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Abstract: In this study, I examine the risk of first contraception among Ethiopian women. I use the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey and apply Continuous-Time Event-History Analysis to follow women from age ten to the time of first use or at the interview, whichever comes first.   The multivariate analyses by controlling all variables show that risks for first contraception are higher at higher parities, at younger and older ages, for Orthodox religion followers, the Tigrie ethnic group, women who completed primary education, in the Benishangul-Gumuz and Gambela regions and in urban areas and for younger cohorts.

Sammanfattning   Examensarbete i företagsekonomi III, Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet i Kalmar, Ekonomistyrning, 2FE71E, VT 2014. Författare: Eric Paulsen, Simon Perchun Handledare och examinator: Thomas Karlsson & Petter Boye Titel: Bitcoin - Risk eller möjlighet?   Bakgrund: Den digitala kryptovalutan har idag blommat upp där Bitcoin står i fokus. Något som blivit uppmärksammat i bland annat media och genom politiska uttalanden. Detta har fått företag till att applicera Bitcoin som möjligt betalsätt utöver de vanliga betalmöjligheterna som exempelvis kortbetalningar.   Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att efter insamling av empiri kunna beskriva genom vår utvalda teoretiska referensram varför företag väljer att acceptera Bitcoin som möjligt betalmedel, samt vilka möjligheter och risker som finns förenade inom företagsbranschen, och sedan förklara vidare hur företagen hanterar dessa möjligheter och risker.   Metod: För att kunna uppfylla syftet med studien så har vi utgått från en abduktiv metodsyn. Vi har samlat in empiri i form av semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer från sex olika företag som mottar Bitcoin som möjligt betalsätt. Det material som samlats in förklaras sedan utifrån vår teoretiska referensram för att kunna uppfylla syftet med studien.   Slutsats: Vi kom till slut fram till att Bitcoin ger företag stora möjligheter i förhållande till den lilla risk de utsätter sig för. En ny betalmöjlighet som kan leda till konkurrensfördelar.   Nyckelord: Bitcoin, ekonomi, kryptovalutor, risk, möjligheter.

This thesis is concerned with the assessment, perception and insurance of credit risk. The thesis aims to make contributions both within these areas, and at specific points of interface between them. No attempt is made to develop a single unifying thesis. Rather, a series of partial models are developed, both theoretical and empirical, that develop and connect particular facets of financial economics. The first model demonstrates how movements in market risk produce movements in lender risk-assessment effort. It is demonstrated that deleterious movements in market-wide risk can actually produce a fall in assessment effort. The capricious nature of risk assessment causes changes in the lender's perception of the weights placed on determinants. This has important implications for borrowers' attempts to minimize risk premiums. Time-variability of signal-weights is tested using structural break tests on ordinary least squares and fixed effects panel models. Results suggest a fluid relationship between risk and determinants. Central to empirical investigation is the measurement of perceived risk. A critique of potential measures rejects the use of interest rate spreads - the most commonly used measure - on the basis that they do not take into account the possibility of credit rationing. A model is then constructed to reproduce the standard explanation of credit rationing - Adverse Selection induced Credit Rationing Equilibrium (ASCRE). This model is then extended to include classificatory risk assessment. Assessment is found to reduce the scope for ASCRE, and to cause favourable selection. Credit insurance is then included, and it is found that insurance cover makes risk assessment less of an imperative to lenders, and reduces the utility losses from raising interest rates. The parallel implication is that credit insurance weakens ASCRE, to the extent that full insurance with flat-rate premiums removes the possibility of ASCRE altogether. If the terms of insurance are made contingent on the terms of the loan, a new form of credit rationing emerges: Contingent Insurance induced Credit Rationing Equilibrium (CICRE). CICRE is separate, but not mutually exclusive, to ASCRE. A theoretical model of the demand for loan insurance is developed, and empirically estimated, in the context of the UK mortgage market. Inter alia, the model examines the role of auto-perception of risk determining credit insurance demand. Results reveal the take-up of credit insurance to be relatively insensitive to the borrower's perception ofhis/her own risk.

Sammanfattning I Varbergs kommun kommer ett stort infrastrukturprojekt att genomföras, vilket går under namnet stadsutvecklingsprojektet. Projektet är under planeringsfasen och innefattar tre delprojekt. Först kommer hamnprojektet, sedan kommer tunnelprojektet och sist kommer exploatering av den nya stadsdelen. Investeringar i infrastruktur ska bidra att uppfylla de mål som har ställts upp, samtidigt som resurserna ska användas ansvarsfullt och effektiv. Investeringar kräver tillgång till kapital och investeringar är beslut vars konsekvenser som sträcker sig över en lång tid. Studiens syfte är analysera och beskriva vilka risker som identifieras i planeringsfasen av stadsutvecklingsprojektet i Varberg ur ett finansiellt perspektiv. Vi har även för avsikt att belysa hur riskerna kan hanteras i en kommunal kontext. Det här en kvalitativ studie och till grund för det empiriska materialet så har vi genomfört intervjuer inom olika sektorer i Varbergs kommun. Vi har genom studiens gång tillämpat ett kundperspektiv, där kunden är kommuninvånaren. Resultatet visar att det finns ett flertal risker i stadsutvecklingsprojektet. Det visar även alternativ på hur man kan hantera risk i en kommunal kontext. Det framgår även olika syn på risk inom samma riskområde och därmed olika alternativ för hanteringen av dem. För att få ett mer utvecklat finansiellt perspektiv så skedde en återkoppling av ett fåtal utvalda risker med ekonomichefen på Varbergs kommun. Det finns olika sätt att hantera risk på i en kommunal kontext men de är inte alla som känns tillräckligt konkreta eller adekvata. Anledningen till detta beror både på den generella komplexiteten vid investeringar men även på grund av balansen mellan nytta och ekonomiska krav. Nyttan är svår att värdera vilket ger utrymme för ”tro”. Monetära resurser bör dock baseras på mer än ”tro” och ett verktyg kan vara att upprätta kalkyler. Nyckelord: Risk, Riskhantering samt Nytta & Mål / Abstract A large infrastructure project will be implemented in Varbergs Municipality, which goes under the name of urban development project. The project is in the planning phase and includes three sub-projects. The project is in the planning phase and includes three sub-projects. First, the port project , then the tunnel project and finally the exploitation of the new district. Investment in infrastructure will contribute to fulfilling the objectives that have been set while the resources are used responsibly and efficient. Investments require access to capital and investment is a decision with consequences that extend over a long period. The study aims to analyze and describe the risks identified in the planning phase of the urban development project in Varberg from a financial perspective. We also intend to illustrate how the risks can be managed in a municipal context. This is a qualitative study and the basis for the empirical data , we have conducted interviews in different sectors in the municipality of Varberg . We have through the study applied a customer perspective , where the customer is the municipality of inhabitants. The result shows that there are a number of risks in the urban development project. It also shows options on how to manage risk in a municipal context. It is also different views on risk within the risk area and therefore different options to deal with them. To get a more developed financial perspective, there was a response of a select few risks with the chief financial officer of the municipality of Varberg There are different ways to manage risk in a municipal context but there are not all that feels sufficiently specific or adequate. The reason for this is due to both the general complexity of investments but also because of the balance between benefit and economic requirements. The benefit is difficult to evaluate, which leaves room for "faith". Monetary resources should be based on more than "faith" and a tool can be to set up calculations. Keywords: Risk, Risk management and Benefit & Goal

The occurrence of early-onset breast cancer (EOBC) has been associated with germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The first aim of this thesis was to evaluate the frequency and distribution of mutations in these genes, in a group of Cypriot women diagnosed with EOBC. Pathogenic mutations were identified in 6 of the 26 unrelated patients. This study supports a strong correlation between the early onset breast cancer phenotype and the presence of pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations. It is of interest that pathogenic mutations were detected in patients without a family history of the disease. Based on these results, we recommend that BRCA1/2 screening should be offered to patients with a diagnosis of EOBC irrespective of their family history. The known breast cancer susceptibility genes explain only about 5% of breast cancer cases. Thus, it is likely that other breast cancer susceptibility genes exist. The second aim of the present thesis was to assess whether alterations in DNA repair genes modify breast cancer risk in the Cypriot population. Towards this objective, blood samples were collected and genomic DNA isolated from 1109 Cypriot female breast cancer patients diagnosed between 40-70 years old, and from 1177 age-matched healthy female controls. A total of 79 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in all samples. Significant associations with breast cancer risk were observed for eight of the SNPs studied. Five SNPs in the BRCA2, MRE11A, MUS81, PBOV1 and XRCC1 genes, were associated with an increased risk for breast cancer, while two SNPs in the NBS1 gene and one SNP in the MRE11A gene appeared to be associated with reduced risk for the disease. The data from this study support the hypothesis that genetic variants in DNA repair genes influence breast cancer risk and provides further evidence for the existence of a polygenic model for breast cancer.