La qualité et la fiabilité des infrastructures routières jouent un rôle majeur dans la sécurité routière. Cela est d'autant plus vrai lorsque qu'on s'intéresse à la circulation de véhicules autonomes qui doivent être capables à terme de circuler seuls dans l'environnement routier. Les récents travaux menés au sein de VEDECOM montrent qu'une signalisation horizontale routière claire et visible est importante dans sa prise de décision. La détection des lignes de marquage sont en grande partie réalisée par des caméras. Afin d'optimiser cette approche et prévenir les situations de non détection, cette thèse propose des outils d'analyse de fiabilité et d'aide à la maintenance de la signalisation horizontale. Aujourd’hui, la fiabilité des marquages est basée le phénomène de rétro-réflexion : un véhicule éclaire avec ses feux de croisement un marquage qui renvoie la lumière vers le conducteur. Pour établir son niveau de dégradation, des campagnes d'inspection sont réalisées par des rétro-réflectomètres montés sur des véhicules traceurs. La littérature des trente dernières années présente essentiellement des modèles de dégradation basés sur des méthodes de régression. Ces derniers présentent de nombreuses difficultés à être déployés dans le cadre d'un plan de maintenance. Cette thèse propose d'aborder ces questions sous l'angle de la théorie de la fiabilité et de la maintenance tout en tenant compte des pratiques actuelles. Une ligne de marquage est ici interprétée comme un système multi-composants monté en parallèle. Cette thèse propose de l'analyser en quatre points. Premièrement, l'ensemble des inspections est formalisé en une base de suivi. Si des données sont manquantes et si l'historique de maintenance est indisponible, alors différentes approches basées sur une Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique (CAH) sont proposées afin de les estimer. Deuxièmement, l'entretien de la totalité d'une ligne est logistiquement délicat. Une CAH de la base de suivi a pour fonction d'établir les marquages suivant un même modèle de dégradation. Les clusters sont géographiquement localisés et corrélés à des situations précises comme un échangeur ou une agglomération. Pour ces raisons, ils sont interprétés comme des zones de maintenance stratégiques. Troisièmement, réaliser une analyse de Weibull des marquages. Les rétro-réflectomètres n'indiquent pas précisément les instants de défaillance. Ils sont statistiquement censurés à gauche, à droite ou par intervalle. En alternative à la méthode du Maximum de Vraisemblance, une approche basée sur un algorithme EM est proposé afin d'établir le modèle de Weibull et les censures estimées les plus vraisemblables. Dernièrement, deux stratégies de maintenance sont proposées : systématique par rapport à l'âge et conditionnée par la dégradation courante. Elles sont en adéquation avec les pratiques de maintenance. La première permet une gestion passive de l'entretien tandis que la seconde permet une connaissance avancée de la ligne de marquage dans le temps. A partir d'un système multi-composants non réparable et fortement censuré, les composants suivant un même modèle de dégradation sont classables, chaque groupe connait un modèle de durée de vie et finalement il est possible de déduire un plan de maintenance adapté / The quality and reliability of road infrastructure and its equipment play a major role in road safety. This is especially true if we are interested in autonomous car traffic. Recent papers from VEDECOM Institut proves that a clear and reliable road marking is important in it decison making. Marking lanes are detected by camera. These markings need an accurate maintenance strategy to guarantee that the markings remain perceptible. This report proposes different solutions based on the reliabilty and maintenance theory. Today, the markings reliability is based on the retroreflective illuminance. A retroreflective marking reflects light from a vehicle headlight back in the direction of the driver. Marking retroreflectivity can be dynamically inspected using a retroreflectometer. The litterature of the last thirty years proposes degradation models for retroreflective marking based on a regression model. All of them have a common weakness: they are difficult to apply directly to a given road network. This report presents maintenance models who math with current maintenance actions. A marking lane is interpreted as multi-unit systeme. All unit are laid in parallel. The global maintenance strategy is based on four points. First, the whole inspection data is formalized into one monitoring base. If inspection data is missing or if the maintenance historic is unavailable else an estimation process based on the Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) is proposed. Second, to replace a whole markings lane is logistically difficult to work. Again, an AHC of the monitoring proposed several clusters. Each cluster presents it own degradation model. Clusters are geographically tracked and correlated to specific situation (interchange, urban area, bypass...). That's why a cluster is interpreted as a maintenance strategic area. Thirdly, a Weibull analysis of each cluster is done. Current retroreflectometers cannot detects the exact faillure moment. this information is statistically censored. Three cases are identified : left, right and interval censored. To parameter a Weibull model, an EM Algorithm is propoased as an alternative to the Maximum Likelihood Estimator. This algorithm is also an estimator to censored markings life time. Lastly, two classic preventive maintenance strategies are proposed : systematic according to the age and conditionned to the current degradation. Each one is credible according the current maintenance practice. The first prposed a passsive managament of the markings maintenance. The second ensures an advanced knowledge of the road network over the time. On a multi-unit system no-repairable and strongly censored, units which admit the same degradation model are identified by a clustering approach. Each cluster present it own Weibull analysis. Finally, an adapted maintenance strategy is done

Traffic collisions cost Uganda millions of dollars each year. The purpose of this descriptive case study was to describe the strategies and processes needed to implement a road management system. Such a system would significantly reduce the fatalities and accidents in Uganda, improve the transportation within Kampala's business district, and increase business profitability. Three conceptual theories framed the research study: management theory, strategic management theory, and criminology theory. Using a snowball sampling strategy, data were collected from open-ended interviews, questionnaires, observations, and archived documents from 20 administrative participants in the government and organizational leaders involved in the transport operations and transport services in the Kampala business district in Uganda. Data were analyzed using 3 phases: (a) interpretational analysis, coding, and grouping segments; (b) structural analysis, consistency, and quality; and (c) reflective analysis, consequences, what, when, where, and how. Five themes or action requirements emerged from the data analysis: to improve transport operations and transport services profitability, reduce traffic jams and fatalities, provide sufficient driving training, maintain road infrastructure, and maintain traffic law enforcement. The findings and recommendations from this study may improve the profitability of businesses, reduce the traffic jams and fatalities, and improve the gross domestic product of Uganda, thereby contributing to positive social change.

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Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The research investigation explores the topic from the point of view of intergovernmental institutions and the regional (departmental) decision-making process in Santa Cruz- Bolivia. The purpose was to determine if these institutions influence the decision-making process of actors in the area of road infrastructure. The topic is explored from the viewpoint of Actor-Centered Institutionalism from Scharpf. It states that the solutions to solve social problems can be explained as the outcome of interactions among intentional actors, but that these interactions are structured and outcomes are influenced by the characteristics of the institutional setting in which they occur. For that purpose, the study identifies the actor constellations participating in the process, their modes of interaction and the constraints they face as a result of the institutional setting. The research starts by distinguishing the formal, informal and fiscal lOR institutions and determine their importance; for this purpose, the classification by Agranoff is used. Afterwards, the investigation portrays the decision-making process in the area and analyzes the final decisions of actors as a result of the institutions shaping them. It is argued that mostly fiscal arrangements are shaping the decision-making process in the area. The formal and informal arrangements are determining the actor constellations participating in the process and how they interact, as well as which institutional constraints they face. It is concluded that there are missing channels of intergovernmental cooperation between the national and the departmental level, and it generates misunderstandings and uncertainty. The channels of cooperation between the department and the provinces exist, but training and technical advice is needed to enhance actors' capacities at this level. The mini-thesis concludes with the policy implications derived from the dynamics at the regional level and identifying other factors influencing the decision-making process.

Road infrastructure is essential in the development of human society, but has both negative and positive impacts. Large amounts of money and natural resources are spent each year on its construction, operation and maintenance. Obviously, there is potentially significantenvironmental impact associated with these activities. Thus the need for integration of life cycle environmental impacts of road infrastructure into transport planning is currently being widely recognised on international and national level. However certain issues, such as energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the construction, maintenance and operation of road infrastructure, are rarely considered during the current transport planning process in Sweden and most other countries.This thesis examined energy use and GHG emissions for the whole life cycle (construction, operation, maintenance and end-of-life) of road infrastructure, with the aim of improving transport planning on both strategic and project level. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to two selected case studies: LCA of a road tunnel and LCA of three methods for asphalt recycling and reuse: hot in-plant, hot in-place and reuse as unbound material. The impact categories selected for analysis were Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and Global Warming Potential (GWP). Other methods used in the research included interviews and a literature review.The results of the first case study indicated that the operational phase of the tunnel contributed the highest share of CED and GWP throughout the tunnel’s life cycle. Construction of concrete tunnels had much higher CED and GWP per lane-metre than construction of rocktunnels. The results of the second case study showed that hot in-place recycling of asphalt gave slightly more net savings of GWP and CED than hot in-plant recycling. Asphalt reuse was less environmentally beneficial than either of these alternatives, resulting in no net savings of GWP and minor net savings of CED. Main sources of data uncertainty identified in the two case-studies included prediction of future electricity mix and inventory data for asphalt concrete.This thesis contributes to methodological development which will be useful to future infrastructure LCAs in terms of inventory data collection. It presents estimated amounts of energy use and GHG emissions associated with road infrastructure, on the example of roadtunnel and asphalt recycling. Operation of road infrastructure and production of construction materials are identified as the main priorities for decreasing GHG emissions and energy use during the life cycle of road infrastructure. It was concluded that the potential exists for significant decreases in GHG emissions and energy use associated with the road transport system if the entire life cycle of road infrastructure is taken into consideration from the very start of the policy-making process. / QC 20120229

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La presente investigación analiza la situación actual del transporte público interdistrital dentro de la ciudad de Lambayeque, y cómo estos afectan los espacios y las vías públicas de la ciudad. La finalidad de esta investigación es hacer un estudio detallado del transporte público, la relación que tiene con los espacios y las vías públicas, identificar un área donde proyectar, para concluir en el diseño de un terminal de transporte. La investigación según la forma es cualitativa, de enfoque descriptiva propositiva; el nivel de investigación es no experimental de corte transversal y propositivo. La problemática ocasionada por el transporte público interdistrital pone en evidencia la falta de control y orden de los vehículos que prestan estos servicios, tales como las combis y colectivos, esto repercute en los espacios y vías públicas que son abordadas por los vehículos, dejando de lado el libre tránsito para los peatones. Con la aplicación de las herramientas de investigación se obtuvo como resultado la necesidad de implementar un área y una infraestructura dentro de la ciudad para el desarrollo de las actividades con relación al transporte público. / This research analyzes the current situation of interdistrict public transport within the city of Lambayeque, and how these affect the spaces and public roads of the city. The purpose of this research is to make a detailed study of public transport, the relationship it has with public spaces and roads, identify an area to project, to conclude on the design of a transport terminal. The investigation according to the form is qualitative, with a propositional descriptive approach; the research level is non-experimental, cross-sectional and purposeful. The problems caused by interdistrict public transport highlights the lack of control and order of the vehicles that provide these services, such as combis and buses, This affects the spaces and public roads that are approached by vehicles, leaving aside free traffic for pedestrians. With the application of the research tools, the need to implement an area and infrastructure within the city for the development of activities in relation to public transport was obtained.

Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Rural communities in South Africa, including Makhuduthamaga Local Municipality, experience mobility problems in order to access facilities like hospitals, police stations, schools and shopping centres. This research study attempted to identify factors that affect effective implementation of community road infrastructure projects under the jurisdiction of Makhuduthamaga Local Municipal Council. The study was qualitative in nature wherein municipal officials directly involved in provision and maintenance of road infrastructure in the municipality, ward councillors and a consultant were interviewed. The study wanted to understand how councillors, officials and consultant observe service delivery in terms of road infrastructure in the area. The respondents indicated that the project management unit is trying very hard to ensure that service provision is spread adequately but the challenges experienced hamper effective service delivery. The identified challenges include: interference, including political interference of some stakeholders, service providers who are not experienced enough, inadequate finances and supply chain systems and policies which seem to be ill-defined and/or not implemented properly. There is a need for the government to invest more in infrastructure, specifically roads. It was proven from the findings of this study that the government still has to do more in providing quality roads in rural areas. The municipality should prioritise financial allocation or provision for road infrastructure in their budget to help in the stimulation of the burden experienced by everyone in this regard. The study recommends that the Project management unit needs to adhere to policy and contracts that bind service providers. There should be training of officials and service providers to improve the quality and effectiveness of the services rendered.

The South African government is obliged to render basic services for the people through local government municipalities. These basic services include among others the development of adequate roads, clean water and electricity. The responsibility of the delivery of these services was given to the municipality after the 1994 general elections, with the belief that it is the government that is closer to the people on the ground than the national and provincial governments. The issue of the provision of quality roads in rural areas of South African still remains a critical challenge. The issue addressed in this study is the provision of quality roads provided in Polokwane Municipality. The study focused on the implementation of roads infrastructure development project in rural areas of South Africa and the provision of roads in the rural areas of Polokwane Municipality in Capricorn District, with a special focus on the provision of roads in the rural villages of Thabakgone, Komaneng, Segopje and Ga-Molepo. The study used data collection instruments such as interviews, questionnaires and supporting documents, such as Polokwane Integrated Development Plan and relevant scientific articles to collect data in the four selected villages. The findings of the study revealed that the provision of roads infrastructure in the municipality is of substandard quality, and that the provision of quality roads in the areas is required.