Rapid Seriell Visuell Presentation (RSVP) är ett koncept som har möjligheten att påverka hur en användare konsumerar sin dagliga läsning. Denna metod att läsa skiljer sig från traditionell läsning på så sätt att enbart ett (ibland flera) ord visas i varje bildsekvens i motsats till traditionell läsning då läsaren har full överblick över den statiska texten. Eftersom denna metod att läsa skiljer sig i sådan utsträckning från traditionell läsning så finns det ett behov av att utveckla RSVP till att bli en allt mer intuitiv upplevelse för läsaren. Sex testpersoner intervjuas, varvid resultaten analyseras och utvecklas till en prototyp. / Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) is a concept that changes every day reading into an efficient way of gathering information. Due to this innovative new way of reading, the importance of interaction that allows the user to interact with RSVP in an intuitive manner is needed to help the reader reach its full reading potential. This thesis puts existing RSVP programs to the test with the help of six participants in different ages. Through in-depth interviews with the participants, this thesis presents a possible new way of displaying information and interacting with RSVP. From analysing the results of the in-depth interviews, a prototype is created.

Smartklockans lilla skärm sätter begränsningar för hur många ord som kan läsas i ett stycke utan att scrolla på skärmen.  Dessutom ligger det både i mjukvaruutvecklares och konsumenters intresse att användaren snabbt kan få tillgång till information i textform via sin smartklocka. RSVP-tekniken (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation) är en teknik som har potential att förbättra läsandet på smarta klockor då tekniken i stort sett är oberoende av skärmstorleken, vilket inte är fallet vid traditionell scrollbaserad läsning. Detta arbetes frågeställning lyder ”Påverkar RSVP-applikationer läseffektiviteten positivt i större grad än scrollbaserad skärmläsning på smartklockor? Eller försämras läsförståelsen i försöket att effektivisera läsningen?”. Denna studie bygger vidare på tidigare studier som har undersökt läshastighet med RSVP på andra plattformar. Studien syftar på så sätt till att belysa om de slutsatserna som har dragits för RSVP-läsning på andra plattformar också gäller för läsande på smartklockor. För att undersöka skillnaden i läsförståelse och läshastighet mellan scrollbaserad läsning och snabbläsningsapplikationen Wear Reader på smartwatch utfördes tester i en strukturerad och kontrollerad miljö. De medverkande i studien var högskolelever som läste två informationstäta texter på cirka 300 ord. Den ena texten lästes med scrollbaserad läsning och den andra med RSVP. Läshastigheten mättes med tidtagarur medan läsförståelsen mättes med ett frågeformulär om de texter högskoleleeverna läst. Läshastigheten vid RSVP-läsningen var inställd till 1.5x deltagarnas läshastighet vid läsning av en inledande referenstext på papper. Den insamlade datan från den utförda studien tyder på att läsförståelsen försämras i användandet av RSVP jämfört med den traditionella scroll-metoden. Som ett mått på skillnaden mellan läsmetoderna beräknades effektstorleken med hjälp av Cohens d-värde ut till 0.519 vilket är ett medelstort värde. På grund av RSVP-läsmetodens höga hastighet är dess medelläseffektivitet högre än den scrollbaserade läsningens hastghet. Här resulterar en beräkning av Cohens d-värde till effektstorleken 0.712, vilket även det definieras som att ligga inom intervallet för en medelstor skillnad. / The small screen of the smart watch limits the amount of words that are displayed in one paragraph without scrolling on the screen. It is also in the software developer’s and consumer’s interest that the user quickly receives text-based information via their smart watch. RSVP (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation) is a technique with potential to improve reading on smart watches since the technique is independent of the screen size, which is not the case with scroll-based reading. The problem statement is “Does RSVP-applications increase reading efficiency more than scroll-based screen reading on smart watches? Or is reading comprehension decreased in an attempt to streamline reading?”. This study continues to build on previous studies that examines reading speed with RSVP on other platforms. Because of this, the study aims to show if the findings and conclusions regarding RSVP on other platforms also applies on smart watches. To examine the difference in reading comprehension and reading speed between scroll-based reading and the speed-reading application Wear Reader on a smart watch, tests were performed in a structured and controlled environment. The participants in the study were college students who read two short texts with a large amount of information. One of the texts were read using scroll-based reading while the other was read with RSVP. Reading speed was measured using a stopwatch while reading comprehension was calculated with a questionnaire about the text they just read. The reading speed on RSVP was set to 1.5 times the participant’s reading speed on a printed reference text. The gathered data from the performed study indicates that the reading comprehension in the use of RSVP is reduced compared to that of the traditional scroll-method. As a measurement of the difference between the two methods the effect size was calculated using Cohen’s d-value. This resulted in a value of 0.519 which constitutes a medium-sized effect size. Because of the RSVP-method’s high speed it’s average reading efficiency is higher than that of the scroll-based reading method. Here a calculation of Cohen’s d-value results in the effect size 0.712, which corresponds to a medium-sized difference.

No description available.

Resources are said to be fragmented in the network when they are available in non-contiguous blocks, and calls are dropped as they may not end sufficient resources. Hence, available resources may remain unutilized. In this thesis, the effect of resource fragmentation (RF) on RSVP-controlled networks was studied and new algorithms were proposed to reduce the effect of RF. In order to minimize the effect of RF, resources in the network are dynamically redistributed on different paths to make them available in contiguous blocks. Extra protocol messages are introduced to facilitate resource redistribution in the network. The Dynamic Resource Redistribution (DRR) algorithm when used in conjunction with RSVP, not only increased the number of calls accommodated into the network but also increased the overall resource utilization of the network. Issues such as how many resources need to be redistributed and of which call(s), and how these choices affect the redistribution process were investigated. Further, various simulation experiments were conducted to study the performance of the DRR algorithm on different network topologies with varying traffic characteristics.

Video-on-Demand (VoD) is a service that allows people to request and view stored videos or movies of their choice directly online from a VoD service provider. The selected streaming videos are then delivered over the broadband Internet. The bursty nature of Variable-Bit-Rate (VBR) compressed video (such as MPEG) poses some important issues for video delivery over high-speed networks due to its significant bit rate variation over multiple time scales. However, sufficient quality of service (QoS) mechanisms must be in place before it can be widely enabled and deployed over Internet. Conventionally a static bandwidth level close to the peak rate is reserved for a streaming video flow. Any static allocation of network resources for VBR video traffic would be difficult and inefficient considering the peak rate to be significantly higher than the average data rate. Since the traffic pattern over time is already known for pre-recorded videos, this issue is addressed by the Renegotiated Constant Bit Rate (RCBR) service which proposes QoS allocation over multiple time scales. Since this mechanism has been tested via simulations and analysis only we implemented it on a real test bed with a VoD server and clients to study its performance. We observed that under heavy bandwidth constraints the performance of RCBR is much better than traditional CBR in terms of packet loss rate. We also implement a new Adaptive Buffer Window mechanism and the concept of application level smoothing to increase the scalability of a VoD server. / Master of Science

This thesis focuses on the interaction between digital video quality and channel coding in a wireless communication system. Digital video is a high-bandwidth, computationally intensive application. The recent allocation of large tracks of spectrum by the FCC has made possible the design and implementation of personal wireless digital video devices for several applications, from personal communications to surveillance. Wireless video research has centered on contextual coding mechanisms; different sections of a video data stream are coded differently based on the perceived importance of the coded bits. Besides the complexity introduced into a system by this type of coding, no metric based solely on physical layer parameters can be used to predict video quality across different system architectures. A tool was built to explore the video/channel coding relationship. This tool simulates a packet-based digital wireless transmission in various noise and interference environments. The basic communications system models the DAVIC (Digital Audio-Visual Council) layout for the LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service) system and includes several error control algorithms and a packetizing algorithm that is MPEG-compliant. This work introduces a statistical approach to monitoring the video quality. The error-event-mean-arrival-rate, lambda_distance, is a metric derived from the physical layer that can be used to predict the expected video quality across systems with different channel coding algorithms. This metric proved to be uniformly consistent in predicting video quality for sequences corrupted by Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise and protected by a variety of error correction techniques. / Master of Science

In this Thesis, we propose a Negotiable RSVP with Multiple Preemption for supporting dynamic bandwidth reservation. With the properties of negotiation and preemption, we can re-allocate bandwidth to effectively increase the probability of successful reservations of flows with higher priority. Different from RSVP, negotiable RSVP uses a priority mechanism with many parameters, such as upper-bound bandwidth and upper-bound priority. Negotiable RSVP transmits these parameters by sending Resv Messages such that every RSVP flow possesses individual priority levels. When the available bandwidth is not enough, the arriving new flows can negotiate with the existing reserved flows that have lower priorities. We then estimate the sum of the available bandwidth and the preemptive bandwidth from the reserved flows. If the sum satisfies the lower-bound bandwidth of the arriving new flow, the reservation is successful. At the best case, if the sum can meet its high-bound bandwidth, the system can reserve the high-bound bandwidth for the flow. However, if the sum is lower than its low-bound bandwidth, it will be rejected. To demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of negotiable RSVP, we build two simulation models, RSVP and Negotiable RSVP, respectively, and compare their simulation results. We have shown that negotiable RSVP can perform better than RSVP in many ways. For example, the probability of successful reservation and the number of reserved flows are significantly increased. We also implement the negotiable RSVP on FreeBSD platform, and measure the percentages of improvements through various experiments.

Techn. University, Diss., 2000--Darmstadt.

Techn. University, Diss., 2005--Berlin.

<p>Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used extensively in the scientific research of cognitive processing such as language comprehension. Specific responses, such as the negativity called N400 (Kutas & Hillyard, 1980), have in the literature typically been associated with semantic violations in sentences. Another electrophysiological response, the positive P600 waveform, has mostly been associated with syntactic and morphological violations. However, recently, the P600 has been reported also in connection with semantic violations (Kuperberg et al, 2003; van Herten, 2004; Osterhout, 2004). The present research further explores the neurophysiological correlates of processing sentences with semantic and morpho-syntactic violations. It tests the functional interpretations of the P600 component, which has been proposed to reflect syntactic error detection, context updating, or syntactic reanalysis or repair. I contrasted semantic and syntactic possessive violations. The semantic violation conditions (i.e. <em>The mother borrowed the <strong>car’s daughter</strong> for work yesterday</em>), morphosyntactic violations (i.e. <em>The mother borrowed the <strong>daughter car</strong> for work yesterday) </em>and double violation sentences (i.e. <em>The mother borrowed the <strong>car daughter</strong> for work yesterday) </em>were derived from the control condition, (i.e. <em>The mother borrowed the <strong>daughter’s car</strong> for work yesterday). </em>I explored whether the P600 component may index more general processes than ones related to syntactic error detection. An N400 was seen to our semantic manipulation, i.e. <em>The mother borrowed the <strong>car’s daughter</strong> for work yesterday.</em> However, none of the conditions produced a P600.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)