Baigiamajame magistro darbe yra nagrinėjama aktyvaus tarptautiniu mastu diversifikuoto portfelio sudarymo ir valdymo problematika. Techninė pažanga ir investicinių priemonių įvairovė leidžia investuotojams investuoti į įvairias pasaulio rinkas kuriant tarptautinius ar globalius investicijų portfelius. Tai suteikia investuotojams galimybę kovoti su tokiais išsivysčiusių kapitalo rinkų iššūkiais kaip šalies sisteminės rizikos padidėjimas dėl įvairių verslo šakų tarpusavio integracijos, nepakankamais kai kurių rinkų augimo tempais, tačiau iškelia ir naujų iššūkių. Pagrindinis jų yra efektyvaus portfelio sudarymo menko informuotumo, didelio neapibrėžtumo ir rinkų nepastovumo sąlygomis iššūkis. Šiame darbe yra nuosekliai nagrinėjami investicijų portfelių sudarymo metodai ir modeliai įvertinant jų taikymo galimybes darbe analizuojamai problemai spręsti. Remiantis atlikta analize, parenkamas modelis geriausiai tinkantis tolesnei plėtotei, vertinami pagrindiniai mokslininkų siūlomi jo papildymai ir taikymo interpretacijos nuosekliai pereinant prie pirmos tikslo dalies įgyvendinimo – aktyviam tarptautiniu mastu diversifikuoto investicijų portfelio valdymui skirto teorinio – hipotetinio modelio pasiūlymo. Atlikus tarptautinės diversifikacijos privalumų ir trūkumų analizę, pagrindžiamas jos taikymo būtinumas ir nauda. Atlikta pagrindinių tarptautinės diversifikacijos vykdymo būdų apžvalga leidžia parinkti, autoriaus nuomone, geriausią šiuo metu Lietuvos investuotojams prieinamą –... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master thesis examines problems of the active internationally diversified investment portfolio selection and management. Technical progress and variety of investment objects (financial assets) allow investors to invest in different world markets developing international or global investment portfolios. It gives opportunities to deal with such challenges of developed capital markets as high systematic risk and limited growth of some markets, but as a result investor must accept some new challenges. The most important of them is an efficient portfolio selection in terms of low information level, high uncertainty and market volatility level. The models of investment portfolio selection are analyzed evaluating opportunities to use them solving in this thesis examined problem. On the basis of the conducted research a model which is most suitable for further development is chosen, the main supplementary supplements and interpretations of applications are analyzed, leading to the implementation of the first part of the set goal which is the suggestion of theoretical–hypothetical model for active management of an internationally diversified investment portfolio. The careful consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of international diversification proves the necessity and benefits of its application. Main methods’ of international diversification analysis gives opportunity for the thesis author to chose the best investment’s method possible for Lithuanian investors – the... [to full text]

Magistro baigiamajame darbe pateiktas Lietuvos mokesčių sistemos vertinimas ir ištirta mokesčių tarifų didinimo įtaka valstybės biudžeto mokestinėms pajamoms. Pirmoje teorinėje dalyje nagrinėjama mokesčių sistema, apžvelgiami mokesčių tarifai ir analizuojamos valstybės pajamos. Antrame skyriuje pateikiama tyrimo metodologinė dalis. Trečiame skyriuje atliekant ekonometrinį modelį analizuojama valstybės biudžeto mokestinių pajamų dinamika ir ją lemiantys veiksniai bei atliekamas mokestinių pajamų prognozavimas. / In this master thesis the assessment of Lithuania’s tax system and increased tax rates influence on the state budget revenue research are submitted. In the first theoretical part the tax system is examined, tax rates are overviewed and state budget revenue is analyzed. In the second section the research methodology is presented. In the third part econometric model is used to analyze the dynamics of tax revenues, its determinants and the forecast is presented at the end of the paper.

The dynamics of our globalised world open the way for international trade and transactions between different countries; this may lead to conflicts in laws where transactions and trade may be subject to different legal systems. One of the biggest issues in international commercial law is disputes over the charging of interest, for example with regard to late payment, interest-based loans, or compensation for damages. Interest disputes are considered to be a complex area of law and even more complex in the international field. At the international level, interest claims may be connected to many areas of commerce and thus governed by various laws, which are different from one country to another; moreover, each country has its own interest rate and such rates are changeable according to the nature of law and economics under some jurisdictions. Furthermore, the concept of interest itself is affected by influences such as religious beliefs and economic, political and cultural trends. Interest can be treated as a substantive or a procedural matter. The settlement of these disputes therefore faces difficulties. Arbitration, as a method for settlement of disputes, is characterised by special features that assist in resolving these issues; but it faces some obstructions, especially in international commercial arbitration. The practices of arbitral tribunals and national courts in this regard are different. The results of different interpretations, approaches, and theories with regard to arbitration, at the pre-arbitration, during arbitration and post-arbitration stages, may also differ widely due to the diversity of financial and legal systems such as Common Law, Civil Law and the Islamic legal system – Sharia Law – across different countries. Each legal system has a different methodology and theories, even within an individual country under one legal system, and a state within a federal system has its own laws, which may have different interpretations in this respect. The New York Convention of 1958 on enforcing foreign arbitral awards was established in favour of arbitral awards and for the purpose of unifying international rules of arbitration. This Convention provides some procedural and substantive rules for the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, but also provides some grounds for refusal. These rules have been affected by different interpretations under different jurisdictions and legal systems, which lead to different perspectives on the matter of charging interest and settlement by arbitration. The outcome of applying the NYC under these interpretations often has the opposite of its intended effect: the rejection of foreign arbitral awards. Due to such ambiguities, courts occasionally intervene in arbitration in all its stages. The interventions of national courts occur in three stages: enforcement of the arbitration agreement, enforcement of the contract under the applicable law to the agreement, and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award. The confusion between substantive and procedural laws also creates confusion with respect to public policy, non-arbitrability and enforceability. In addition, there may be a lack of clarity on the scope of arbitration with respect to the parties’ agreement, whether or not the parties have agreed to the interest rates and periods and whether or not they have agreed to the authority of the arbitrator. These issues affect the enforceability of an arbitration agreement, the law applicable to the disputed contract, the freedom of parties, the authority of the arbitrators and the enforceability of the awarded interest. The thesis studies how arbitral awards containing interest have been interpreted across the three aforementioned legal systems under the NYC 1958 in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UAE, England, France, and the US and the enforceability of such awards.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Law Abstract of the dissertation The title of the dissertation: Sharia Law, particularly Islamic banking, in relations with international elements Author: JUDr. Ivana Hrdličková Supervisor: Prof. JUDr. Monika Pauknerová, CSc., DSc. Prague, February 2012 Key words: Islamic finance, sharia, mudaraba, musharaka, murabaha, ijara, sharia compliant, international law, choice of law, contract, riba, gharar, maisir. The dissertation, Sharia law, particularly Islamic Banking in the relations with international elements, considers an actual topic and branch of islamic law. Neither islam nor islamic law is a legal system applicable at any particular territory. However, legislation of the countries with majority of muslim population, is based, more or less, on islamic law. Whereas due to migration and globalization, islamic law unavoidably interferes in international law. The legal regulation of international private law under the terms stipulated by the law leads to the use of foreign law. One can thus meet the legislation based on islamic law, including in the field of contract law. In commercial contracts, where the one side is from countries where islamic law is a source of legislation, may be the choice of law (in accordance with article 3 of Rome I), which form's the basis...

Pelningumo siekimas yra pagrindinis verslo įmonės tikslas, dažnai lemiantis vadovų pasirinkimą sprendžiant problemas susijusias su pardavimo kainomis, įvairiomis išlaidomis. Pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimas teikia apibendrinantį planavimo proceso vaizdą ir išlaidų kitimo supratimą, todėl gauta informacija yra nepakeičiama, siekiant užtikrinti racionalų įmonės valdymą. Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizavus pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties metodologiją, atlikti įmonės pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimą ir sudaryti modelį, leidžiantį efektyviai planuoti ir analizuoti įmonės kaštų, veiklos apimties ir pelno ryšį. Taigi, šio darbo objektas-įmonės pelningumas, jo priklausomybė nuo įmonės pajamų, kaštų ir veiklos apimties. Siekiant įgyvendinti darbo tikslą, keliami tokie uždaviniai: išanalizuoti pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo metodologiją, suformuoti prielaidas pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modeliavimui, atlikti įmonės pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimą, bei sudaryti pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modelį. Darbą sudaro trys pagrindinės dalys: metodologinė, analitinė ir rezultatų. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo metodologijos aspektai-pateikiamos analizės prielaidos, vertinimo reikšmė ir galimybės. Antrasis darbo skyrius apima prielaidų pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modeliavimui analizę: tiriami ir lyginami pelno-išlaidų-veiklos apimties vertinimo modeliavimo metodai, bei pateikiama... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main purpose of business enterprise is striving for profitability and this purpose usually decides the head‘s of enterprise choice when he tackles the problems about prices of sales and different expenses. Cost-volume-profit evaluation gives resumptive view about planning process and understanding of costs range so given information is irreplaceable because of trying to ensure rational management. The purpose of this work is to do cost-volume-profit evaluation and make a model according the analysis of cost-volume-profit methodology. This model will let to plan and analyse enterprise‘s cost, activity‘s size and profit‘s relation in effective way. So the object of this work is the profitability of an enterprise, its dependence from enterprises revenue, cost and activity‘s volume. In purpose to realize work‘s aim there are these objectives: to analyse cost-volume-profit evaluation methodology, to structure presumptions for cost-volume-profit evaluation modeling, to do enterprises cost-volume-profit evaluation and to make cost-volume-profit evaluation model. Three main parts makes this work: methodological, analytical, results. In the first part of this work there is an analyses of cost-volume-profit evaluation methodology‘s aspects, there are analysis presumptions, evaluations mean and possibilities. The second part includes presumptions analysis to cost-volume-profit evaluation modeling: here are researched and compared cost-volume-profit evaluation modeling methods and is... [to full text]

Over the years the old trades used in construction have gradually disappeared. Many of these have disappeared since the Industrial Revolution, a period that marked a new line in the way of building. This thesis endeavours to regain the value of these old constructive and structural techniques, as well as the materials used. In this way, it is a study that can be useful for works in heritage intervention, serving as a guide to help understand the construction processes that were formerly developed. For this purpose, the rural architecture of the Vallbona area has been used as a test laboratory. Conclusions have been drawn concerning the structural and constructive typologies, the materials used and their manipulation and the construction techniques. / A lo largo de los años se han ido perdiendo los antiguos oficios utilizados en la construcción. Muchos de estos han desaparecido a partir de la Revolución Industrial, periodo que marcó una nueva línea en la forma de edificar. Esta tesis doctoral pretende poner en valor estas antiguas técnicas constructivas y estructurales, así como los materiales empleados. De este modo, se trata de un estudio que puede ser útil para trabajos en intervención de patrimonio, sirviendo como guía que ayude a comprender los procesos constructivos que se desarrollaban antiguamente. Para ello se ha utilizado como laboratorio de ensayo la arquitectura rural de la subcomarca de la Vallbona. Se han extraído conclusiones relativas a las tipologías constructivas y estructurales, a los materiales empleados y su manipulación y a las técnicas constructivas de puesta en obra. / Al llarg dels anys s'han anat perdent els antics oficis utilitzats en la construcció. Molts d'aquests han desaparegut a partir de la Revolució Industrial, període que va marcar una nova línia en la forma d'edificar. Aquesta tesi doctoral pretén posar en valor aquestes antigues tècniques constructives i estructurals, així com els materials emprats. D'aquesta manera, es tracta d'un estudi que pot ser útil per a treballs en intervenció de patrimoni, com a guia que ajude a comprendre els processos constructius que es feien servir antigament. Per a això, s'ha utilitzat com a laboratori d'assaig l'arquitectura rural de la subcomarca de la Vallbona. S'han extret conclusions relatives a les tipologies constructives i estructurals, als materials emprats i la seva manipulació i a les tècniques constructives de posada en obra. / Fornieles López, J. (2017). Arquitectura rural en la subcomarca de La Vallbona. Materiales y técnicas constructivas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90537

With the rapid development of the Islamic banking and finance in South Africa, the legal regime of South Africa, must be able to progress at the same rate of development. The recognition of a foreign legal system such as Islamic law in South Africa is challenging and difficult. South Africa, has an interest based insurance legislative framework and this is not aligned with the principles of the Islamic financial system. As a result of this, regulators have taken various measures to develop and promote the Islamic Industry. The amendment to the South African Tax legislation has created an equitable and level playing field for Islamic law. The South African government also has a further obligation which is to develop a legislative framework to govern Islamic law, as well as to enhance the regulatory and supervisory framework. The study of the development of the Islamic legal regime is an important area that aids legal practitioners in identifying and resolving legal disputes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the accommodation of the Islamic law of Takaful under the South African Insurance legal framework. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. M. (Public, Constitutional and International Law)

Sustainable performance of buildings has become a major concern among construction industry professionals. However, sustainability considerations are often treated as an add-on to building design, following ad hoc processes for their implementation. As a result, the most common problem to achieve a sustainable building outcome is the absence of the right information at the right time to make critical decisions. For design team members to appreciate the requirements of multidisciplinary collaboration, there is a need for transparency and a shared understanding of the process. The aim of this study is to investigate, model, and facilitate the early stages of Building Information Modelling (BIM) enabled Sustainable Building Design (SBD) by formalising the ad hoc working relationships of the best practices in order to standardise the optimal collaboration workflows. Thus, this research strives to improve BIM maturity level for SBD, assisting in the transition from ad hoc to defined , and then, to managed . For this purpose, this study has adopted an abductive research approach (iterative process of induction and deduction) for theory building and testing. Four (4) stages of data collection have been conducted, which have resulted in a total of 32 semi-structured interviews with industry experts from 17 organisations. Fourteen (14) best practice case studies have been identified, and 20 incidents narratives have been collected applying the Critical Decision Method (CMD) to examine roles and responsibilities, resources, information exchanges, interdependencies, timing and sequence of events, and critical decisions. As a result, the research has classified the critical components of SBD into a framework utilising content and thematic analyses. These have included the definition of roles and competencies that are essential for SBD along with the existing opportunities, challenges, and limitations. Then, Schedules of Services for SBD have been developed for the following stages of the RIBA Plan of Work 2013: stage 0 (Strategic Definition), stage 1 (Preparation and Brief), and stage 2 (Concept Design). The abovementioned SBD components have been coordinated explicitly into a systematic process, which follows Concurrent Engineering (CE) principles utilising Integrated DEFinition (IDEF) structured diagramming techniques (IDEF0 and IDEF3). The results have identified the key players roles and responsibilities, tasks (BIM Uses), BIM-based deliverables, and critical decision points for SBD. Furthermore, Green BIM Box (GBB) workflow management prototype tool has been developed to analyse communication and delivery of BIM-enabled SBD in a centralised system (Common Data Environment, CDE). GBB s system architecture for SBD process automation is demonstrated through Use Case Scenarios utilising the OMG UML (Object Management Group s Unified Modelling Language) notation. The proposed solution facilitates the implementation of BIM, Information Communication Technology (ICT), and Building Performance Analysis (BPA) software to realise the benefits of combining distributed teams expertise holistically into a common process. Finally, the research outcomes have been validated through academic and industrial reviews that have led to the refinement of the IDEF process model and framework. It has been found that collaborative patterns are repeatable for a variety of different non-domestic building types such as education, healthcare, and offices. Therefore, the research findings support the idea that a detailed process, which follows specified communication patterns, can assist in achieving sustainability targets efficiently in terms of time, cost, and effort.

The dissertation explores the history and activities of the Brno-located Town and Country Planning Department of The Research Institute for Building and Architecture (RIBA) since its foundation in 1954 until its abolishment in 1994. As a part of the department functioning, a description of its main research tasks and publications, which had played an essential part while formulating theory and methodology of urban planning after the 2nd World War in Czechoslovakia, are introduced. Special attention is paid to tasks and publications whose authors and research workers applied interdisciplinary approaches and – in spite of the prevailing totalitarian regime – managed to apply their experience acquired abroad to produce highly influential works such as The Principles and Rules of Spatial Planning. Another objective of the dissertation is the creation of a complex bibliography of texts that were produced by the department (books, reports on the outcomes of research tasks that had been explored at the Town and Country Planning Department and that were released internally as handbooks serving research workers of the institute and other institutions focusing on building and architecture). Depictions of the Brno department of RIBA from the perspective of two of its significant representatives who have outlived the institution they had witnessed to be founded and to the functioning of which they had significantly contributed, become a key part of the text: Ing. arch. Vladimír Matoušek, CSc., the second head of the Town and Country Planning Department of RIBA and Ing. arch. Dušan Riedl, CSc., a theoretician of architecture and urban planning and a top expert on Czech national herritage. As the topic has not yet been subjected to scholarly research, the main objective of the work is to create the very first complex text on the Brno department of RIBA and its activities. The circumstances surrounding the constitution of RIBA in the context of other similarly functioning research institutes are pursued with a special focus on the fields of building, architecture and urban planning as well as legislative embedding of its foundation and functioning, its organization structure, staff, definition of taskmasters and the way the tasks were approached, relations to other institutions in the field, publishing activities and transfer of theoretical research outcomes to practice. The text also deals with the state of present-day research of architecture and urban planning. Archive material and publications released by the institute represent a predominant source of information about RIBA activities. They are now stored at the archive of ABF Foundation in Prague (the foundation has been administering both the archive and library of the Prague department of RIBA since its abolishment), at the library of The Institute for Spatial Development in Brno (the institute administers the library of the former Brno department) and at the Moravian Land Archive in Brno. Both of the archives have been thoroughly researched by the author. Critical reflections upon the urban-planning department of RIBA occurring in contemporary publications and periodicals are another important source of information which help to specify the character of its activities (recent literature mentions RIBA scarcely, a complex evaluation is still missing). Oral history reported by former employees of RIBA, who had contributed to the first-rate quality of its research activities.