entire ecosystem. Contributes to the stability and sensitive farming in the last period.

We live in the time when humanity is often threatened by exceptional affairs, which affect health or lives all of us. To stop or overcome dangerous impacts of these exceptional affairs in society logistic system is built, which eliminated these impacts. This thesis is focused just on this system which is prepared to solve exceptional affairs its devices and resources. In the Czech Republic it is secured solution of the affairs by public administration, which provides basic logistic support. The Fire Rescue Brigade of the Czech Republic is a basic link of a logistic chain. Last years the population of the Czech Republic could make sure about need of logistic support either during devastating floods or tragic accidents. The knowledge of procedures and practical skills of an activity of precautions of protection of population is one of the basic conditions its successful realization while an exceptional affair occurs. The aim of the thesis was to find out and to evaluate the state of a logistic support in a section of protection of the population in public administration with a focus on municipalities with extended activities on a base of crisis management department staff and inhabitants given municipalities. The whole research was aimed so, that after accomplishment of research with the aid of conducted interviews with public administration staff was obtained information about logistic support of particular towns. The view of knowledge and awareness of inhabitants of particular towns was gained by analysis of data obtained by questionnaire survey. Simultaneously this information reflects a general view of a real state of awareness of these inhabitants from the side of council halls. The municipalities with extended activity Týn nad Vltavou, Písek and Tábor include lots of other municipalities. If the thesis should dedicated all of them in a detail, the work would be very comprehensive. That is why it is focused with only particular towns. The methodology of work consisted of collecting theoretical information obtained especially from professional literature, websites and valid laws. In order to find out logistic support and state of awareness of inhabitants conducted interviews (included 21 questions) with crisis management department staff were accomplished. Afterwards the questionnaire, which focused on this issue, was handed over chosen inhabitants.

A Contabilidade Financeira busca informações confiáveis que sejam razoavelmente livres de erros, viés e mostrem, fielmente, o que visam representar. A obtenção de valores ambientais com menos viés possíveis, mais acurados e comparáveis poderia, talvez, se constituir em parâmetro para definição de serviços ambientais, ensejar discussões quanto ao tratamento contábil da área do bioma preservado e, também, comercialização de certificado ambiental baseado na preservação do meio ambiente e, de forma geral, servir de subsídios para tomada de decisões empresariais e governamentais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor métrica de valoração de Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente em propriedades agrícolas, no seu estado natural, puro e ainda livre dos efeitos das ações humanas. A métrica foi desenvolvida com base no método de Custo de Oportunidade (CO), Contabilidade Emergética e Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (CAK). A referida métrica constitui-se da soma do valor do C.O. ao Valor Total do Bioma (VTB). Porém, o valor do C.O. é descontado pelo risco do negócio analisado. O VTB é estimado pela Contabilidade Emergética, sendo considerada a área do hectare preservado, em RL e/ou APP, e a área remanescente do bioma estudado. Então, o VTB é ponderado pela CAK, esta estimada pela variação dos preços da cultura agrícola analisada. Visando sua validação, estimou-se a área preservada em hectares de Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente de cada bioma terrestre brasileiro referente às dez culturas agrícolas que possuem maior área plantada. Das culturas utilizaram-se os dados sobre os valores brutos de produção, a variação dos preços em média nacional e a extensão territorial das unidades federais brasileiras. Utilizaram-se também os dados dos biomas terrestres brasileiros referentes às suas áreas totais e áreas remanescentes preservadas. Informações estas obtidas em consulta ao site do IBGE, IBAMA e Agrolink. Na sequência, foi aplicada a métrica para valorar os biomas preservados em nível nacional e sobre cinco culturas reais de dados coletados de empresas agrícolas. Entre os resultados obtidos com a métrica, o maior valor foi para o bioma Pampas sobre a cultura agrícola de mandioca no ano de 2010 (R$1.754,03) e o menor para o bioma Cerrado sob a cultura de trigo no ano de 2005 (R$ 53,67). A tentativa era expressar os valores, por meio da métrica proposta, que diferentes indivíduos atribuiriam aos biomas e, com isso, estimular a preservação ao viabilizar um mercado que remunere os preservadores. Trata-se de uma proposta inovadora, e os valores podem ser utilizados para auxiliar legisladores a viabilizar a regulamentação das legislações que preveem a concessão de compensações pela prestação de serviços ambientais, além de servirem como instrumentos de gestão ambiental interna às empresas, principalmente, pelo reconhecimento do potencial de benefícios dos recursos sob suas responsabilidades. / The Financial Accounting search reliable information that is reasonably free errors, bias and show, faithfully, what aim at represents. Obtaining environmental values with less bias possible, more accurate and comparable could, perhaps, constitute parameter for defining environmental services, give rise to discussions about the accounting treatment of the biome area preserved and, also, marketing of environmental certificate based on preservation the environment and, in general way, serve as support for business decisions take and government. This work aims to propose metric valuation of Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas on agricultural properties, in their natural state, pure and yet free from the effects of human actions. The metric was developed based on the method of Opportunity Cost (OC), Accounting Emergy and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The metric constitutes themselves from the sum of the value of O.C. to the Biome Total Value (BTV). However, the value of O.C. is discounted by business risk analyzed. The BTV is estimated by Emergy Accounting, considering the area hectare preserved in RL and / or APP, and the remaining area of the biome studied. So, the VTB is weighted by EKC, estimated by this change in the prices of agricultural crops analyzed. Aiming validation, estimated the preserved area in hectares of Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas of each terrestrial biome Brazilian referring to the ten crops that have greater acreage. From the cultures used the data on gross production, the price variation in average national and territorial scope of the federal units of Brazil. Were also used data from the Brazilian terrestrial biomes with respect to their total areas and remaining areas preserved. Information they obtained by consulting the IBGE site, IBAMA and Agrolink. Further, we applied the metric to value biomes preserved in national and over five real cultures data collected from agricultural enterprises. Between the results obtained with the metric, the highest value was for the Pampas biome on the cassava crop in 2010 (R $ 1,754.03) and lowest for the Cerrado biome in the wheat crop in 2005 (R $ 53.67). The attempt was to express the values, through the proposed metric, which would assign individuals on different biomes and, thereby, encouraging the preservation by allowing a market to remunerate preservers. This is an innovative proposal, and the values can be used to assist legislators to enable the regulation of the laws that predict the granting compensation the provision of environmental services, besides serving as instruments of internal environmental management firms, mainly, by recognition of the potential benefits of the resources under their responsibility.

This paper investigates empirically the interest rate channel of the transmission mechanism of the monetary policy in Peru. Using monthly data for the six largest banks for the period June 2003 – June 2010 we study the two main policy instruments used under the inflation-target regime: the rate of monetary policy and the required bank reserves rate. We fit a dynamic panel data model obtaining two fundamental results. First, increases in the rate of monetary policy affectpositively and significantly the interest rates on commercial loans charged by the six largest banks of the country. Second, no evidence is found that the required bank reserves rate on deposits in Peruvian currency / Este trabajo evalúa empíricamente el canal de tasas de interés en el mecanismo de transmisión de la política monetaria en el Perú, durante el periodo junio 2003-junio 2010, empleando datos mensuales de bancos individuales. Se estudian los dos principales instrumentos de política utilizados bajo el régimen de metas de inflación: la tasa de política monetaria y la tasa de encaje.Utilizando un modelo de datos de panel dinámico, nuestro trabajo tiene dos resultados básicos. En primer lugar, un alza de la tasa de interés de referencia tiene un impacto positivo y significativo sobre las tasas de interés de los préstamos comerciales fijadas por los seis bancos más grandes del país. En segundo lugar, no encontramos evidencia que sugiera que la tasa de encaje a los depósitos en moneda nacional influye sobre estas mismas tasas de interés fijadas por estos seisbancos durante el periodo analizado.

Poucos ambientes terrestres deixaram de sofrer algum nível de interferência humana. As populações pré-históricas tiveram um papel importante na formação de determinadas paisagens e, como conseqüência, suas ações contribuíram para as características das paisagens atuais. Na Amazônia, tais transformações antropogênicas são inferidas por indícios de: (1) queimadas; (2) assentamentos; (3) ilhas de florestas manejadas; (4) diques em formatos geométricos; (5) terra preta; (6) campos elevados; (7) redes de transporte e comunicação; (8) estruturas para manejo da água e da pesca; entre outros. A partir da colonização européia no século XVI, a ocupação humana na região começou a receber novas influências. As relações com os recursos naturais estabelecidas pelas populações pré-colombianas foram muito pouco consideradas. A introdução de novas ferramentas e o choque cultural provocado pelos colonizadores alterou o nível de mobilização da energia do meio para as atividades produtivas humanas, ocasionando mudanças nos modos de vida das populações. A partir de meados do século XX, a implantação dos programas institucionais de colonização deu origem a uma nova motivação para a transformação das paisagens, pela qual a extração dos produtos florestais passou a ser uma atividade secundária, para dar lugar a uma lógica de supressão da floresta para introdução de novos elementos, que seriam produzidos para atender a um contexto externo. Além disso, o espaço passou a ser delimitado em propriedades privadas, que só seriam reconhecidas em função da supressão da floresta para dar início às atividades produtivas. Dessa forma, houve um crescimento exponencial na escala espaço-temporal das transformações das paisagens. Por meio da complementação e do confronto das perspectivas evolutivas, históricas e sociais, o presente trabalho se propôs a caracterizar as diferentes dinâmicas de ocupação nas paisagens amazônicas. O período estudado abrange desde a chegada do ser humano até os dias de hoje, buscando entender como o desenvolvimento da organização social e das tecnologias foi capaz de modificar as paisagens no passado e como o faz atualmente. Os dados foram analisados em função de um seqüenciamento temporal. Três dinâmicas de ocupação distintas foram caracterizadas e nomeadas em função dos diferentes níveis de transformação da paisagem, ao longo dos contextos históricos do período de estudo: Dinâmica da Diversificação (9000 a.C. e 1600 d.C.); Dinâmica da Simplificação (1600 d.C. e 1960 d.C.) e Dinâmica da Supressão (a partir de 1960 d.C.). Como uma das conclusões, assumiu-se que o conceito de paisagem depende da existência de dois elementos: natureza e humanidade. Enquanto esses dois elementos coexistirem, a paisagem sempre estará presente, independente de suas qualidades. Dessa forma, nos 11000 anos de convivência entre a humanidade e a floresta amazônica, não foi a sustentabilidade da paisagem que foi ameaçada e sim a sustentabilidade das próprias sociedades que dependem dela. Esse complexo cenário ecológico, social e econômico ao qual a Amazônia está atualmente submetida, tem como principal característica a presença de 85% das áreas ainda em bom estado de conservação. Tal proporção confere ao Brasil a responsabilidade de desenvolver novas técnicas de gestão ambiental que considerem as especificidades regionais, combinando o desenvolvimento econômico do país com a conservação da mais importante floresta tropical do mundo. / In this planet, very few environments are free from anthropogenic disturb. The prehistoric populations used to play significant roles for the formation of some kind of landscapes; the consequences of their actions contributed to the present landscape characteristics. At the Amazon, these transformations are inferred from anthropogenic vestiges, such as: (1) burned areas in the forest; (2) human settlements; (3) managed forest islands; (4) geometrical ditches; (5) dark soils; (6) raised fields; (7) transportation and communication networks; (8) water and fish management structures; among others. The established ways of natural resources uses by pre- Columbian population were looked to down since European colonization in the sixteenth century. The introduction of new tools and cultural shock given by European settlers changed the level of energy necessary to human productive activities, changing the population ways of life. From the middle of the twentieth century, the diffusion of institutional settlement programs led to new motivations for landscape transformation, through which the extraction of forest products has become secondary activity, and give rise to a logic of forest suppression and introduction of new production lines to external context. Furthermore, the land was delimited as private properties, which would only be recognized after forest removal in order to start productive activities. Therefore, there was an exponential growth in space-time scale of landscape transformations. Through complementation and interface among evolutionary, historical and social perspectives, this work has proposed to characterize the different settlement dynamics in the Amazon landscapes, since the arrival of human beings up to now, in order to understand how the development of social organization and technologies was able to change the landscapes in the past, and how they do it today. The data were analyzed as a temporal sequencing. Three distinct settlement dynamics were characterized and nominated considering different levels of landscape transformation, along the historical contexts of the studied periods in this work: (1) Dynamic of Diversification (9000 BC to 1600 AD); (2) Dynamic of Simplification (1600 AD to 1960 AD); and (3) Dynamic of Suppression (from 1960 AD on). A conclusion was assumed that landscape concept depends on the existence of two elements: nature and mankind. While these two elements coexist, the landscape will always be present, despite their characteristics. Thus, in 11000 years of coexistence between mankind and Amazon forest it was not threatened the landscape sustainability, but the sustainability of the societies themselves. This complex ecological, social and economical situation which Amazon is currently undergoing has as main characteristic the presence of 85% of this area in good conservation conditions. Such ratio gives to Brazil the responsibility to develop new environmental management techniques that consider the regional specificities, matching sustained economic development of the nation and conservation of the most important tropical forest of the world.

Orientador: Mauro William Barbosa de Almeida / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T07:41:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_ElizaMaraLozano_D.pdf: 8669496 bytes, checksum: 234bf27806e72f436e88f787b60a7546 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: As Reservas Extrativistas surgiram no contexto das lutas de populações que viviam na Amazônia durante as décadas de 1970 e 1980 em busca da manutenção de seus territórios tradicionais e de uma maior atuação nas decisões sobre o futuro da floresta. O trabalho procura descrever as formas dessa atuação política a partir de estudos históricos e etnografias realizadas na Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá, estado do Acre, entre 1994 e 2002. Utilizando o conceito de "redes sociais", o trabalho procura demonstrar a dinâmica dessas redes ao longo do tempo e do espaço, assinalando como elas se configuram a partir dos conflitos em torno de recursos, idéias e pessoas, e que, por sua vez, continuam alimentando essas disputas. Essas disputas são evidenciadas a partir das redes formadas com a atuação de órgãos ambientais, universidades e ONGs que trazem recursos humanos e materiais e propostas ligadas ao conceito de Reservas Extrativistas e outras redes que ligam membros de Prefeitura, antigos patrões, comerciantes e outros órgãos públicos, com recursos, pessoas e outros projetos de desenvolvimento para a região. Acompanhando como os moradores, líderes locais e alguns agentes externos relacionam-se nesse contexto, observa-se que relações que poderiam ser denominadas participativas, ou, por outro lado, assistencialistas ou clientelistas são aqui consideradas como resultado da intensa politização local, em que os moradores estão constantemente assumindo riscos políticos ao manejar as possibilidades de perdas e ganhos no dinâmico processo de configuração dessas redes / Abstract: The Extractive Reserves appeared in the context of struggles of the dwellers in the Amazon during decades of 1970 and 1980, in order to keep their traditional territories and to improve their actuation upon the decisions about the forest future. This work intend to describe the forms of this political actuations based on historic and ethnographic researches which were made in the Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve, estate of Acre, from 1994 to 2002. Using the concept of "social networks", the work treys to demonstrate the dynamic of these networks along the time and space, showing how they are configured by conflicts about resources, ideas and persons, and how these factors keep reinforcing those networks. These disputes are seem through the networks formed by the action of environmental agencies, Universities and NGOs which bring human and material resources and ideas linked to the concept of Extractive Reserves, and others networks which connect local government, old "patrões", traders and others public agencies with others development projects to the region. In this context, following how relations among dwellers, local leaders and some external agents happen, it was observed relations that could be named as participative or based on the 'assistencialism', but here are seem as a result of intensive politicization of the population, in which the dwellers are frequently assuming political risks in the handing the loose and gain possibilities in the networks configuration dynamic / Doutorado / Antropologia / Doutor em Ciências Sociais