The aim of this master thesis is evaluation of influence of nature unbreakable obstractles to land adjustment project. This work contains literature review that describes all type of landscaping and the different types of nature unbreakable obstacles. The attention is paid to the complex landscaping in Rataje u Bechyně cadastral area. In this area there is designed reconstruction of the existing field road network and a new building some of new field road network. The practical part focuses on description of interest location, the complex landscaping, the nature unbreakable obstacles and increase road network in this area.

The work deals with issues of road network in comprehensive landscaping, the literature review specifically categorization of field roads, road constructions, the forms of the elements, buildings, drainage, vegetation accompaniment, maintenance, repairs and reconstructions of field roads. Within the selected area of interest includes the history of road network, road network according to the proposal complex of land adjustment and evaluation of its realization.

The topic of my thesis is the impact of land consolidation on landscape. The aim of my work was through field survey to determine the functionality of common facilities in the areas Kvítkovice and Habří. Finally, In conclusion, it was compared, whether the actual state agrees with the state and implementing the project. The results were processed graphically.

The aim of my graduation theses is to project a rural road in two variations. The first variation was solved in an existing position. Rural roads are one of the most important parts of complex land consolidation. Road network create an organization of land resources. In other part they ensure an entrance to agricultural holdings. They can perform for example a function of soil protection from erosion and tourist function. Rural roads have to be harmoniously integrated into a landscape. The basis for my project is map with ratio scale 1:5 000. I projected a location of a rural road into a map at first. Then I created a general longitudinal profile for both variations. For the second variation was created also a detailed longitudinal profile. I projected a composition of a construction of a road, what is shown in a cross section. Rural roads have to be projected to minimalize earthmoving, because it causes high costs. Another aspect of projecting rural roads is, that they have to be integrated into a landscape.

The overall aim of this study is to understand how average daily individuals’ accessibility to other individuals has changed in Sweden and what the impact of changes in intra-travel time is on changes in daily individuals’ accessibility in Dalarna County. This thesis was conducted by applying quantitative research method via secondary data collection method. The required data for the purpose of this study were collected from Official Statistic of Sweden (SCB), Swedish Road Administration (NVDB) and Swedish National Travel Survey (RVU). Research population or target population for this study is all Swedish workforce population, aged 20-64. For the first part of the aim, the entire research population has been investigated and for the second part of the aim, non-probability sampling method (purposive sampling method) has been applied. The datasets have been applied to compute different variables. The variables were computed by using formulas extracted from previous empirical studies and with help of GIS and R software. The relationship between response and predictors variables has been statistically analyzed by multiple linear regression. The findings indicate that average daily individuals’ accessibility increased within the Swedish context between the years 1990 and 2008. It was found that the most increment was related to years 1995 to 2000. Also the statistical analysis showed that the relationship between the changes in average intra-travel time and changes in average daily individuals’ accessibility was not significant in municipalities in Dalarna County. Meanwhile, it was concluded that among predictor variables, changes in average daily mobility had a significant relationship with the changes in average daily individuals’ accessibility to other individuals within municipalities in Dalarna County.

<div>The interplay between network topology and traffic dynamics in road networks impacts various performance measures. There are extensive existing researches focusing on link-level fundamental diagrams, traffic assignments under route choice assumptions. However, the underlying coupling of structure and dynamic makes network-level traffic not fully investigated. In this thesis, we build structural and dynamic models to deal with three challenges: 1) describing road network topology and understanding the difference between cities; 2) quantifying network congestion considering both road network topology and traffic flow information; 3) allocating transportation management resources to optimize the road network connectivity.</div><div><br></div><div>The first part of the thesis focuses on structural models for complex road networks. Online road map data platforms, like OpenStreetMap, provide us with reliable road network data of the world. To solve the duplicate node problem, an O(n) time complexity node merging algorithm is designed to pre-process the raw road network with n nodes. Hereafter, we define unweighted and weighted node degree distribution for</div><div>road networks. Numerical experiments present the heterogeneity in node degree distribution for Beijing and Shanghai road network. Additionally, we find that the power law distribution fits the weighted road network under certain parameter settings, extending the current knowledge that degree distribution for the primal road network is not power law.</div><div><br></div><div>In the second part, we develop a road network congestion analysis and management framework. Different from previous methods, our framework incorporates both network structure and dynamics. Moreover, it relies on link speed data only, which is more accessible than previously used link density data. Specifically, we start from the existing traffic percolation theory and critical relative speed to describe network-level traffic congestion level. Based on traffic component curves, we construct Aij for two road segments i and j to quantify the necessity of considering the two road segments in the same traffic zone. Finally, we apply the Louvain algorithm on defined road segment networks to generate road network partition candidates. These candidate partitions will help transportation engineers to control regional traffic.</div><div><br></div><div>The last part formulates and solves a road network management resource allocation optimization. The objective is to maximize critical relative speed, which is defined from traffic component curves and is closely related to personal driving comfort. Budget upper bound serves as one of the constraints. To solve the simulation-based nonlinear optimization problem, we propose a simple allocation and a meta-heuristic method based on the genetic algorithm. Three applications demonstrate that the meta-heuristic method finds better solutions than simple allocation. The results will inform the optimal allocation of resources at each road segment in metropolitan cities to enhance the connectivity of road networks.</div>

Floods are becoming more frequent and the magnitude of direct consequences, relating to destruction of critical infrastructure and loss of life, has highlighted the importance of flood management. This thesis proposes a new methodology to quantify the impact of predicted and historic flooding events on emergency services. The approach moves beyond simple flood inundation mapping by accounting for the relationship between flood depth and vehicular speed. A case study was presented for Calgary Alberta, where the depths of a predicted 100-year flood and an historic 2013 flood event were modelled. The methodology applied geographic information systems (GIS) to flood depth mapping, utilizing digital elevation models (DEMs), flood extents, and hydrological data. Flood depths were then assigned to links comprising the road network, where the maximum vehicle speed was calculated as a function of the standing depth of water on a link. The flooded network was used to derive service areas for several types of emergency services (emergency medical services (EMS), fire, and police), following targeted response times. The results quantified and located the residential and work populations that no longer meet the targeted response times. During both flood scenarios, EMS were found to have the greatest reduction in accessibility, with 23% to 47% of residents and workers, respectively, not served. Fire services were seen to be more resilient with only 3% to 9% of residents and workers, respectively, not served. The results for police services were similar to fire services. However, the former have a greater range of response times, meaning these areas represent those that are completely isolated during both flood events. Overall, the proposed methodology quantified vulnerable populations on a partially degraded network, which can be used to develop evacuation plans and emergency response strategies, minimizing disturbances in the network and the number of people affected. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The use of GPS probes in traffic management is growing rapidly as the required data collection infrastructure is increasingly in place, with significant number of mobile sensors moving around covering expansive areas of the road network. Many travelers carry with them at least one device with a built-in GPS receiver. Furthermore, vehicles are becoming more and more location aware. Vehicles in commercial fleets are now routinely equipped with GPS. Travel time is important information for various actors of a transport system, ranging from city planning, to day to day traffic management, to individual travelers. They all make decisions based on average travel time or variability of travel time among other factors. AVI (Automatic Vehicle Identification) systems have been commonly used for collecting point-to-point travel time data. Floating car data (FCD) -timestamped locations of moving vehicles- have shown potential for travel time estimation. Some advantages of FCD compared to stationary AVI systems are that they have no single point of failure and they have better network coverage. Furthermore, the availability of opportunistic sensors, such as GPS, makes the data collection infrastructure relatively convenient to deploy. Currently, systems that collect FCD are designed to transmit data in a limited form and relatively infrequently due to the cost of data transmission. Thus, reported locations are far apart in time and space, for example with 2 minutes gaps. For sparse FCD to be useful for transport applications, it is required that the corresponding probes be matched to the underlying digital road network. Matching such data to the network is challenging. This thesis makes the following contributions: (i) a map-matching and path inference algorithm, (ii) a method for route travel time estimation, (iii) a fixed point approach for joint path inference and travel time estimation, and (iv) a method for fusion of FCD with data from automatic number plate recognition. In all methods, scalability and overall computational efficiency are considered among design requirements. Throughout the thesis, the methods are used to process FCD from 1500 taxis in Stockholm City. Prior to this work, the data had been ignored because of its low frequency and minimal information. The proposed methods proved that the data can be processed and transformed into useful traffic information. Finally, the thesis implements the main components of an experimental ITS laboratory, called iMobility Lab. It is designed to explore GPS and other emerging data sources for traffic monitoring and control. Processes are developed to be computationally efficient, scalable, and to support real time applications with large data sets through a proposed distributed implementation. / <p>QC 20150525</p>

La voie romaine Lyon-Trèves est un axe de communication majeur, qui organise une part importante de la circulation routière dans la Gaule de l’Est. Si elle a fait l’objet, depuis le XVIIIe siècle, de nombreuses recherches, peu d’études s’intéressent directement à son architecture et à ses caractéristiques, et de nombreuses parts d’ombre demeurent.Cette thèse propose donc un examen archéologique de celle-ci et de son environnement proche entre Lyon (69) et Metz (57), afin d’en préciser les connaissances. Une première partie se concentre sur l’étude des modes de construction, des caractéristiques structurelles et du tracé de la voie. Elle révèle la diversité des solutions techniques employées, ainsi qu’une forte adaptabilité aux différents contextes rencontrés. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation d’outils SIG a permis la mise en place d’une importante réflexion sur les temps de déplacement le long de la route. Ce fut également l’occasion de mener des calculs de modélisation pour retrouver le tracé de la voie dans des secteurs où il restait incertain. Dans une seconde partie, l’environnement de la route est examiné afin de préciser nos connaissances sur l’organisation et l’évolution de cette dernière. Une attention particulière est portée aux zones funéraires et aux structures militaires et défensives jalonnant la voie, afin de comprendre leur relation avec l’axe routier. Les occupations rurales font l’objet d’une étude spécifique, qui met en avant leur complexité et leur aspect multifonctionnel. Enfin, l’ensemble de ces études sont mises en perspective afin de préciser la chronologie de la voie Lyon-Trèves, que ce soit au niveau de sa date de construction ou de ses évolutions postérieures. / The Lyon-Trier roman road is a major axis of communication, which organises an important part of the road traffic in the Eastern Gaul. It has been the subject, since the 18th century, of many researches, but few studies focused directly in its architecture and its characteristics, and many shares of shade remain. This thesis offers therefore an archaeological examination of this one and of its close environment between Lyon (69) and Metz (57), in order to specify their knowledge. A first part concentrates on the study of the methods of building, the structural features and the course of the road. It reveals the diversity of used technical solutions, as well as a strong adaptability with the various contexts met. Moreover, the use of GIS softwares allowed the realization of an important analysis on travel times along the road. It was also the occasion to carry out spatial modelling operations to find the course of the road in sectors where it remained uncertain. In a second part, the environment of the road is examined to specify our knowledge of the organisation and the evolution of the latter. A particular attention is carried to the funeral area and to military and defensive structures bordering the route, in order to understand their relation with the roman road. The rural occupations are the object of a specific study, which highlights their complexity and their multifunctional aspect. Finally, all these studies are put in perspective to specify the chronology of the Lyon-Trier roman road, both for his date of building and for its posterior evolutions.

A presente pesquisa debruçou o seu olhar sobre o problema da falta de continuidade em redes de ruas que, ao que parece, não tem recebido a devida atenção por parte das administrações públicas e equipes de planejamento urbano. Através de análises como integralidade, heterogeneidade das redes espaciais urbanas e análise de bloqueios viários a pesquisa buscou inverter o olhar para elementos (e condições) estruturais que potencialmente prejudicam o desempenho da morfologia urbana de cidades causando impactos de natureza sócio-econômica. Para tanto, lançou mão da construção de grafos e da aplicação de medidas de diferenciação espacial nas redes em estudo, a fim de avançar na compreensão de eventos que possivelmente provocam algum tipo de ruptura na morfologia de cidades, provocando problemas para suas populações. O resultado do estudo apontou para a possibilidade de criação de um conceito específico chamado de microruptura em redes de ruas. / The present research intended to look at/: the problem of lack of continuity in networks of streets that, it seems, has not received due attention by the government and urban planning teams. Through analysis as integrity, spatial heterogeneity of networks and analysis of urban road blockades research sought to reverse its look to elements (and conditions) that potentially affect the structural performance of the urban morphology of cities causing social economic impacts. To do so, it uses the construction of graphs and the application of measures of spatial differentiation in the networks under study in order to advance the understanding of events that possibly provoke some kind of rupture in morphology of cities, causing problems for their people. The result of the study pointed to the possibility of creating a specific concept called microruptures in street networks.