Le LHC entrera dans sa phase à haute luminosité vers 2027 et pour profiter de l’augmentation importante du taux de collisions, ATLAS, et plus particulièrement son trajectographe doivent être améliorés en terme de résistance aux radiations et traitement de données à un taux accru. Grace au nouveau design du trajectographe at à l’amélioration d’algorithmes d’étiquetage des saveurs de jets, l’identification de jets issus de la désintégration de B hadrons sera facilitée et des canaux de physique possédant des quarks b dans leurs états finaux seront plus facilement accessible, parmi lesquels le couplage trilinéaire du boson de Higgs. La résistance aux raditions des capteurs à pixels en silicium joue un rôle primordial dans leur utilisation auprès des experience LHC. La quantification de l’impact des rayonnements sur les capteurs silicium est un enjeu crucial : un outil de digitisation des dommages des rayonnements a été développé pour modéliser l’impact des radiations dans les simulations Monte Carlo d’ATLAS. Le test de capteurs à pixels planaires, développés par le LPNHE et la fonderie FBK, constitue la partie principale de cette thèse. Les trois productions de capteurs testées possèdent plusieurs designs technologiques. Pour maximiser l’acceptance géométrique du détecteur, des capteurs à bord mince ont été développés. Deux options de polarisation durant les phases de test ont ausssi été étudiée. Les capteurs ont été testés à plusieurs phases d’irradiation. L’optimisation d’algorithme de b-tagging basé sur la reconstruction de vertex secondaire sera aussi présentée, ainsi qu’une étude concernant les performances du b-tagging à haut pT . / By 2027, the LHC will enter its high luminosity regime, providing protons protons collisions at an unprecedented rate. The LHC experiments whill have to be upgraded to cope with this higher data rate. The new ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) will allow a better identification of b-quarks and interesting physics signature with b-quarks in the final states such as the Higgs trilinear coupling will be reachable. The work performed during this thesis consisted in testing planar pixel sensors for the ITk, as well as optimizing b-tagging algorithms. In parallel, a study on the radiation damage on silicon pixel sensors have been performed. The radiation hardness of silicon sensors plays a determinant role as it allows them to be efficient in the highly radiative environment at LHC. Understanding the impact of radiation in silicon sensors is a major challenge and a radiation damage digitizer which models radiation damage effects in ATLAS Monte Carlo simulations is currently developed by the ATLAS experiment. Three ITk silicon planar pixel sensors productions of LPNHE and FBK have been developed, produced and tested on beam. Sensors from these three productions aim to be part of the ITk and have to demonstrate good performance after being irradiated at high fluences. Several technological designs have been investigated, such as temporary metal biasing option and active edges which maximize the geometrical acceptance of the sensors. The optimization of b-tagging SV1 algorithm (a secondary-vertex based algorithm) will be pre- sented as well as a study on the extrapolation of b-tagging performances at high pT.

Among the structural materials under consideration for future lead-cooled fastreactors, special attention is paid to ferritic Fe-10Cr-4Al due to its superior corrosionand erosion protective properties, as well as its insensitivity to liquid metalembrittlement in liquid lead. This thesis gives an inside look into the radiation damageproperties of the alloy and the possible embrittlement scenarios. The samples wereirradiated with 5.5 MeV protons and then tested with a slow strain rate testing rig at375oC and 450oC. The results showed that for Fe-10Cr-4Al irradiated to a peak doseof 0.14 dpa, the total elongation to failure was reduced by 3-5%, compared to theunirradiated samples. Moreover, the mechanical properties (yield strength, ultimatetensile strength, and fracture elongation) of the irradiated samples depend stronglyon temperature. The scanning electron microscopy images show no signs of liquidmetal embrittlement. However, the brittle structures at the edges of the samples couldindicate the existence of hydrogen embrittlement. / Bland de strukturmaterial som övervägs för framtida blykylda snabba reaktorer (LFR)ägnas särskild uppmärksamhet åt ferritiska Fe-10Cr-4Al-legeringar på grund av derasöverlägsna korrosionsbeständighet och deras avsaknad av försprödning i den flytandeblymiljön. Denna avhandling ger en inblick i legeringens strålskador och möjligaförsprödningsscenarier. Proverna bestrålades med 5.5 MeV protoner och testadessedan med SSRT-testriggen vid 375oC och 450oC. Resultaten visade att för proverav Fe-10Cr-4Al bestrålat till en dos av 0.14 dpa, minskade den totala förlängningentill brott med 3-5%, jämfört med de obestrålade proverna. Dessutom uppvisar demekaniska egenskaperna (YS, UTS och brottförlängning) hos de bestrålade provernaen större temperaturinverkan. Bilder tagna med svepelektronmikroskopi (SEM)visade inga tecken på flytande metallförsprödning (LME). De spröda strukturerna vidkanterna av proverna, där protonerna implanterades, kan dock indikera förekomstenav väteförsprödning.

Cognitive impairment, “Chemofog”, has been well established as a negative outcome of otherwise successful medical radiation treatments. Mitigation of this negative feature would dramatically increase quality of life for those recovering from cancer treatment. There is currently no known intervention to protect or restore cognitive function of patients undergoing radiation treatments. Development of a multiple ingredient dietary supplement (MDS) is meant to offer a non-invasive therapy to help mitigate risk and decrease damage to individuals. The MDS was originally designed to off-set 5 key mechanisms associated with aging including oxidative damage, inflammation, impaired glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction and membrane deterioration. Radiation damage shares many of the same deficiencies that develop with age and supplementation with MDS would impact many of the same pathways. Changes in cytokine profile (inflammation markers), and biomarkers of behavioural functions, sensory functions, and oxidative damage provide preliminary evidence of MDS impacts. / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc) / Cognitive impairment, “Chemofog”, has been well established as a negative outcome of otherwise successful medical radiation treatments. Mitigation of this negative feature would dramatically increase quality of life for those recovering from cancer treatment. There is currently no known intervention to protect or restore cognitive function of patients undergoing radiation treatments. Development of a multiple ingredient dietary supplement (MDS) is meant to offer a non-invasive therapy to help mitigate risk and decrease damage to individuals. The MDS was originally designed to off-set 5 key mechanisms associated with aging including oxidative damage, inflammation, impaired glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction and membrane deterioration. Radiation damage shares many of the same deficiencies that develop with age and supplementation with MDS would impact many of the same pathways.

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Le Large Hadron Collider (LHC), située au CERN, Genève, produit des collisions de protons accélérés à une énergie de 3.5 TeV depuis le 23 Novembre 2009. L’expérience ATLAS enregistre depuis des données et poursuit sa recherche de nouvelle physique à travers l’analyse de la cinématique des événements issues des collisions. L’augmentation prévue de la luminosité sur la période s’étalant de 2011 2020 apportera de nouveaux défis pour le détecteur qui doivent être considérés pour maintenir les bonnes performance de la configuration actuelle. Le détecteur interne sera le sous-détecteur le plus affecté par l’augmentation de la luminosité qui se traduira par une augmentation des dommages occasionnés par la forte radiation et par la multiplication du nombre de traces associées à chaque croisement de faisceau. Les dommages causés par l’irradiation intense entrainera une perte d’efficacité de détection et une réduction du nombre de canaux actifs. Un intense effort de Recherche et Développement (R&D) est présentement en cours pour concevoir un nouveau détecteur pixel plus tolérant aux radiations et au cumul des événements générant un grand nombre de traces à reconstruire. Un premier projet de mise-à-jour du détecteur interne, nommé Insertable B-Layer (IBL) consiste à ajouter un couche de détection entre le tube à vide du faisceau et la première couche de silicium. Le projet SLHC prévoit de remplacer l’ensemble du détecteur interne par une version améliorée plus tolérante aux radiations et aux cumuls des événements. Dans cet ouvrage, je présente une étude utilisant la simulation technologique assisté par ordinateur (TCAD) portant sur les méthodes de conception des détecteurs pixels planaires permettant de réduire les zones inactives des détecteurs et d’augmenter leurs tolérances aux radiations. Les différents modèles physiques disponible ont étés étudiés pour développer un modèle cohérent capablede prédire le fonctionnement des détecteurs pixels planaires après irradiation. La structure d’anneaux de gardes utilisée dans le détecteur interne actuel a été étudié pour obtenir de l’information sur les possible méthodes permettant de réduire l’étendu de la surface occupée par cette structure tout en conservant un fonctionnement stable tout au long de la vie du détecteur dans l’expérience ATLAS. Une campagne de mesures sur des structures pixels fut organisée pour comparer les résultats obtenue grâce à la simulation avec le comportement des structures réelles. Les paramètres de fabrication ainsi que le comportement électrique ont été mesurés et comparés aux simulations pour valider et calibrer le modèle de simulation TCAD. Un modèle a été développé pour expliquer la collection de charge excessive observée dans les détecteurs planaires en silicium lors de leur exposition a une dose extrême de radiations. Finalement, un modèle simple de digitalisation à utiliser pour la simulation de performances détecteurs pixels individuels exposés à des faisceau de haute énergie ou bien de l’ensemble du détecteur interne est présenté. Ce modèle simple permets la comparaison entre les données obtenue en faisceau test aux modèle de transport de charge inclut dans ladigitalisation. Le dommage dû à la radiation , l’amincissement et l’utilisation de structures à bords minces sont autant de structures dont les effets sur la collecte de charges affectent les performance du détecteur. Le modèle de digititalisation fut validé pour un détecteur non-irradié en comparant les résultats obtenues avec les données acquises en test faisceau de haut énergie. Le modèle validé sera utilisé pour produire la première simulation de l’IBL incluant les effets d’amincissement du substrat, de dommages dûes aux radiations et de structure dotés de bords fins. / In this work, is presented a study, using TCAD simulation, of the possible methods of designing of a planar pixel sensors by reducing their inactive area and improving their radiation hardness for use in the Insertable B-Layer (IBL) project and for SLHC upgrade phase for the ATLAS experiment. Different physical models available have been studied to develop a coherent model of radiation damage in silicon that can be used to predict silicon pixel sensor behavior after exposure to radiation. The Multi-Guard Ring Structure,a protection structure used in pixel sensor design was studied to obtain guidelines for the reduction of inactive edges detrimental to detector operation while keeping a good sensor behavior through its lifetime in the ATLAS detector. A campaign of measurement of the sensor’s process parameters and electrical behavior to validate and calibrate the TCAD simulation models and results are also presented. A model for diode charge collection in highly irradiated environment was developed to explain the high charge collection observed in highly irradiated devices. A simple planar pixel sensor digitization model to be used in test beam and full detector system is detailed. It allows for easy comparison between experimental data and prediction by the various radiation damage models available. The digitizer has been validated using test beam data for unirradiated sensors and can be used to produce the first full scale simulation of the ATLAS detector with the IBL that include sensor effects such as slim edge and thinning of the sensor.

In order to understand the behaviour and function of proteins, their three dimensional structure needs to be known. Determination of macro-molecules’ structures is done using X-ray diffraction or electron microscopy, where the resulting diffraction pattern is used for molecular reconstruction. These methods are however limited by radiation damage.The aim of this work is to study radiation damage of peptides in proteins using computer simulations. Increased understanding of the atomic and molecular dynamics can contribute to an improvement of the method ofimaging biological molecules. To be able to describe the processes that take place as accurately as possible, the problem must treated quantum mechanically.Thus, the simulations are performed with molecular dynamics based on first principles. In order to capture the dynamics of the excited states of the molecule when exposed to X-rays, time-dependent density functional theory with delta self-consistent field is used. These simulations are compared to ground state simulations. The results of the thesis conclude that the excited and ground state simulations result in differences in the dynamics, which are most pronounced for lager molecules.

This thesis is focused on Radiation damage of samples in low-voltage transmission electron microscopy. In thesis is general description of transmission electron microscopy and their important parts. There is described how samples are damaged by primary electron beam and how samples for transmission electron microscopy are prepared and which degradation occurs from the point of view materials of sample and time dose of electrons from primary electron beam.

This master‘s thesis deals with radiation damage of reactor pressure vessels, specifically of NPP Dukovany Unit No. 3. In general damage mechanisms of reactor steels are described and possibilities of monitoring of material degradation and its recovery used at NPP’s all over the world are mentioned as well. A practical part of the thesis is focused on interpretation of analyses carried out with the assistance of MOBY DICK code. The ground of these analyses is a neutron fluence value development on different locations of RPV for the whole life of operation up to 24th cycle. The analyses results are put into context with performed in-service inspections. The thesis follows up with neutron fluence computation for the future cycles containing new types of nuclear fuel up to 34th cycle. The outcome of practical part of the master‘s thesis is a comparison between new types of nuclear fuel with respect to radiation damage of RPV’s.

Ionizing radiation (IR) leads to fibrosing alveolitis (FA) after a lag period of several weeks to months. In a rat model, FA starts at 8 weeks after IR. Before that, at 5.5 weeks after IR, the transcription factors Sp1 (stimulating protein 1) and AP-1 (activator protein 1) are inactivated. To find genes/proteins that were down-regulated at that time, differentially expressed genes were identified in a subtractive cDNA library and verified by quantitative RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction), western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IH). The mRNA of the molecular chaperone HSP90AB1 (heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha, class B member 1) was down-regulated 5.5 weeks after IR. Later, when FA manifested, HSP90ab1 protein was down-regulated by more than 90% in lung cells with the exception of mast cells. In most mast cells of the normal lung, both HSP90ab1 and HSP70, another major HSP, show a very low level of expression. HSP70 was massively up-regulated in all mast cells three months after irradiation whereas HSP90AB1 was up-regulated only in a portion of mast cells. The strong changes in the expression of central molecular chaperones may contribute to the well-known disturbance of cellular functions in radiation-damaged lung tissue. (J Histochem Cytochem 62:355–368, 2014)

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