In order to achieve a more accurate input value for groundwater age determining models, δ13CVPDB values for soil gas were evaluated at 50 cm depths in locations throughout Utah in order to define correlations between δ13C and environmental parameters. 16 sites were chosen that exploited large changes in elevation and latitude which provided variations in climate, precipitation, plant community, etc. Gas samples were collected over 1-1½ years, and soil samples were collected at depth during installations. Field and laboratory studies were also used to evaluate CO2 and δ13C change with depth. It was discovered that in mountainous recharge areas, the mean δ13C value was −21.8 ± 2.8‰ (2σ). Use of this value reduced the uncertainty in groundwater age models by close to half relative to the current assumed range of -13‰ to -28‰. One arid and one semi-arid site were located at Pilot Valley (mean -11.0‰ ± 2.0, 2σ) and the mouth of Cedar Canyon (mean -17.5‰ ± 0.8, 2σ). The high values at these locations may be due to low root respiration and low microbial activity rates caused by high temperatures, low precipitation, and low vegetation density. Correlations among environmental parameters and δ13C values were discovered with ANOVA, but the differences were small enough that for practical purposes they are insignificant.

No description available.

No description available.

The performance of a home-built tunable diode laser (TDL) spectrometer has been optimized regarding multi-line detection of carbon dioxide in natural gases. In the regime of the (30<SUP>0</SUP>1)<SUB>III</SUB> ← (000) band of <SUP>12</SUP>CO<SUB>2</SUB> around 1.6 μm, the dominating isotope species <SUP>12</SUP>CO<SUB>2</SUB>, <SUP>13</SUP>CO<SUB>2</SUB>, and <SUP>12</SUP>C<SUP>18</SUP>O<SUP>16</SUP>O were detected simultaneously. In contrast to most established techniques, selective measurements are performed without any sample preparation. This is possible since the CO<SUB>2</SUB> detection is free of interference from water, ubiquitous in natural gases. Detection limits in the range of a few ppmv were obtained for each species utilizing wavelength modulation (WM) spectroscopy with balanced detection in a long-path absorption cell set-up. Linear calibration plots cover a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude, allowing for quantitative CO<SUB>2</SUB> detection in various samples, like soil and breath gas. High isotopic resolution enables the excellent selectivity, sensitivity, and stability of the chosen analytical concept. The obtained isotopic resolution of typically ± 1.0 ‰ and ± 1.5 ‰ (for 3 vol. % and 0.7 vol. % of CO<SUB>2</SUB>, respectively) offers a promising analytical tool for isotope-ratio determination of carbon dioxide in soil gas. Preliminary experiments on soil respiration for the first time combine the on-line quantification of the overall carbon dioxide content with an optode sensor and isotopic determination (TDL system) of natural gas species.

No description available.

A pecuária é considerada uma das principais fontes de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) no Brasil. Sua participação no inventario nacional de emissões de GEE está relacionada tanto à conversão da vegetação nativa em pastagens, com a perda de biomassa vegetal e modificações nas propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, quanto à participação dos próprios animais, através da eructação e da deposição de dejetos. A quantificação das emissões de GEE em sistemas agropecuários possibilita avaliar o grau de impacto dessa atividade sobre o ambiente. Grande parte dos estudos realizados para a quantificação das emissões dos dejetos do gado foi desenvolvido em regiões de clima temperado, porém faltam informações para as condições tropicais. No Brasil os fatores de emissão obtidos são menores que o valor default de 2% proposto pelo IPCC. Em vista ao grau de incerteza associado ao valor default para os dejetos animais, confirma-se a necessidade da determinação de fatores de emissão específicos, com o objetivo de conferir maior precisão aos inventários nacionais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram (i) avaliar os sistemas vegetação nativa e pastagem quanto aos fluxos de GEE provenientes das respectivas fontes: solo, fezes e urina do gado, com a finalidade de verificar suas contribuições específicas no total de GEE emitidos; (ii) determinar os fatores de emissão dos dejetos animais para a região edafoclimática da região sudeste do Brasil. Esse estudo foi realizado durante as estações seca e chuvosa, para avaliar também o efeito da sazonalidade na emissão de GEE. Foi utilizado câmaras estáticas fixadas ao solo para quantificação dos fluxos de CO2, CH4 e N2O, por um período de trinta dias em cada estação. Os fluxos diários de emissão de GEE provenientes dos dejetos apresentaram pico de emissão logo após sua aplicação, que perduraram apenas durante os primeiros dez dias amostrados. Os fatores de emissão do N2O calculados neste estudo também foram inferiores ao default, de 0,05% para a urina e 0,001% para as fezes na estação seca, e de 0,4% e 0,004% na estação chuvosa, respectivamente. O fator de emissão do CH4 calculado para as fezes do gado foi de 0,012 kg CH4 cabeça-1 ano-1 na estação seca e 0,004 kg CH4 cabeça-1 ano-1 na estação chuvosa. Os fluxos acumulados de CH4 e N2O gerados nesse estudo foram convertidos em CO2 equivalente, para efeito de comparação, para a contabilização da contribuição total de cada fonte na emissão de GEE. O solo sob vegetação nativa emitiu um total de 274 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, enquanto que na pastagem esse valor foi de 657 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, sem contabilizar os dejetos. Os dejetos contribuíram com 9.853 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, e quando somado um valor default para a eructação do gado, esse valor aumentou para 27.878 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1. Os resultados demonstram que a pastagem emite uma quantidade 2,5 maior de GEE para a atmosfera quando comparado com uma área de vegetação nativa. Além disso, verificou-se a influência da sazonalidade na emissão dos GEE e a importante contribuição dos dejetos no total das emissões contabilizadas para o sistema pastagem / Livestock is considered one of the main sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission in Brazil. Its contribution is related either to conversion of native vegetation in pasture areas, with changes in physical and chemical soil properties, consequently changing the GHG fluxes into the atmosphere, or by the decomposition of livestock manure. Most studies conducted to quantify emissions from livestock manure have been developed in temperate regions with still a lack of information for tropical conditions. In Brazil, emission factors obtained were lower than the default value of 2% proposed by IPCC. Due to the uncertainty degree associated with the default value for animal manure, confirms the need for determination of specific emission factors, in order to give greater precision to national inventories. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the systems native vegetation and pasture as the GHG fluxes from the respective sources: soil, faeces and cattle urine, in order to verify their specific contributions in the total GHG emissions; (ii) and determine the emission factors of animal manure. This study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons, to evaluate the effect of seasonality in GHG emissions. Static chambers fixed to the ground were used to quantify CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes for a period of thirty days in each season, with five replicates for each treatment. On each day of collection, sampling was performed at regular intervals (0, 10 and 20 minutes after chamber closure). The GHG emission daily flows from manure showed a peak of emission immediately after application, which lasted only during the first ten days sampled. The N2O emission factors calculated in this study were lower than the default, 0.05% for urine and 0.001% for faeces in the dry season, and 0.4% and 0.004% in the rainy season, respectively. The CH4 emission calculated factors for the cattle faeces were 0.012 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 in the dry season and 0.004 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 in the rainy season. The cumulative flows of CH4 and N2O generated in this study were converted into CO2 equivalent, for comparison, accounting for the total contribution of each source of GHG emissions. The soil under native vegetation issued a total of 274 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, while in the pasture this value was 657 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, not counting the manure. The manure contributed 9853 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, and when coupled with a default value for cattle belching, this value increased to 27,878 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1. The results demonstrate that the pasture emits 2.5-fold greater quantity of GHG when compared to a native vegetation area. In addition, there was the influence of seasonality on GHG emissions and the important contribution of waste in total emissions accounted for pasture system

A pecuária é considerada uma das principais fontes de emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) no Brasil. Sua participação no inventario nacional de emissões de GEE está relacionada tanto à conversão da vegetação nativa em pastagens, com a perda de biomassa vegetal e modificações nas propriedades físicas e químicas do solo, quanto à participação dos próprios animais, através da eructação e da deposição de dejetos. A quantificação das emissões de GEE em sistemas agropecuários possibilita avaliar o grau de impacto dessa atividade sobre o ambiente. Grande parte dos estudos realizados para a quantificação das emissões dos dejetos do gado foi desenvolvido em regiões de clima temperado, porém faltam informações para as condições tropicais. No Brasil os fatores de emissão obtidos são menores que o valor default de 2% proposto pelo IPCC. Em vista ao grau de incerteza associado ao valor default para os dejetos animais, confirma-se a necessidade da determinação de fatores de emissão específicos, com o objetivo de conferir maior precisão aos inventários nacionais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram (i) avaliar os sistemas vegetação nativa e pastagem quanto aos fluxos de GEE provenientes das respectivas fontes: solo, fezes e urina do gado, com a finalidade de verificar suas contribuições específicas no total de GEE emitidos; (ii) determinar os fatores de emissão dos dejetos animais para a região edafoclimática da região sudeste do Brasil. Esse estudo foi realizado durante as estações seca e chuvosa, para avaliar também o efeito da sazonalidade na emissão de GEE. Foi utilizado câmaras estáticas fixadas ao solo para quantificação dos fluxos de CO2, CH4 e N2O, por um período de trinta dias em cada estação. Os fluxos diários de emissão de GEE provenientes dos dejetos apresentaram pico de emissão logo após sua aplicação, que perduraram apenas durante os primeiros dez dias amostrados. Os fatores de emissão do N2O calculados neste estudo também foram inferiores ao default, de 0,05% para a urina e 0,001% para as fezes na estação seca, e de 0,4% e 0,004% na estação chuvosa, respectivamente. O fator de emissão do CH4 calculado para as fezes do gado foi de 0,012 kg CH4 cabeça-1 ano-1 na estação seca e 0,004 kg CH4 cabeça-1 ano-1 na estação chuvosa. Os fluxos acumulados de CH4 e N2O gerados nesse estudo foram convertidos em CO2 equivalente, para efeito de comparação, para a contabilização da contribuição total de cada fonte na emissão de GEE. O solo sob vegetação nativa emitiu um total de 274 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, enquanto que na pastagem esse valor foi de 657 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, sem contabilizar os dejetos. Os dejetos contribuíram com 9.853 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1, e quando somado um valor default para a eructação do gado, esse valor aumentou para 27.878 kg CO2e ha-1 ano-1. Os resultados demonstram que a pastagem emite uma quantidade 2,5 maior de GEE para a atmosfera quando comparado com uma área de vegetação nativa. Além disso, verificou-se a influência da sazonalidade na emissão dos GEE e a importante contribuição dos dejetos no total das emissões contabilizadas para o sistema pastagem / Livestock is considered one of the main sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission in Brazil. Its contribution is related either to conversion of native vegetation in pasture areas, with changes in physical and chemical soil properties, consequently changing the GHG fluxes into the atmosphere, or by the decomposition of livestock manure. Most studies conducted to quantify emissions from livestock manure have been developed in temperate regions with still a lack of information for tropical conditions. In Brazil, emission factors obtained were lower than the default value of 2% proposed by IPCC. Due to the uncertainty degree associated with the default value for animal manure, confirms the need for determination of specific emission factors, in order to give greater precision to national inventories. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the systems native vegetation and pasture as the GHG fluxes from the respective sources: soil, faeces and cattle urine, in order to verify their specific contributions in the total GHG emissions; (ii) and determine the emission factors of animal manure. This study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons, to evaluate the effect of seasonality in GHG emissions. Static chambers fixed to the ground were used to quantify CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes for a period of thirty days in each season, with five replicates for each treatment. On each day of collection, sampling was performed at regular intervals (0, 10 and 20 minutes after chamber closure). The GHG emission daily flows from manure showed a peak of emission immediately after application, which lasted only during the first ten days sampled. The N2O emission factors calculated in this study were lower than the default, 0.05% for urine and 0.001% for faeces in the dry season, and 0.4% and 0.004% in the rainy season, respectively. The CH4 emission calculated factors for the cattle faeces were 0.012 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 in the dry season and 0.004 kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 in the rainy season. The cumulative flows of CH4 and N2O generated in this study were converted into CO2 equivalent, for comparison, accounting for the total contribution of each source of GHG emissions. The soil under native vegetation issued a total of 274 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, while in the pasture this value was 657 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, not counting the manure. The manure contributed 9853 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1, and when coupled with a default value for cattle belching, this value increased to 27,878 kg CO2e ha-1 yr-1. The results demonstrate that the pasture emits 2.5-fold greater quantity of GHG when compared to a native vegetation area. In addition, there was the influence of seasonality on GHG emissions and the important contribution of waste in total emissions accounted for pasture system

L’entrée des polluants gazeux du sol (Radon, COV,…) dans les environnements intérieurs peut occasionner des risques sanitaires significatifs. Or les modèles d’évaluation de risques sanitaires liés à ces polluants gazeux du sol contiennent beaucoup d’incertitudes qui peuvent conduire à une mauvaise appréciation des risques. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse contribue à l’amélioration des modèles d’évaluation des risques. Dans un second temps, elle propose le développement d’un modèle de dimensionnement des Systèmes de Dépressurisation du Sol (SDS) passifs utilisés pour protéger les bâtiments des pollutions gazeuses venant du sol. L’amélioration des modèles a porté sur la prise en compte des principaux phénomènes de convection et diffusion à l’interface entre le sol et le bâtiment, en tenant compte des différentes typologies de soubassement. La première contribution porte sur le développement de modèles analytiques fournissant les débits d’air dus à la convection à travers le sol pour différents types de soubassement : dallage indépendant, dalle portée, vide sanitaire et cave. Les bâtiments avec des murs enterrés et les soubassements avec un lit de gravier sous le plancher bas sont également traités. Une méthodologie permettant la prise en compte de la fissuration et des points singuliers du plancher bas est aussi proposée. La deuxième contribution porte sur la prise en compte du transfert couplé des polluants des sols par convection et diffusion auprès des fondations. Une étude numérique a permis une meilleure compréhension du comportement des polluants à l’interface sol/bâtiment. Sur la base de cette compréhension, des lois semi-empiriques d’estimation des flux d’entrée de polluant dans les bâtiments sont proposées. Les différents modèles développés ont été validés numériquement avec un modèle CFD et expérimentalement avec des données issues de la littérature. La confrontation de ces modèles avec ceux existants a montré les améliorations apportées. L’impact de la typologie du soubassement sur le transfert de polluants gazeux des sols a été constaté. Une première application des modèles est illustrée par leur intégration dans un code de simulation thermo-aéraulique multizone afin de pouvoir étudier l’impact de ces polluants sur la qualité de l’air intérieur. Ce travail se termine par le développement d’un modèle de dimensionnement des Systèmes de Dépression du Sol (SDS) passifs. Ce modèle aéraulique de dimensionnement des SDS a été validé par des mesures effectuées au CSTB dans une maison expérimentale. Les premières applications du modèle de dimensionnement portent notamment sur l’impact de la météorologie (vent et tirage thermique) sur le fonctionnement du SDS passif et sur l’impact des stratégies de ventilation du bâtiment sur le fonctionnement du SDS passif. On voit ainsi l’intérêt de l’utilisation d’un tel modèle pour tester l’aptitude de ce système de protection des bâtiments dans des situations environnementales données. / Transfer of soil gas pollutants (Radon, VOC) into buildings can cause significant health risks. However, analytical models used today to estimate health risks associated with these pollutants contain many uncertainties which can lead to poor risk assessment. Initially, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of these models for risk assessment. Secondly, we propose the development of air flow model for passive Sub slab Depressurization Systems (SDS) design used to protect buildings. The improvement of models focused on the inclusion of the main phenomena of convection and diffusion at building/soil interface, taking into account different types of building substructures. The first improvement concerns the assessment of convection phenomenon through the development of analytical models to quantify air flow rates entering through many kinds of building substructures: floating slab, bearing slab, crawl space and basement. Buildings with buried walls and substructures with a sub slab gravel layer are also treated. A methodology taking into account the presence of cracks, holes and singular leakages of the slab is also proposed. The second improvement of the models is the inclusion of coupled transfer of convection and diffusion near foundations. A numerical study allowed a better understanding of the behavior of pollutants at soil / building interface. Based on this understanding, semi-empirical laws for estimating soil gas pollutants entry rate into buildings are proposed. The various models developed have been validated numerically using a CFD model and experimentally with data from the literature when available. The impact of building substructure on pollutant transfer has been highlighted. A first application of the model is illustrated by their integration into a multizone simulation code to study the impact of these transfers on indoor air quality. Finally, the work ends with the development of a model for designing passive sub slab depressurization systems. The design model developed is validated with in situ experimental data. Preliminary applications using this model focused at first on the impact of meteorological conditions (stack effect, wind) on the sub slab system running. At second, the impact of ventilation strategies on sub slab depressurization performance is studied. Thus, we see the potential interest of this model to test the effective running of passive sub slab depressurization systems in given configuration.

No description available.