The purpose of this thesis is to review and revise all historical evidence hitherto available concerning the international aspects of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising. Its scope includes several layers, including how the peoples in the West, as well as their leaders, behaved during the crisis. It will look at the international arena in 1956 from the Hungarian perspective, as well as attempt to come to a historical explanation for Western, and specifically American actions during the uprising, and the precepts which led to them. In doing so, it shall in particular take a careful revision of the long-standing charges levelled against the West, concerning its alleged passivity, hypocrisy, or willingness to escalate the crisis via the controversial broadcasts of Radio Free Europe.

Magister Legum - LLM / Across the world, the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)1 is disrupting the law.2 The 4IR has specifically disrupted commercial law in areas such as banking,3 competition,4 consumer protection,5 contract,6 insurance,7 labour,8 and personality.9 In addition, company law has also substantially been impacted by the 4IR. Leading legal scholars refer to this process of transformation as the ‘Digitalisation of Company Law’.10 More specifically, the scholars attribute the transformation to technological advancements.

The Quebec of the Quiet Revolution invites a fascinating sociocultural study, and this analysis provides an overview of major changes there during the 1960s and 1970s. The author analyzes how artistic, literary, and musical contributions of the era reflected the public's sentiments toward this metamorphosis. References to political cartoons, plays, poetry, songs, and non-fiction works such as essays and manifestos illustrate attitudes toward the shifting role of the Catholic Church, the arrival of a Liberal government following an ultra-conservative administration, the feminist movement, economic and education reform, and the transformation of Quebec's identity through fierce debates over the status of French and English in the province. Policies enacted by Quebec Prime Ministers, especially Maurice Duplessis, Jean Lesage, and René Lévesque were pivotal to the emerging society. Events such as Vatican II, the publication of the Encyclical letter Humanae Vitae, and the efforts of Catholic Action revealed two concurrent strains of Catholicism present in Quebec and the extent to which the Church had become disconnected from society. This study examines major feminist aims within the historical and literary context and considers how collective efforts were critical to advancing their agenda. Ambitious economic measures enabled Quebec's francophone population to catch up to their anglophone counterparts and promoted the long-term prosperity of the entire province. The study features perspectives informed by recent interviews conducted with Quebecois people who witnessed, participated in, and reflected on these dramatic events.

In the autumn of 1775, American revolutionaries invaded Canada in the hope of winning a fourteenth colony for the cause, dealing a fatal blow to the British war effort, and forcing London to reconcile on American terms. Led by Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold, the two-pronged effort met with nothing but victory on the way to Quebec. Set back by an unexpected repulse on December 31, however, the Northern Army was finally forced to retreat from the province altogether in the summer of 1776. Having failed either to secure an alliance with Canada or to achieve reconciliation with Britain, the campaign proved a total disaster, and has therefore been understudied or ignored completely by most historians. This dissertation argues that the invasion of Canada proved crucial in destroying the British empire in America and creating the social logic for independence. When the campaign failed to deliver on its primary objectives, American leaders in Philadelphia and colonists throughout the home front recognized that reconciliation was impossible. Historians frequently give credit to Thomas Paine’s Common Sense for igniting widespread calls for independence, but it was the failure of the Canadian campaign that lent urgency to these arguments, occasioning the swift transition from colonial rebellion to all-out civil war for American independence. The nature of the conflict had changed, creating a political-military context that made foreign assistance and a declaration of independence essential to sustaining the Revolution. This study also hopes to break down military history as a category too frequently walled off from other branches of historical inquiry. Early American historians tend to imagine the American Revolution and the War for Independence as two overlapping but distinct events. By analyzing the Canadian campaign’s effect upon the American home front, this dissertation seeks to use military events as a lens to reorient our understanding of the breakdown of empire and the path to independence. / 2022-08-31T00:00:00Z

L’héritage littéraire de Picard s’élève à une centaine des pièces de théâtre et environ six romans. Il y traite les problèmes sociaux, politiques et religieux de son époque, à l’instar de Molière qui semble être la première source d’inspiration de notre dramaturge. Dans ses Mémoires, Alexandre Dumas décrit Louis-Benoît Picard comme « le petit Molière du XIXe siècle ou le moderne Molière ». Ce rapprochement paraît plus ou moins discutable dans la mesure où, de nos jours, les traces de ce « petit Molière » sont rares et il est désormais totalement oublié par l’histoire littéraire. Entre cette affirmation de Dumas et la place médiocre qu’occupe notre dramaturge dans l’histoire du théâtre, deux explications pourraient être envisagées. La première réside dans le fait que la période révolutionnaire où Louis-Benoît Picard a vécu a été trop chargée historiquement et les critiques qui s’intéressent à cette période accordent plus d’importance aux événements historiques qu’aux productions littéraires, de sorte que la plupart des écrivains de cette période sont tombés dans l’oubli. La deuxième explication revient aux productions littéraires de Picard elles-mêmes, considérées comme alourdies de répétitions, conventionnelles et dépourvues de toute originalité. / The literary heritage of Picard can reach as many as a hundred plays and about six novels. He deals with the social, political and religious problems of his time, like Molière, who seems to be the first source of inspiration for our playwright. In his Mémoires, Alexandre Dumas describes Louis-Benoît Picard as "the little Moliere of the nineteenth century or the modern Moliere". This rapprochement seems more or less debatable insofar as the traces of this "little Moliere" are rare today and it is now completely forgotten in Literary History. Between this assertion of Dumas and the mediocre place occupied by our dramatist in the history of the theater, two explanations could be envisaged. The first is that the revolutionary period in which Louis-Benoît Picard lived has been overloaded historically and critics who are interested in this period place more importance on historical events than on literary productions, Most of the writers of this period have fallen into oblivion. The second explanation belongs to Picard's literary productions themselves, represented as repetitive, conventional, and far from original.

Abstract  The novel Tengo miedo torero (2010) by the Chilean Pedro Lemebel, is characterized by presenting certain patterns. The first one is the presence and complexities that non-binary people experience, and the second is the political economic social context, determined by a dictatorship. The purpose of this work is to make a qualitative analysis of the novel, applying two theories: The Queer theory and the Marxist literary criticism. The reason why these two theories were chosen is that they represent the fundamental patterns of this novel clearly and assertively. As for queer theory, feminist theorists such as Simone de Beauvoir, Monique Wittig, Judith Butler and Beatriz Preciado are the outstanding ones. They visualize the studies of gender, homosexual identity and the presence of the femininity in the novel. Regarding Marxist literary criticism, authors such as Terry Eagleton, Andrew Heywood introduce themes, such as class struggle, inequality, revolution and politic ideologies. All these terminologies and concepts result in an intertwining between the socioeconomic conditions and the non-binary sexuality, marked by oppression. / Sumario  La novela Tengo miedo torero (2010) del chileno Pedro Lemebel, se caracteriza por presentar ciertos patrones que son: primeramente, la presencia y complejidades que vivencian las personas no binarias, y la segunda es el contexto político económico social, determinados por una dictadura. El propósito de este trabajo, es hacer análisis cualitativo de la novela, aplicando dos teorías, la teoría Queer y la crítica literaria marxista. La razón por la que se eligieron estas dos teorías es, porque, representan de forma clara y asertiva, los patrones fundamentales de esta novela. De la teoría queer, teóricas feministas como Simone de Beauvoir, Monique wittig, Judith Butler y Beatriz Preciado son las sobresalientes, que visualizan los estudios de género, la identidad homosexual y la presencia de lo femenino en la novela. En cuanto, a la crítica literaria marxista, autores como Terry Eagleton, Andrew Heywood, introducen temáticas, como, la lucha de clases, la desigualdad, la revolución e ideologías políticas. Todas estas terminologías y conceptos, dan como resultado, el entrelazamiento de la condición socioeconómica con la sexualidad no binaria, marcada por la opresión.

This thesis examined people and the motives behind their actions while participating in uprisings caused by famine and social injustice. Based on Hannah Arendts theories on uprisings and revolutions, the thesis focused on two uprisings in Sweden, the bread uprising in Jönköping 1855 and the hunger demonstration in Västervik 1917. Arendts distinction between liberty from restraint and the establishing of a constituted public freedom in a political sphere guided the research and analysis of the source material in this thesis. Both towns had undergone severe famine caused by poor harvests but most notably due to the upper classes, traders and venture capitalists exploiting the situation by purchasing the foods available in volume and exporting it or selling it for profit. The results showed several similarities regarding the motives the participants stated as causes to their participation in the uprisings. One noticeable difference that was revealed was that the participants in the hunger demonstration in Västervik 1917 held some motives higher than others: right of representation, reinstated right to vote, restored and higher income, right to 8-hour working days, long-lasting actions against poverty and political influence in decisions. This is radically different than the motives stated by the participants in the uprising of Jönköping 1855 in and of that the motives stated in the uprising in Jönköping where merely regarding the factual circumstances of the famine. Lower prices, banning buyout, exports of foods and the distilling of liquor. In no circumstance did the participant require influence in the politics or civil rights in any way; they only saw the peripheral problems and not the causes of their marginalized position in society. The results of the research turned out to be synonymous of Arendts distinction between liberty and freedom in that the participants in the uprising in Jönköping only wanted to be liberated from the temporary famine whilst the participants of the uprising in Västervik wanted to step out of the historical timeline and demand civil rights to govern themselves and gain influence in the political sphere and workplaces. The participants where exclusively working-class people, craftsmen, and people of the lower classes. The study showed that the participants of the uprising in Västervik were highly involved in working labor unions and some of them were devoted socialists. This shows that ideology likely influenced the motives of the participants in the uprising of Västervik. To sum up, research has been conducted in the field before but only regarding the uprisings separately. This thesis fills in the gap between the 62 years that separates them and contributes to the understanding of uprisings and revolution in Swedish historical research.

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This dissertation studies the Continental Army’s attempts to control navigation on the Hudson River in the New York Highlands during the American Revolutionary War. It examines the overlapping lines of authority between federal, state, and military entities; the escalation of civil-military tensions over supplies, provisions, and pay; how American strategy created varying levels of resources and troops in the region, and the failure of efforts to mitigate that risk; the anxiety created in Continental officers when they rejected a French engineers’ advice on the location and scope of riverside defenses; and how George Washington and his officers used the fortifications at West Point to demonstrate the legitimacy of the United States to domestic and foreign audiences. This dissertation utilizes correspondence, diaries, memoirs, the journals of legislative proceedings, orderly books, archeological studies, and contemporaneous newspapers to reveal that, despite the hindrance of overlapping authorities, the fortifications in the Highlands enabled US strategy and displayed the aftermath of colonialism in the United States. Controlling river traffic in the Highlands began as a colonial project with plans that outstripped available resources and relied on technology incapable of achieving its purpose. The New York Provincial Congress relocated its efforts five miles south and included a physical obstacle in the water. A British attack overwhelmed the defenses at the southern location in just a few hours. The Continental Army, contrary to the advice from a French military engineer, decided to rebuild near the original site and began the iterative development of a system of layered defenses. The project successfully deterred the British from attempting to take the works forcefully. Civil-military relationships grew tenser as the war wound down, but Washington’s intervention assured continued civilian control of the army. This dissertation uses the example of the Highlands fortification process to provide a new understanding of strategy that gives the term more explanatory value. It takes seriously the impact of the power imbalance between Great Britain and its North American colonies and analyzes the lingering effects of that relationship on the United States. Finally, it reveals the tension and conflict between different lines of authority throughout the war and uncovers the roots of civil-military tensions in the young republic. / History

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