Metamorphosis may be defined as postembryonic developmental changes in non-reproductive structures of an organism. Such changes anticipate changes in the organism's environment (Frieden, 1961). Metamorphosis of amphibian larvae is dependent on the thyroid hormone in the circulating body fluid, and the normal sequence of metamorphosis has been correlated with a progressive increase in the concentration of thyroxine in the blood (Barch, 1953; Moore, 1964). While the rate of oxygen uptake in developing tadpoles has been well studied and documented, only a single reference on carbon dioxide release could be found. Belehradek and Huxley (1927) noted that carbon dioxide output increased immediately after the feeding of thyroid to frog tadpoles, but that during the ensuing induced metamorphosis, the carbon dioxide production diminished, finally reaching 60% of the original larval value. No references on carbon dioxide release during spontaneous metamorphosis could be found. In normal, aerobic respiration, the relative amounts of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide released changed characteristically with the chemical nature of the metabolized substrate. An RQ of 1.0, 0.8, and 0.7 indicate metabolism of pure carbohydrate, lipid, and protein, respectively. Thus, the RQ provides some information about the nature of the transformations in progress (Witschi, 1956; Brown, 1964). The dietary change from herbivore to carnivore which occurs toward the end of anuran metamorphosis would be expected to result in a change in the ratio of oxygen consumed to CO2 produced. This study was undertaken with the intention of gaining an insight into the nature of the metabolic reactions in metamorphosing Hyla regilla tadpoles by determining the RQ at various stages of development.

Submitted by RISELY FERRAZ ALMEIDA (rizely@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T01:11:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Risely_Ferraz_Almeida.pdf: 1907638 bytes, checksum: 54826ce5c26a680dbbfdb607f7d4cad5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T20:23:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_rf_dr_jabo.pdf: 1907638 bytes, checksum: 54826ce5c26a680dbbfdb607f7d4cad5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T20:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_rf_dr_jabo.pdf: 1907638 bytes, checksum: 54826ce5c26a680dbbfdb607f7d4cad5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O oxigênio (O2) e o dióxido de carbono (CO2) no solo são os dois principais gases relacionados com a atividade dos microorganismos no solo. Assim, esta tese foi desenvolvida para observar a concentração e a relação entre a concentração do CO2 e O2 sob diferentes sistemas de resíduos. Para isso, realizamos dois experimentos de solo no Brasil e nos EUA, respectivamente. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido para examinar a relação entre fluxo de CO2 (FCO2) e o fluxo de O2 (FO2) usando a umidade do solo e o O2 como um predictor da respiração do solo em uma área de cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes manejos de resíduos (colheita mecânica - GH versus colheita queimada – BH). Portanto, os resultados do primeiro experimento estão descritos no Capítulo 2 e sendo intitulado de "Uso da captura de O2 como índice de respiração de CO2 em áreas de cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes manejos". O segundo experimento do solo observou o impacto do biochar na emissão ou sorção de CO2 e O2 nos solos. Assim, foram estudados três tipos de solos (Rosemount - RM, Potting Sol Sunshine - PS e UM), cinco biochars diferentes (biochar de chip de pinho - ICM, biochar de Carvalho Oak Royal - RO, biochar Acurel ativado - AAC, biochar de Bambu - B; biochar de Macadâmia - MC) e o tratamento controle (solo sem biochar). Consequentemente, os resultados foram descritos no Capítulo 3 e intitulado "Como a captura de O2 pode nos ajudar a entender os processos de sorção de CO2 via biochar?". Assim, nós podemos concluir com os nossos resultados que a concentração e relação entre FCO2 e FO2 dependem dos diferentes sistemas e condições dos solos estudados, tais como: manejo de resíduos de culturas do solo, umidade do solo e uso de biochar. O FO2 está positivamente correlacionado com o FCO2 via atividade biológica e com valores de coeficientes respiratório (RQ) próximos de 1,0. Além disso, podemos observar que valores de RQ maiores que 1 são resultados dos fluxos de troca solo-gás após precipitação ou maior disponibilidade de O2 no meio. Assim, o FO2 pode ser utilizado como um índice para categorizar uma fonte de respiração de CO2. Para concluir, o biochar pode ser utilizado para sequestrar CO2 da atmosfera em curto período de tempo. No entanto, acreditamos que mais estudos devem ser desenvolvidos para elucidar a sorção de CO2 e O2 pelo biochar e suas reações (biológicas e/ou químicas) quando adicionado biochar no solo. / The soil O2 and CO2 concentration are the two most important gases related to soil microorganisms. Thus, this thesis was developed to observe the concentration and relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) under different residue systems. For that, we run two soil experiments in Brazil and the USA, respectively. The first experiment was developed to examine the relationship between CO2 and O2 using soil moisture and O2 as a soil respiration predictor in a sugarcane area under different managements of residues (mechanical harvesting - GH versus straw burning - BH). Therefore, the first experimental results are described in the Chapter 2 and entitled “Use of O2 uptake as an index of CO2 respiration in sugarcane areas under different managements”. We run the second soil experiment measuring biochar’s impact on CO2 production or sorption and O2 uptake in amended soils. Thus, we studied three soil types (Rosemount - RM; Potting soil Sunshine - PS; and UM) and five different biochars (Pine chip biochar - ICM; Royal Oak hardwood lump charcoal - RO; Accurel activated charcoal - AAC; Bamboo - B; and Macadamia nut - MC) and control treatment (Soil without biochar). Consequently, the results are described in the Chapter 3 and entitled “How O2 uptake can help us understand the CO2 sorption processes by biochar?”. Thus, we can conclude with our results that the concentration and relationship between FCO2 and FO2 depend on different systems and soil conditions, for example: soil crop residue managements, soil moisture and use of biochar. The FO2 is positively correlated with FCO2 at biological condition with respiratory quotient (RQ) values close to 1.0. Moreover, we can observe that RQ values higher than 1 are results of soil–gas exchange fluxes after precipitation or higher available on O2. Thus, the FO2 can be used as an index for categorizing the source of FCO2 respiration. To finish, we can observe that the biochar can be used to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere by the absence of biological activities in a short period of time. However, we believe that more study should be developed to elucidate the CO2 and O2 sorption by biochars and their reactions (biological and/or chemical) when added biochar in soil.

Thesis (M.A.(Human Movement Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Summary in English and Afrikaans.

Orientador: Alan Rodrigo Panosso / Resumo: The increase in CO2 concentration in the Earth's atmosphere was the main cause of global warming, accounting for about 60% of total greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this work was to characterize the temporal patterns of CO2 emission, temperature, humidity and soil O2 capture, as well as their relationships in areas of Eucalyptus, Pinus and Ciliary forest reforested in a dystrophic Red Latosol in the Biome Cerrado, in the region of the municipality of Selvíria - MS. The study was conducted in three reforested areas located in the municipality of Selvíria-MS. Experimental areas consisted of forests planted with eucalyptus (EU), riparian forest (MA), pinus (PI). The CO2 emission from the soil was recorded using the LI-COR system (LI-8100) and the determination of soil O2 a uptake by means of the UV Flux 25% system. The results of CO2 emission, temperature, humidity and O2 capture were evaluated by means of repeated measures in time, by means of mixed models and descriptive statistics. Tukey's test was performed at a 5% probability level. The ratio of emitted CO2 to O2 consumed (RQ) was calculated. The mean CO2 emission of the soil in the studied areas EU, MA, PI, was 5.61; 5.53 and 4.06. μmol m-2 s-1 respectively. EO2 did not differ statistically in the three areas studied. MA had the highest soil moisture value. Most of the RQ values were <1. The total CO2 emissions recorded in 193 days of evaluation were 11.26 Mg ha-1 for EU 10.99 Mg ha-1, MA and 7,97 Mg ha-1 PI, wh... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The most widely way used to store apples is the controlled atmosphere (CA), were the oxygen is reduced, but this is far above the lower oxygen limit (LOL) tolerated by the fruit. The use of technologies that allow the monitoring of oxygen levels at least tolerated by the fruit can help maintain quality and reduce the incidence and of physiological disorders and postharvest diseases. The dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) is one of these technologies, which change the O2 throughout the storage period according to the fruit metabolism. The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of DCA storage monitored by the respiratory quotient (RQ) and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), as well as their interaction with the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the physicochemical quality and physiological disorders, especially superficial scald of 'Granny Smith' apple. The following storage conditions were evaluated: a) Conventional CA with 1.5 kPa O2 plus 1.0 kPa CO2; b) DCA-RQ 1.3; c) DCA - RQ 1.5; d) DCA - RQ 1.7; e) DCA-CF (HarvestWatchTM DCA). The CO2 partial pressure was maintained at 1.2 kPa and the temperature at 1.5 °C in all treatments. After 9 months of storage, at the fruits removal from the storage chamber, evaluations were performed for superficial scald incidence and severity, decay and healthy fruits incidence. The other evaluations were performed after a 7 days period of shelf life at 20 ° C in. Fruits stored under DCA had lower ethylene production and respiration as compared to fruits stored in conventional CA, because of the lower 1-acid-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic enzyme activity by apples stored in DCA-RQ 1.5 and 1.7. The storage of apples in DCA-RQ 1.5 or 1.7 resulted in low superficial scald incidence. Under these conditions the application of 1-MCP had no benefit in reducing this disorder, suggesting that their application may be needless, but it is efficient when the fruits are stored in conventional CA and DCA-CF. In fruits DCA-RQ 1.7 storage occurred most volatile production associated with fermentative metabolism, but without decline of the fruit quality. Apples stored in DCA-RQ 1.7 kept greener color as compared to fruit stored in conventional CA due to the higher concentration of total chlorophyll. The firmness of the fruit stored in DCA-RQ fruit was higher as compared to the ones stored in CA, regardless of the application of 1-MCP. Under DCA-CF, application of 1-MCP has been shown not to be beneficial for maintaining the quality of the 'Granny Smith', as it provided the highest occurrence of decay. The storage in DCA provided higher number of healthy fruits as compared to the ones stored in CA. / A forma mais utilizada para o armazenamento de maçãs é a atmosfera controlada (AC), em que é reduzido o nível de O2, mas este fica muito acima do limite mínimo tolerado pelo fruto. O uso de tecnologias que permitem o monitoramento dos níveis de oxigênio no mínimo tolerado pelos frutos pode auxiliar a manutenção da qualidade e reduzir a incidência de distúrbios fisiológicos e podridões. A atmosfera controlada dinâmica (ACD) é uma destas tecnologias de controle e variação do O2 ao longo de todo o período de armazenamento de acordo com o metabolismo dos frutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do armazenamento em atmosfera controlada dinâmica monitorada pelos métodos do quociente respiratório (QR) e da fluorescência de clorofila (FC), bem como a sua interação com a aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre a manutenção da qualidade e redução de distúrbios fisiológicos, especialmente a escaldadura superficial na maçã Granny Smith . As condições de armazenamento avaliadas foram: a) AC convencional com 1,0 kPa O2 mais 1,5 kPa CO2; b) ACD com quociente respiratório (QR) 1,3; c) ACD-QR 1,5; d) ACD-QR 1,7; e) ACD monitorada pela fluorescência de clorofila (ACD-FC) (HarvestWatchTM DCA). A pressão parcial de CO2 foi mantida em 1,2 kPa em todos os tratamentos e a temperatura em 1,5 °C. Após nove meses de armazenamento, no momento da saída dos frutos da câmara, foram realizadas avaliações quanto à incidência e severidade de escaldadura superficial, incidência de podridões e frutos sadios. As demais avaliações foram realizadas após um período de sete dias em que os frutos permaneceram expostos à temperatura de 20 °C com o objetivo de simular o período de prateleira. Frutos armazenados sob ACD apresentaram menor produção de etileno e respiração que frutos armazenados em AC convencional, como resultado da menor atividade da enzima ACC oxidase nas maçãs armazenadas em ACD-QR 1,5 e 1,7. O armazenamento de maçãs em ACD-QR 1,5 ou 1,7 favoreceu uma menor incidência de escaldadura superficial. Nestas condições a aplicação de 1-MCP não teve nenhum benefício na redução desse distúrbio, sugerindo que sua aplicação pode ser dispensada, porém é necessária quando os frutos são armazenados em AC convencional e ACD-FC. Nos frutos armazenados em ACD com QR 1,7 ocorreu maior produção de voláteis associados ao metabolismo fermentativo, contudo, não houve prejuízo à qualidade dos frutos. Maçãs armazenadas em ACD-QR 1,7 mantiveram coloração mais verde que frutos armazenados em AC convencional devido à maior concentração de clorofilas totais. A firmeza dos frutos armazenados em ACD-QR foi maior que frutos em AC, independentemente da aplicação de 1-MCP. Sob ACD-FC a aplicação de 1-MCP demonstrou não ser benéfica para a manutenção da qualidade das maçãs Granny Smith , uma vez que forneceu a maior ocorrência de podridões. O uso de ACD proporcionou um maior número de frutos sadios quando comparado a AC convencional.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MA (HMS))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

Nectarivorous hummingbirds subsist almost exclusively on a mixture of sucrose, glucose and fructose found in floral nectar. Previous studies have shown that hummingbirds can fuel hovering flight almost exclusively using recently ingested sucrose. However, the relative capacities for the direct utilization of glucose and fructose by hovering hummingbirds remain unknown. 13C-enriched solutions of glucose and fructose were administered separately. Exhaled breath samples were collected using feeder-mask respirometry and sent for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. I found hovering hummingbirds transition from exclusively oxidizing endogenous fatty acids when fasted, to oxidizing newly ingested carbohydrates when given access to either glucose or fructose solutions. Interestingly, the amount ingested, fractional turnover of stable carbon isotope signatures, amount oxidized, energy expended and proportion of hovering metabolism supported by each hexose, were each similar between glucose and fructose. These results demonstrate hovering hummingbirds’ ability to utilize fructose and glucose equally.

Nectarivorous hummingbirds subsist almost exclusively on a mixture of sucrose, glucose and fructose found in floral nectar. Previous studies have shown that hummingbirds can fuel hovering flight almost exclusively using recently ingested sucrose. However, the relative capacities for the direct utilization of glucose and fructose by hovering hummingbirds remain unknown. 13C-enriched solutions of glucose and fructose were administered separately. Exhaled breath samples were collected using feeder-mask respirometry and sent for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. I found hovering hummingbirds transition from exclusively oxidizing endogenous fatty acids when fasted, to oxidizing newly ingested carbohydrates when given access to either glucose or fructose solutions. Interestingly, the amount ingested, fractional turnover of stable carbon isotope signatures, amount oxidized, energy expended and proportion of hovering metabolism supported by each hexose, were each similar between glucose and fructose. These results demonstrate hovering hummingbirds’ ability to utilize fructose and glucose equally.

No description available.

Title: Comparison of universal and specific functional stress tests of ski-mountaineerers. Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to compare maximal functional parameters of ski-mountaineerers measured during three functional laboratory stress tests. The functional stress tests were set on a treadmill, bicycle ergometer, and on a ski-mountaineer trainer. Consecutively, there is evaluated the meaning of testing of the functional parameters on the ski-mountaineer trainer. Methods: Interindividual and intraindividual descriptive study of 10 ski-mountaineerers of middle and high level performance. Results: The respondents reached the average value of VO2max 63,3 ml.kg-1 .min-1 on the ski-mountaineer trainer, 67,5 ml.kg-1 .min-1 on a treadmill and 66,5 ml.kg-1 .min-1 on a bicycle ergometer. The average measured HR on the ski-mountaineer trainer was 179 heartbeats/min, on the treadmill 185 heartbeats/min and on the bycicle ergometer 183 heartbeats/min. The average value of R reached the value of 1,09 on the ski-mountaineer trainer, 1,18 on the treadmill and 1, 19 on the bycicle ergometer. The highest measured value of VO2max reached on the treadmill was 79,3 ml.kg-1 .min-1 , the bycicle ergometer enabled to reach maximum 76,5 ml.kg-1 .min-1 and the highest value reached on the ski-mountaineer trainer was...