Fundamental to all biological processes is the interplay between biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Studies of interactions should therefore be more informative than mere detection of expressed proteins. Preferably, such studies should be performed in material that is as biologically and clinically relevant as possible, i.e. in primary cells and tissues. In addition, to be able to take into account the heterogeneity of such samples, the analyses should be performed in situ to retain information on the sub-cellular localization where the interactions occur, enabling determination of the activity status of individual cells and allowing discrimination between e.g. tumor cells and surrounding stroma. This requires assays with an utmost level of sensitivity and selectivity. Taking these issues into consideration, the in situ proximity-ligation assay (in situ PLA) was developed, providing localized detection of proteins, protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications in fixed cells and tissues. The high sensitivity and selectivity afforded by the assay's requirement for dual target recognition in combination with powerful signal amplification enables visualization of single protein molecules in intact single cells and tissue sections. To further increase the usefulness and application of in situ PLA, the assay was adapted to high content analysis techniques such as flow cytometry and high content screening. The use of in situ PLA in flow cytometry offers the possibility for high-throughput analysis of cells in solution with the unique characteristics offered by the assay. For high content screening, it was demonstrated that in situ PLA can enable cell-based drug screening of compounds affecting post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions in primary cells, offering superior abilities over current assays. The methods presented in this thesis provide powerful new tools to study proteins in genetically unmodified cells and tissues, and should offer exciting new possibilities for molecular biology, diagnostics and drug discovery. 

This thesis investigates optimization of the control of electrical and thermal equipment by using FEM and CFD modeling in combination with dynamic simulation models. The thesis focuses on the production of electrical strips and the control system with the aim of reducing losses and improving magnetic properties. Several parameters and factors contribute to core losses. Thickness deviations in strip production, high levels of impurities in the core, orientation, ageing, surface oxidation, overloading, and hot spot temperature are among the reasons for losses in the core. Some of the losses occur during strip cutting and core assembly. This dissertation focuses on the reduction of losses in the cold rolling, annealing and manufacturing stages. The cold rolling process has a direct influence on the accuracy of the strip thickness and magnetic ageing of sheets. Some disturbances such as eccentricity, working rolls gap deviation, shape and edge deflections have to be removed in order to achieve accurate thickness. Thickness measurement makes up an important portion of loss evaluation in electrical equipment. Impurities and dirty strip surfaces in the cold rolling step can increase the carbon content of strips that pass through the annealing furnaces after cold rolling. The slab should be cleaned before reeling and rewinding. As the strip passes through the annealing furnaces, the temperature should be homogenous over the entire strip. According to simulations of furnace and strip temperature computed in the COMSOL environment, homogenous temperatures may be achieved using high electrical power reflectors which are equipped with molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) electrical heating elements to replace the gas fired burners that are currently used. Modelling of the cold rolling process is conducted in order to find the correlation between control system parameters. A multivariable mathematical model for the rolling process is derived here, which reveals the interactions of the influencing variables. This approach provides numerically efficient algorithms, which are necessary for running in a real-time environment. A control model is applied in the MATLAB environment in order to determine the strip thickness at online-offline state using a robust algorithm. The critical problem in the thickness control loop is analysed, and an adaptive control algorithm is proposed. A number of control methods are investigated to improve the final strip properties. Cold rolled strip thickness deviations, eccentricities and shape defects are compensated for. The simulation results are verified with measurement data and the most significant sources of disturbances are detected. Finally, to solve the hottest spot problem in large scale electric power transformer, a new apparatus, oil spraying, is proposed and analysed. / Denna avhandling behandlar optimering och kontroll av elektrisk och termisk utrustning med hjälp av FEM och CFD-modellering i kombination med dynamiska simuleringsmodeller. Avhandlingen fokuserar på produktion av remsor och styrsystemet i syfte att minska förluster och ge bättre magnetiska egenskaper. Flera parametrar och faktorer bidrar till förluster i kärnan. Tjockleksavvikelser i remsor, höga nivåer av föroreningar i kärnan, orientering, åldrande, yta oxidation, överbelastning och temperaturer i heta punkter finns bland orsakerna till förlusterna i kärnan. Några av de förluster som uppstår under klippning av remsor och ihopsättningen av kärnan. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att minska förlusterna i produktionsstegen för kallvalsning och  glödgning. Kallvalsningen har ett direkt inflytande på riktigheten av remsornas tjocklek och magnetiska åldrande. Vissa störningar i till exempel excentriciteten, gapet mellan valsarna, form och kanter måste minimeras för att uppnå korrekt tjocklek. Tjockleksmätningar utgör en viktig del av utvärderingen av förluster  i elektrisk utrustning. Föroreningar och smutsiga bandytor i kallvalsningssteget kan öka kolhalten i band som passerar genom ugnar efter kallvalsning. Valsämnet bör rengöras innan avhaspling och upprullning. När bandet passerar genom glödgningsugnar bör temperaturen vara homogen över hela remsan. Enligt simuleringar av ugnen och remsans temperatur kan homogen temperatur uppnås med elektriska värmeelement (Molybden disilikat, MoSi2) insatta i reflektorer. De kan ersätta den gaseldade brännare som för närvarande används. Modellering av kallvalsningsprocessen sker i syfte att hitta korrelation mellan styrsystemparametrar. En multivariabel matematisk modell för valsningsprocessen har tagits fram som använder korrelation mellan variabler. Denna metod ger numeriskt effektiva algoritmer som behövs för att köra i en realtids-miljö. En modell har tagits fram för att bestämma remsornas med tjocklek för kontinuerlig och icke-kontinuerligt tillstånd med hjälp av en robust algoritm. Det kritiska problemet i reglerloopen för tjocklek har analyserats, och en adaptiv regleralgoritm föreslås. Ett antal metoder har undersökts för att förbättra de slutliga bandegenskaperna. Avvikelser i kallvalsade band med avseende på tjocklek, excentriciteter och form kompenseras. Simuleringsresultaten har verifierats med mätdata och de viktigaste källorna till störningar upptäckts.   Slutligen, för att lösa problemet med heta punkter i stora transformatorer föreslås en ny metod för oljesprutning, vilken också analyseras i avhandlingen.

The great variation displayed by nucleic acid molecules in human cells, and the continuous discovery of their impact on life, consequently require continuous refinements of molecular analysis techniques. Padlock probes and rolling circle amplification offer single nucleotide discrimination in situ, a high signal-to-noise ratio and localized detection within cells and tissues. In this thesis, in situ detection of nucleic acids with padlock probes and rolling circle amplification was applied for detection of DNA in the single cell gel electrophoresis assay to detect nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. This assay is used to measure DNA damage and repair.  The behaviour of mitochondrial DNA in the single cell gel electrophoresis assay has earlier been controversial, but it was shown herein that mitochondrial DNA diffuses away early in the assay. In contrast, Alu repeats remain associated with the nuclear matrix throughout the procedure. A new twelve gel approach was also developed with increased throughput of the single cell gel electrophoresis assay. DNA repair of three genes OGG1, XPD and HPRT and of Alu repeats after H2O2 induced damage was further monitored. All three genes and Alu repeats were repaired faster than total DNA. Finally, padlock probes and rolling circle amplification were applied for detection of the single stranded RNA virus Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. The virus was detected by first reverse transcribing RNA into cDNA.. The virus RNA together with its complementary RNA and the nucleocapsid protein were detected in cultured cells. The work presented here enables studies of gene specific damage and repair as well as viral infections in situ. Detection by ligation offers high specificity and makes it possible to discriminate even between closely related molecules. Therefore, these techniques will be useful for a wide range of applications within research and diagnostics.

Among the great challenges in biology are the precise quantification of specific sets of proteins and analyses of their patterns of interaction on a much larger scale than is possible today. This thesis presents a novel protein detection technique - proximity ligation - and reports the development and application of a nucleic acid amplification technique, RCA. Proximity ligation converts information about the presence or co-localization of specific proteins to unique sets of nucleic acid sequences. For detection of target proteins or protein complexes the coincident binding by pairs or triplets of specific protein-binding reagents are required. Oligonucleotide-extensions attached to those binding reagents are joined by a DNA ligase and subsequently analyzed by standard molecular genetic techniques. The technique is shown to sensitively detect an assortment of proteins using different types of binders converted to proximity probes, including SELEX aptamers and mono- and polyclonal antibodies. I discuss factors important for using the technique to analyze many proteins simultaneously. Quantification of target molecules requires precise amplification and detection. I show how rolling circle amplification, RCA, can be used for precise quantification of circular templates using modified molecular beacons with real-time detection. The combination of proximity-probe templated circularization and RCA results in a sensitive method with high selectivity, capable of visualizing individual immobilized proteins. This technique is used for localized detection of a set of individual proteins and protein complexes at sub-cellular resolution.

Examensarbetet "Utveckling av rollator" har utförts på institutionen för teknik och samhälle vid Högskolan i Skövde på uppdrag av Ahlberg Leber AB i ämnet integrerad produktutveckling.   Uppdraget började med en grundlig förstudie av rollatormarknaden och till viss del även närliggande marknader. En kundkedja togs fram över de personer som kommer i kontakt med rollatorn under dess livslängd och som därför kan anses som intressenter av hur produkten utformas. Därefter gjordes ett antal intervjuer och enkäter för att klargöra vilka egenskaper som ansågs som viktiga hos en rollator.   Utifrån detta skapades en objektiv kravspecifikation som diskuterades och modifierades något efter företagets krav.   Välkända metoder såsom t ex brainstorming och brainwriting har använts för att generera idéer till projektet. Idégenereringen genomfördes både inom projektgruppen och tillsammans med andra studenter. Under genereringen lades fokus på ett antal olika områden, som huvudform, tilläggsfunktioner, hopfällningar och helhetslösningar.   Efter att ha arbetat vidare på några olika idéer kunde olika konceptförslag skapas. Dessa diskuterades både med företaget och med experter inom framförallt lätta konstruktioner. Alla koncept bestod av hopfällningslösningar eftersom det ansågs vara en viktig del av utformningen.   Resultatet av examensarbetet blev ett slutgiltigt konceptförslag som utformats med fokus på kundernas behov. Den nya generationens rollator har en form som tilltalar ögat, hållfasthet som motsvarar framtidens krav och är ergonomiskt utformad för att passa dess brukare. Konceptet innebar en rollator som fälls ihop m h a två vinkelräta gångjärn eftersom det ansågs ha flest fördelar.

Constitutive behavior models for steels are typically semi-empirical, however recently neural network is also being used. Existing neural network models are highly complex with a large network structure i.e. the number of neurons and layers. Furthermore, the network structure is different for different grades of steel. In the present study a simple neural network structure, 3:4:1, is developed which models flow behavior better than other models available in literature. Using this neural network structure constitutive behavior of 8 steels: 4 carbon steels, V and V-Ti microalloyed steels, an austenitic stainless steel and a high speed steel could be modeled with reasonable accuracy. The stress-strain behavior for the vanadium microalloyed steel was obtained from hot compression tests carried out at 850-1150 C and 0.1-60 s-1. It is found that a better estimate of the constants in the semi-empirical model developed for this steel could be obtained by simultaneous nonlinear regression. A model that can predict the effect of chemical composition on the constitutive behavior would be industrially useful for e.g., in optimizing rolling schedules for new grades of steel. In the present study, a neural network model, 5:6:1, is developed which predicts the flow behavior for a range of carbon steels. It is found that the effect of manganese is best accounted for by taking Ceq=C+Mn/6 as one of the inputs of the network. Predictions from this model show that the effect of carbon on flow stress is nonlinear. The hot strip mill at Jindal Vijaynagar Steel Ltd., Toranagallu, Karnataka, India, was simulated for calculating the rolling loads, finish rolling temperature (FRT) and microstructure evolution. DEFORM-2d a commercial finite element package was used to simulate deformation and heat transfer in the rolling mill. The simulation was carried out for 18 strips of 2-4 mm thickness with compositions in the range and 0.025-0.139 %C. The rolling loads and FRT could be calculated within 15 % and 15 C respectively. Analysis based on the variation in the roll diameter, roll gap and the effect of roll flattening and temperature of the roll showed that an error of 6 % is inherent in the prediction of loads. Simulation results indicated that strain induced transformation to ferrite occurred in the finishing mill. The microstructure after rolling was validated against experimental data for ferrite microstructure and mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of steels with predominantly ferrite microstructures depend on the prior austenite grain size, strain retained before transformation and cooling rate on the run-out table. A parametric study based on experimental data available in literature showed that a variation in cooling rate by a factor of two on the run-out table gives rise to only a 20 MPa variation in the mechanical properties.

<p>Examensarbetet "Utveckling av rollator" har utförts på institutionen för teknik och samhälle vid Högskolan i Skövde på uppdrag av Ahlberg Leber AB i ämnet integrerad produktutveckling.</p><p> </p><p>Uppdraget började med en grundlig förstudie av rollatormarknaden och till viss del även närliggande marknader. En kundkedja togs fram över de personer som kommer i kontakt med rollatorn under dess livslängd och som därför kan anses som intressenter av hur produkten utformas. Därefter gjordes ett antal intervjuer och enkäter för att klargöra vilka egenskaper som ansågs som viktiga hos en rollator.</p><p> </p><p>Utifrån detta skapades en objektiv kravspecifikation som diskuterades och modifierades något efter företagets krav.</p><p> </p><p>Välkända metoder såsom t ex brainstorming och brainwriting har använts för att generera idéer till projektet. Idégenereringen genomfördes både inom projektgruppen och tillsammans med andra studenter. Under genereringen lades fokus på ett antal olika områden, som huvudform, tilläggsfunktioner, hopfällningar och helhetslösningar.</p><p> </p><p>Efter att ha arbetat vidare på några olika idéer kunde olika konceptförslag skapas. Dessa diskuterades både med företaget och med experter inom framförallt lätta konstruktioner. Alla koncept bestod av hopfällningslösningar eftersom det ansågs vara en viktig del av utformningen.</p><p> </p><p>Resultatet av examensarbetet blev ett slutgiltigt konceptförslag som utformats med fokus på kundernas behov. Den nya generationens rollator har en form som tilltalar ögat, hållfasthet som motsvarar framtidens krav och är ergonomiskt utformad för att passa dess brukare. Konceptet innebar en rollator som fälls ihop m h a två vinkelräta gångjärn eftersom det ansågs ha flest fördelar.</p>

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur svenska storföretag ser på sitt arbete med budget som ekonomistyrningssystem. Tidigare forskning indikerar på att trots den omfattande kritik som finns mot budget så tenderar företag att inte instämma i den. Kritikerna hävdar, bland många saker, att budgeten skulle vara resurskrävande, inflexibel, inaktuell och ge upphov till manipulering. Alternativet, menar de mer radikala kritikerna, skulle vara att överge budget och arbeta fullständigt med alternativa lösningar. Empiriska studier visar att budget används av företagen men förbättras och omvärderas med tiden för att anpassas bättre till verksamheten. Tidigare forskning har visat att de alternativ som förespråkas i budgetlös styrning inte förutsätter att budgeten överges för att bli användbara. Tidigare studier om företags inställning till budgetering har gjorts i bland annat Nederländerna och Nordamerika. Det finns alltså ingen studie som mäter svenska företags inställning. Svenska företag utmärker sig dels genom kulturen men framförallt genom att annorlunda ledarskap. Komplexiteten i storföretag har för den här studien inneburit att urvalsgruppen att undersöka blev svenska storföretag. Urvalsgruppen undersöktes genom ett oberoende slumpmässigt urval. Det positivistiska synsättet har lett till ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt med enkät som verktyget för att nå populationen. Populationen svenska storföretag utgjordes 2013 av 1850 företag och vårt stickprov bestod av 250 företag. Genom att jämföra stickprovet i den här studien mot hela populationen kunde vi konstatera att omsättning och antal anställda inte avviker nämnvärt mellan grupperna. En bortfallsanalys utfördes mellan respondenterna som svarade innan och efter att en påminnelse skickats ut och resulterade i statistiskt säkerställda resultat där grupperna svarade homogent. Majoriteten av storföretagen arbetar med budgetering. Resultaten baserades på 41 respondenters svar och kan i en hög grad sägas vara statistiskt säkerställda. Det finns några påståenden där en alltför stor osäkerhet finns men slutsatsen blir utifrån de statistiskt säkerställda resultaten att budgeten är här för att stanna. Budgetens syfte är att skapa ekonomisk överblick och den förbättras och kompletteras med hjälp av de verktyg som budgetlös styrning förespråkar. Kritiken kunde i stor utsträckning förkastas. Vi tror att vidare forskning handlar om ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt för samma population eller ett byte av målgrupp men med liknande forskningsfråga för att se om mindre företag delar storföretagens åsikter om budget. / The purpose of this study was to examine large Swedish corporations approach on their budgets as management control systems. Recent research indicates that corporations tend to disagree with the widespread criticism against budgeting. Critics claims, among many other things, that the budget is costly, inflexible, outdated and give rise to manipulation. The more radical critics argue that the alternative would be to abandon the budget and work completely with alternative solutions. Resent research indicates that corporations are still working with budgeting but with an improved version that is re-evaluated over time to adapt better to the business. Another important aspect that previous research shows was that the preferred option in beyond budgeting does not require the budget to be totally abandoned to become useful. Previous studies on corporations attitude towards budget were made, inter alia, in the Netherlands and North America. Thus, there was no study that measured the Swedish corporate attitude towards budgeting. Swedish corporations distinguish themselves partly by culture but mostly by their leadership. The selection group in this study was based on the complexity of large corporations. We examine the population by an independent random sample with a positivistic view. That means a quantitative approach with survey as a tool to reach the population. In 2013 the population of large Swedish corporations consisted of 1850 corporations. By comparing the sample in this study to the entire population, we found that turnover and number of employees does not differ significantly between the groups. A non-response analysis was performed between respondents who answered before and after a reminder were sent out and resulted in statistically reliable results where groups responded homogeneously. The majority of large corporations are currently working with budgeting. This results includes answers from 41 respondents' and in a largely, it is to be said, statistically significant. There are some statements in which too much uncertainty exists but the conclusion was based on the statistically significant findings that the budget is here to stay. The budget aims to create economic overview and is improved and supplemented with the help of the tools beyond budgeting advocates. Largely the criticism could be rejected as false. We believe that further research examine budgeting through a qualitative approach to the same population or a change of the population but with similar research question to see if the smaller corporations share larger corporations' opinion about budgeting.

Modeling, fault assessment, and diagnostics of rolling element bearings and induction motors were studied. Dynamic model of rolling element bearings with faults were developed using vector bond graphs. The model incorporates gyroscopic and centrifugal effects, contact deflections and forces, contact slip and separations, and localized faults. Dents and pits on inner race, outer race and balls were modeled through surface profile changes. Experiments with healthy and faulty bearings validated the model. Bearing load zones under various radial loads and clearances were simulated. The model was used to study dynamics of faulty bearings. Effects of type, size and shape of faults on the vibration response and on dynamics of contacts in presence of localized faults were studied. A signal processing algorithm, called feature plot, based on variable window averaging and time feature extraction was proposed for diagnostics of rolling element bearings. Conducting experiments, faults such as dents, pits, and rough surfaces on inner race, balls, and outer race were detected and isolated using the feature plot technique. Time features such as shape factor, skewness, Kurtosis, peak value, crest factor, impulse factor and mean absolute deviation were used in feature plots. Performance of feature plots in bearing fault detection when finite numbers of samples are available was shown. Results suggest that the feature plot technique can detect and isolate localized faults and rough surface defects in rolling element bearings. The proposed diagnostic algorithm has the potential for other applications such as gearbox. A model-based diagnostic framework consisting of modeling, non-linear observability analysis, and parameter tuning was developed for three-phase induction motors. A bond graph model was developed and verified with experiments. Nonlinear observability based on Lie derivatives identified the most observable configuration of sensors and parameters. Continuous-discrete Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) technique was used for parameter tuning to detect stator and rotor faults, bearing friction, and mechanical loads from currents and speed signals. A dynamic process noise technique based on the validation index was implemented for EKF. Complex step Jacobian technique improved computational performance of EKF and observability analysis. Results suggest that motor faults, bearing rotational friction, and mechanical load of induction motors can be detected using model-based diagnostics as long as the configuration of sensors and parameters is observable. / text

The focus of this thesis was the development of failure prognosis methods (prognostics) in rotating machinery with use of multiple sensors digital signal processing and machine learning techniques. The motivation stems from the void in literature concerning prognostics in meshing gearboxes. Moreover, there are several but inconclusive works regarding bearing prognosis. Few research groups have studied multi-hour fatigue gear experiments and this was one of the contributions of this thesis. Moreover, the study expanded beyond the sheer application of vibration monitoring with the addition of an Oil Debris Monitoring probe (ODM) as well as Acoustic emission (AE). The method of AE monitoring is, once again, proposed as a robust technique for failure prognosis being better correlated with gear pitting level compared to the classic vibration monitoring technique. Moreover, judging from ODM recordings the gear pitting comprises of two phases i) a linear phase, with an almost constant pitting rate and ii) a very short non linear phase where the pitting rate increases exponentially, an explicit indication of a critical failure. Multi-hour gear experiments that are close to real scale applications are very demanding in time as well as in invested capital. To bypass this shortfall a gear failure like simulation is proposed. The simulation framework is based on real life experiments and is applied to assess a number of data-driven Remaining Useful Life (RUL) estimation techniques namely i) Proportional Hazards Μodel (PHM), ii) ε- Support Vector Regression ε-SVR and iii) Exponential extrapolation based on bootstrap sampling. In the current thesis a feature extraction scheme for prognosis is proposed and assessed based on time domain, frequency domain statistical features and Wavelet Packet (WP) energy derived from AE and vibration recordings. ICA is proposed as a preferable fusion technique for gear failure prognostics. Application of ICA for feature fusion provided a clear improvement regarding the earlier presented bootstrap extrapolation technique. Bearings are also taken into account since they are closely connected to gearboxes. In the current thesis a wavelet denoising method is proposed for bearing vibration recordings aiming to the improvement of the diagnostic and prognostic potential of vibration. Finally the importance of data fusion is highlighted in the case of bearings. It is observed that a feature extraction scheme can generalize the application of prognostics, even in cases where RMS may yield no important degradation trend. / Η παρούσα εργασία εστιάζεται στην ανάπτυξη μεθοδολογιών πρόβλεψης τελικής αστοχίας σε περιστρεφόμενα συστήματα με χρήση πολλαπλών αισθητήρων και μεθόδων μηχανικής μάθησης και επεξεργασίας σήματος. Το κίνητρο προήλθε από το κενό που υπάρχει στη βιβλιογραφία όσον αφορά την προγνωστική σε κιβώτια ταχυτήτων. Η προγνωστική σε έδρανα έχει μεν μελετηθεί αλλά σε μικρό βαθμό και η παρούσα εργασία έρχεται να συμβάλλει και σε αυτό τον τομέα. Στα πλαίσια αυτής της εργασίας εκπονήθηκε ένας αριθμός πειραμάτων κόπωσης κιβωτίων ταχυτήτων. Η μελέτη επεκτάθηκε πέραν της παρακολούθησης κατάστασης με τη μέθοδο των κραδασμών και συγκεκριμένα μελετήθηκαν καταγραφές σωματιδίων σιδήρου στο λιπαντικό (ODM) καθώς και Ακουστική Εκπομπής (AE). Η μέθοδος ΑΕ ευρέθη πιο στενά συσχετισμένη με τη σταδιακή υποβάθμιση της ακεραιότητας του κιβωτίου ταχυτήτων σε σχέση με τις καταγραφές κραδασμών. Επίσης με βάση τις καταγραφές του αισθητήρα σωματιδίων σιδήρου διακρίθηκαν δύο στάδια  υποβάθμισης i) μια γραμμική περιοχή με σχεδόν σταθερό ρυθμό απελευθέρωσης υλικού από την επιφάνεια των δοντιών και ii) μια σύντομη αλλά έντονα μη γραμμική αύξηση στο ρυθμό αυτό πολύ κοντά στο τέλος της λειτουργίας του κιβωτίου. Tα πολύωρα πειράματα κόπωσης σε γρανάζια είναι πολύ απαιτητικά. Για να παρακαμφθεί αυτή η δυσκολία αναπτύχθηκε ένα φαινομενολογικό μοντέλο για αναπαραγωγή χρονοσειρών που ομοιάζουν σε καταγραφές γραναζιών σε κόπωση. Το μοντέλο αυτό στηρίχθηκε σε πραγματικά πειράματα κόπωσης. Έτσι έγινε δυνατό να εξεταστούν και να συγκριθούν ένας αριθμός μεθοδολογιών εκτίμησης εναπομένουσας ζωής και συγκεκριμένα i) Proportional Hazards Model (PHM), ii) ε- Support Vector Regression ε-SVR και iii) Exponential extrapolation βασισμένο σε μια διαδικασία bootstrap sampling. Στην παρούσα μελέτη προτείνεται ένα σύνολο παραμέτρων προερχόμενο από το πεδίο της συχνότητας, του χρόνου και κυματοπακέτων. Αυτό, συνδυαζόμενο με μια διαδικασία σύμπτυξης δεδομένων (ανάλυση σε πρωταρχικές και ανεξάρτητες συνιστώσες) αξιοποιείται για πρόγνωση σε γρανάζια σε κόπωση. Η τεχνική ανεξάρτητων συνιστωσών προτείνεται σαν προτιμότερη από τη σκοπιά της προγνωστικής καθώς βελτιώνει την εκτίμηση της εναπομένουσας ζωής. Η εργασία επεκτάθηκε και σε έδρανα κύλισης. Προτάθηκε μια διαδικασία wavelet denoising η οποία ενισχύει τόσο τη διαγνωστική όσο και την προγνωστική δυνατότητα του αισθητήρα κραδασμών. Τέλος, η σημασία της εξαγωγής παραμέτρων υπογραμμίζεται και στην περίπτωση της προγνωστικής σε έδρανα. Συνδυάζοντας πολλαπλές παραμέτρους και αισθητήρες κραδασμών μαζί με ένα μοντέλο ε-SVR παρέχεται ένα ολοκληρωμένο μοντέλο πιθανοτικής εκτίμησης εναπομένουσας ζωής σε έδρανα κύλισης ακόμα και σε περιπτώσεις που η τιμή RMS των κραδασμών δεν παρέχει πληροφορία.