<p>Osolike muve predstavljaju veliku familiju dvokrilaca koja u ekosistemu ima važnu ulogu opra&scaron;ivača biljaka i razlaganja organske materije. One su takođe dobar indikator naru&scaron;enosti ekosistema.&nbsp; Stoga je poznavanje njihove taksonomije i<br />ekologije od izuzetnog značaja. Jedan od tri najbrojnija roda osolikih muva&nbsp; predstavlja rod <em>Eumerus</em>, čija revizija na Balkanskom poluostrvu je predmet ove disertacije. Balkansko poluostrvo predstavlja izuzetan centar raznovrsnosti živog<br />sveta, između ostalih familija i za osolike muve. Za rod<em> Eumerus</em>, ono je pored Srednje Azije i Južne Afrike, jedan od centara specijacije.Predstavnici roda Eumerus su uglavnom sitnije crne muve, ponekad sa crvenim trbuhom. Karakteri&scaron;u ih bele popra&scaron;ene&nbsp; trake na tergitima, dva reda trnova na metafemuru&nbsp; apikoventralno i uvučena gornja spolja&scaron;nja poprečna vena na&nbsp; krilu, često sa dva kratka ispusta na ispupčenoj strani, okrenuta ka spolja. Cilj ove disertacije bio je utvrđivanje tačnog broja&nbsp; vrsta na Balkanskom poluostrvu i razre&scaron;avanje njihove&nbsp; taksonomije. Kao rezultat, utvrđeno je 44 prisutne vrste na&nbsp; istraživanom području koje su na osnovu morfolo&scaron;ke sličnosti&nbsp; podeljene u deset grupa. Tri utvrđene vrste ne pripadaju&nbsp; nijednoj grupi. U toku ovog istraživanja otkriveno je 12 vrsta novih za nauku:<em> E. aurofinis, E. banaticus</em>, in litt., <em>E. <span id="cke_bm_182S" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span><span id="cke_bm_185S" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>bicornis</em><span id="cke_bm_185E" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span><span id="cke_bm_182E" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>, in<span id="cke_bm_183S" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span> litt., <span id="cke_bm_186S" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span><em>E. crassus</em><span id="cke_bm_186E" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>, <span id="cke_bm_187S" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span><em>E. kar<span id="cke_bm_183E" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>yates</em><span id="cke_bm_187E" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>, in li<span id="cke_bm_188S" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>tt., <em>E. montanum</em>, <em>E.&nbsp;<span id="cke_bm_188E" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span> montenegr<span id="cke_bm_184E" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>inus, E. <span id="cke_bm_189E" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>nigrorufus</em>, in litt.<em>, E. phaeacus</em>, in litt., <span id="cke_bm_202S" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span><em>E. rubrum, E. tenuitarsis</em><span id="cke_bm_202E" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>, in litt. i<em> E. torsicus.</em> Geometrijska morfometrija krila je d<span id="cke_bm_203E" style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span>ala odlične rezultate za razdvajanje&nbsp; kriptičnih taksona u okviru roda <em>Eumerus,</em> primenjena na&nbsp; vrstama grupe minotaurus. Utvrđeni su najznačajniji morfolo&scaron;ki karakteri za razlikovanje vrsta. Jedan od veoma&nbsp; značajnih rezultata ove disertacije je ključ za identifikaciju&nbsp; vrsta roda<em> Eumerus</em> na Balkanskom poluostrvu. Na osnovu morfolo&scaron;ke analize donet je zaključak da tricolor grupa&nbsp; predstavlja morfolo&scaron;ki zasebnu taksonomsku celinu sa jasnim&nbsp; indicijama da je njen rang iznad grupe vrsta. Centre diverziteta&nbsp; vrsta roda <em>Eumerus</em> na istraživanom području predstavljaju, prema bogastvu vrsta grčka ostrva Lezbos i Krf i jugoistočni&nbsp; deo Crne Gore uključujući Skadarsko jezero. Na osnovu &Scaron;enonovog indeksa diverziteta, područja sa najvećim indeksom su sledeća: ostrva Hios, Lezbos i Krf, zatim Peloponez i veći&nbsp; deo Crne Gore.</p> / <p>Hoverflies represents a large family of Diptera that have in the ecosystem an important role of pollinators and decomposer of organic matter. They are also a good indicator of ecosystem disruption. Therefore, knowledge of their taxonomy and ecology is of great importance. One of the three most numerous genus of hoverflies is the genus<em> Eumerus</em>, whose revision in the Balkan Peninsula is the subject of this dissertation. The Balkan Peninsula is an exceptional center of biodiversity, for&nbsp; hoverflies among other families. For the genus&nbsp;<em> Eumerus</em>, Balkan Peninsula is next to&nbsp; Central Asia and South Africa, one of the centers of speciation. Representatives of the genus&nbsp; Eumerus&nbsp; are mostly small black flies, sometimes with red abdomen. They are characterized by white stripes on the tergites, two rows of spines on the metafemur apico-ventrally and recessed upper outer transverse wing vein. The aim of&nbsp; this dissertation was to determine the number of species on the Balkan&nbsp; Peninsula and to resolve their taxonomy. As a result, 44 species were identified in the investigated area, which are divided into ten groups based on the&nbsp; morphological similarity. The three species identified do not belong to any group. In the course of this study, 12 new species were discovered for the science:&nbsp; <em>E. aurofinis, E. banaticus,</em> in litt.,&nbsp; <em>E. bicornis</em>, in litt.,&nbsp;<em> E. crassus,&nbsp; E. karyates</em>, in litt.,&nbsp; <em>E. montanum,&nbsp; E. montenegrinus,&nbsp; E. nigrorufus,</em> in litt.,&nbsp; <em>E. phaeacus</em>, in litt.,&nbsp; <em>E. rubrum,</em> <em>E. tenuitarsis</em>, in litt. and&nbsp; <em>E. torsicus</em>. The geometric&nbsp; morphometry of the wings gave excellent results for the separation of cryptic taxons within the genus&nbsp; Eumerus, applied to the species of the&nbsp; minotaurus&nbsp; group. The most important morphological characters for differentiating species were determined. One of the very important results of this dissertation is the identification key for species of the genus&nbsp; <em>Eumerus&nbsp;</em> on the Balkan Peninsula. Based on morphological analysis, conclusion is that the tricolor&nbsp; group represents a morphologically separate taxonomic entity with clear indications that its rank is above a group of species. The centers of diversity of the genus&nbsp;<em> Eumerus</em>&nbsp; in the research area represent, according to the species richness of the Greek island of Lesbos and Corfu and the southeastern&nbsp; part of Montenegro including the Skadar Lake. Based on the Shannon&rsquo;s Diversity Index, the areas with the highest index are as follows: the islands of Hios, Lesbos and Corfu, then Peloponnese and most of Montenegro.</p>

Les particules soumises à un écoulement peuvent manifester des orientations préférées et une variété de déformations en fonction de leur géométrie et élasticité et du champ de vitesse de l'écoulement. A l’inverse, les flux peuvent être modifiés lorsque les contraintes des particules sont non négligeables. Cette thèse présente des résultats théoriques et numériques sur cette relation bilatérale en deux parties. La Ière partie commence par une analyse de stabilité et des simulations numériques qui montrent une particule brownienne semi-flexible dans un écoulement élongationnel effectuant un retournement, un phénomène associé aux flux de cisaillement. Le Chap. 2 étend les outils analytiques dédiés aux modèles simples ou aux flux indépendante du temps pour les modèles perle-barre-bond généraux dans les flux aléatoires. En partant des résultats des chapitres précédents, Le Chap. 3 aboutit à l'étude d'un degré de liberté lagrangien inexploré dans un écoulement turbulent : la flexion. Une particule semi-flexible courbe différemment dans les flux aléatoires bidimensionnels et tridimensionnels. La IIème partie concerne la turbulence élastique, un régime chaotique créé dans un écoulement de faibles forces inertielles par l'ajout de polymères élastiques. Le Chap. 4 estime le nombre de degrés de liberté d'une solution de ce régime via la dimension Lyapunov de l'attracteur du modèle Oldroyd-B bidimensionnel, un modèle connu de reproduire la turbulence élastique dans les simulations numériques. Le Chap. 5 pose des questions sur la nécessité d'élasticité pour produire un régime chaotique et conclut qu'une solution de polymère de barres peut créer un régime comparable à la turbulence élastique. / Particles, when subjected into a flow, may display preferred orientations and a variety of deformations depending on their geometry and elasticity and the flow velocity field. Flows can conversely be modified when the particle stresses are sufficiently large. This thesis presents theoretical and numerical results on this two-way relationship between particles and flows in two parts. Part I starts with a stability analysis and numerical simulations that show a simple semiflexible Brownian particle in an extensional flow undergo tumbling, a phenomenon normally associated to shear flows. Chapter 2 extends analytical tools available only for elementary polymer models or for steady flows to general bead-rod-spring models in random flows. By building on the results from the previous chapters, Chap. 3 culminates with the study of an unexplored Lagrangian degree of freedom in a turbulent flow: bending. A semiflexible particle is shown to display different bending behaviours in two- and three-dimensional random flows. This prediction is confirmed via direct numerical simulations of the particle in a turbulent flow. Part II concerns “elastic turbulence", a chaotic regime created in a flow with low inertial forces by the addition of elastic polymers. Chapter 4 provides an estimate for the number of degrees of freedom of a solution of this chaotic system via the Lyapunov dimension of the attractor of the two-dimensional Oldroyd-B model, a model known to reproduce elastic turbulence in numerical simulations. Chapter 5 questions the necessity of elasticity in producing a chaotic regime and concludes that a rodlike polymer solution can create a regime similar to elastic turbulence.

This thesis presents a numerical method for the simulation of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems on high-performance computers. The proposed method is specifically tailored to interactions between Newtonian fluids and a large number of slender viscoelastic structures, the latter being modeled as Cosserat rods. From a numerical point of view, such kind of FSI requires special techniques to reach numerical stability. When using a partitioned fluid-structure coupling approach this is usually achieved by an iterative procedure, which drastically increases the computational effort. In the present work, an alternative coupling approach is developed based on an immersed boundary method (IBM). It is unconditionally stable and exempt from any global iteration between the fluid part and the structure part. The proposed FSI solver is employed to simulate the flow over a dense layer of vegetation elements, usually designated as canopy flow. The abstracted canopy model used in the simulation consists of 800 strip-shaped blades, which is the largest canopy-resolving simulation of this type done so far. To gain a deeper understanding of the physics of aquatic canopy flows the simulation data obtained are analyzed, e.g., concerning the existence and shape of coherent structures.

For the transport of their spacecraft from the vehicle assembly building to the launch pads at Kennedy Space Centre, Florida, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is using two special crawler transporters since 1965. First developed for the Saturn V rocket the crawler transporters have been sufficient for all following generations of space ships so far. But for the new generation of Orionspacecraft which is under development now, a load capacity increase for the crawler transporter of plus 50% was necessary. For this task Hunger Hydraulik did develop new jacking, equalizing and levelling (JEL) cylinders with sufficient load capacity but also with some new features to improve the availability, reliability and safety of this system. After design approval and manufacture of the cylinders they have been tested in a special developed one-to-one scale dynamic test rig and after passing this the cylinders had to prove their performance in the crawler transporter itself. This article describes the general application and introduces the technical requirements of this project as well as the realized solution.

DYN3D is an best estimate advanced code for the three-dimensional simulation of steady-states and transients in light water reactor cores with quadratic and hexagonal fuel assemblies. Burnup and poison-dynamic calculations can be performed. For the investigation of wide range transients, DYN3D is coupled with system codes as ATHLET and RELAP5. The neutron kinetic model is based on the solution of the three-dimensional two-group neutron diffusion equation by nodal expansion methods. The thermal-hydraulics comprises a one- or two-phase coolant flow model on the basis of four differential balance equations for mass, energy and momentum of the two-phase mixture and the mass balance for the vapour phase. Various cross section libraries are linked with DYN3D. Systematic code validation is performed by FZR and independent organizations.

This thesis deals with thermoregulation in red wood ants, in Formica rufa group. Our aim was to better understand the mechanisms by which red wood ants maintain thermal homeostasis in their nests. Red wood ants are known to keep high and stable temperatures in their nests from spring to autumn. Most emphasis is placed on the role of the nest mound as a solar collector or on a heat production by microbial community present in the nest material. However, some researchers believe that wood ants are able of active nest thermoregulation in which they can affect the nest temperature by behavioural reactions, mainly by sun basking, increased metabolic heat production or heat transport. The thesis consists of three research articles. The first one is focused on the timing of thermoregulation in red wood ants, the second one investigates in more detail one specific aspect of red wood ant thermoregulation - a sun basking behaviour. These two papers provide data from long-term field observations and experiments. The last paper is based on laboratory experiments where we tested a hypothesis resulting from field observations. Thanks to the field research we found out that ant activity (traffic on ant trails) significantly correlates with nest temperature; once the activity decreased the thermal homeostasis...

The diploma thesis is focused on structural design and assessment of lookout tower, which is made of reinforced concrete and steel bracing elements. Structural design was performer in accordance with valid eurocodes and standards. The work is accompanied by construction drawings, drawings of shapes, reinforcement and steel elements, and documents from manufacturers.

L-trä har på kort tid blivit en vanligare byggmetod. Detta har medfört att det underlag som finns för projektering inom området inte är lika väl utvecklade som andra stomsystem. De lösningar som finns inom KL-trä, är idag ofta projektbaserade och är inte är helt genomtänkta ur alla aspekter. Från hur en prefabricerad betongstomme projekteras fram kan vissa principer tillämpas till KL-trä, men då detta är en annan typ av stomme blir vissa lösningar mer specifika mot KL-trä.  Syftet med vår studie är att ta fram en balkonglösning som är fuktsäker och utveckla en standardiserad lösning som går att tillämpa praktiskt. Den ska även uppfylla de krav som regelverken ställer för en balkong. I rapporten används kvalitativa metoder som metodik. Litteraturstudier har använts för att ge en analys av det arbete som finns inom området idag. Datainsamling utfördes med Tom Noremo, som ligger till grund för intervjuer. Intervjuer utfördes med 11 sakkunniga med olika erfarenheter inom byggbranschen. Studien avgränsas till utanpåliggande balkonger infästa med dragstag. Även fasadsystemen avgränsas till Rockwools REDair alternativt PAROC:s ZERO. Den detalj som tas fram är enbart för bostadshus och ska klara av de tillgänglighetskrav som en balkong ska uppfylla. Inga beräkningar för bärförmåga har utförts och redovisad lösning utgår ifrån en befintlig lösning.  Från litteraturstudierna och intervjuerna har en detalj för en balkong i KL-trä projekterats fram. Lösningen har liknande infästning som den detalj rapporten utgår ifrån. Resultatet blev att stålramen med UPE-profil som ligger runt om KL-skivan ska bytas ut mot en L-profil och infästning av dragstag ska sitta i sidorna. Balkonger i KL-trä ska ha hålkäl likt de som en prefabricerad betongbalkong har och ska dras hela vägen till framkant. Balkongerna ska utföras med en tralluppbyggnad som gör det enkelt att klara av tillgänglighetskraven och ger en mer fuktsäker konstruktion. Det tätskikt som monteras måste klara av den mekaniska åverkan som kommer från trallen, närmast dörrtröskel ska brädor bytas ut mot gallerdurk. För de balkonger som är extra utsatta för nederbörd kan en sockeluppbyggnad utföras. Slutsatsen blev att det krävs omfattande åtgärder för att en balkong i KL-trä ska bli lika hållbar som en betongbalkong. Materialval och arbetsutförande har en stor inverkan på slutresultatet. Studien har resulterat i ett gediget projekteringsunderlag för utformning av balkonger. / CLT is becoming a more popular building method. Therefore, the design documentation for CLT is not as developed as other frame systems. The solutions that exist today are only project-based and not always as well thought out as compared to how prefabricated concrete systems is designed. Some principles can be applied to CLT but since this is a different type of material the solutions need to become more specific to CLT.  The purpose with our study is to develop a standardized balcony detail in CLT which is moisture-proof and can be applied in practice. It must also meet the requirements and regulations for a balcony set by the authorities.  The report uses qualitative methods as a methodology to analyse the work that exist today for a balcony in CLT. We used literature studies and conducted 11 interviews with experts obtained from Kåver &amp; Mellin. The study is limited to wall-mounted balconies attached with tension rods. The facade systems are limited to Rockwool´s RED air or PAROC zero. The detail in the report is only for apartment buildings and will meet the requirements set for a balcony. No calculations for load bearing capacity have been conducted where the solution is based on an existing solution.  As a result, from the literature studies and interviews, a balcony detail in CLT has been projected. The detail uses similar attachments as the detail the report is based on. The result from the methodology was that the steel frame that is applied around the CLT-panel must be replaced with a L shaped steel frame. The attachments for the tension rods must be placed on the sides of the balcony. Balconies in CLT must have the same triangle formed element as prefabricated concrete balconies has and be drawn all the way to the front edge of the CLT-panel. The balconies need to be made with duckboard which makes it easier to meet the requirements of accessibility and provides a more moisture-proof construction. The waterproof layer needs to be able to withstand the load bearing coming from duckboard. The boards closest to the threshold can be replaced with a floor grate. The balconies that is extra exposed to bad weather can have an extra outer wall construction. The conclusion is that a balcony in CLT need extensive measures for it to become as durable as concrete balconies. Material selection and the work performance have the biggest impact on the result. The study has resulted in a solid design documentation for a balcony in CLT and an alternative solution has been produced which is moisture-proof and can be applied in practice.

<p>  </p> <p>With the discovery and treatment of any disease comes the important question of its genetic prevalence. This is especially important for animals under strict breeding control, such as dogs, because this can provide essential information regarding breeding pair decisions. Thus, the focus of this thesis is to investigate the genetic prevalence of three different diseases: 1) Factor VII Deficiency (FVIID), 2) Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA), and 3) Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration-Progressive Retinal Atrophy (prcd-PRA). Factor VII Deficiency (FVIID) is a clotting disorder observed in both humans and dogs, characterized by impeded function of the Factor VII protein. In dogs, FVIID is caused by a single nucleotide substitution (c.407G>A) in the <em>F7 </em>gene. This mutation, identified in a colony of research Beagles, is also present in dogs with a wide variety of distantly-related breed backgrounds and in mixed-breed dogs, suggesting an ancient, ancestral origin. Given the relatively common presence of this variant, it was hypothesized that this genetic mutation could be contributing to excessive bleeding in canine autopsy cases that could not be attributed to typical causes. DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (n = 67 cases) were Sanger sequenced for the FVIID c.407G>A mutation, and all were determined to be homozygous wild-type. Therefore, the tested variant is not associated with the unexplained bleeding in these cases, and it is not a logical diagnostic test to apply to similar cases in the future.</p> <p><br></p> <p>CEA and prcd-PRA are ophthalmic genetic diseases of concern often included in commercial genetic testing panels. A large dataset spanning 15+ years provided by a commercial partner company (OptiGen/Wisdom Panel, Kinship) encompassed dogs tested for the CEA-associated <em>NHEJ1</em> deletion (n = 33,834 dogs) and the prcd-PRA causal mutation in <em>PRCD</em> (n = 86,667 dogs). Disease trends were observed graphically and analyzed with Chi-square goodness-of-fit testing and regression modeling for disease status and genotype classification. Both diseases had a statistically significant change in genotype frequencies from the first year of data to the last; both diseases also had a negative association between progression of time and overall probability of a dog being disease-positive or a carrier/heterozygous. This suggests that genetic testing results are being incorporated into breeding decisions, although affected dogs were still being identified by the end of this study. Different breeds, AKC groups, FCI groups, genetic clades, and geography were also investigated to determine impact on overall disease trend. </p>

Исследовать материалы, используемые для усиления железобетонных балок, провести расчеты усиления балки в направлении действия изгибающего момента и поперечной силы с использованием композитных материалов с их технико-экономическим обоснованием. / Investigate the materials used to reinforce reinforced concrete beams, carry out calculations of the beam reinforcement in the direction of the bending moment and shear force using composite materials with their feasibility study.