Denna rapport kommer av avhandla det examensarbete som genomförts inom civilingenjörsprogrammet innovation och produktdesign på Mälardalens högskola. Arbetet har genomförts på RemaControl Sweden AB och startade den 3:e september 2012 med slutpresentation den 29:e mars 2013. RemaControl är ett företag som är baserat i Västerås och tillverkar mätsystem till sågverksindustrin. Den produkt som detta projekt har kretsat runt är deras mätsystem som heter RemaLog X-Ray som är ett ”state-of-the-art-system” som använder sig av röntgen för att läsa av mätdata från trästockar när de kommer in på sågverket. Uppdraget från RemaControl var att omkonstruera den skyddshuv som omsluter röntgenrören. Dess syfte är att skydda miljön utanför mätramen från strålning som röntgenrören genererar. Röntgenrören måste servas vart 6:e månad och för att komma åt röntgenrören så måste man i dagsläget montera bort skyddsramen. Detta är ett moment som tar tid och är slitsamt för servicepersonalens ryggar eftersom den är svåråtkomlig och väger över 25 kg. Anledningen till dess höga vikt är på grund av att den måste vara tillverkad med blyväggar för att stoppa strålningen. Det är även viktigt för sågverken att servicetiden är så kort som möjligt eftersom det minskar tiden som banan behöver stå still, i vilket sågverken förlorar pengar. För att lösa detta problem så har uppdraget delats upp i olika delproblem som har lösts på olika sätt. Det har tagits fram olika koncept med hjälp av CAD. Dessa koncept har utvärderats och en helhetslösning har tagits fram som uppfyller RemaControls krav. Utöver detta så har även en prototyp tagits fram för att säkerställa att dess egenskaper uppfyller även alla krav i praktiken. / This report contains the thesis work in the civil engineering program of innovation and product design on Mälardalens Högskola, Sweden. This work has been collaboration with RemaControl Sweden AB and it started on September the 5th 2012 and was presented on April the 5th 2013. RemaControl is a company that is based in Västerås, Sweden, and manufactures measuring systems for the sawmill industry. This project has been focused on their system RemaLog XRay that is a state-of-the-art-system that implements x-ray-technology to retrieve measuring data from incoming logs of wood. The assignment from RemaControl was to redesign the protective housing that contains the xray tubes. Its purpose is to protect the outside environment from radiation generated from the x-ray tubes. The x-ray tube needs to be maintained every 6 thmonths and to retrieve the x-ray tubes it is necessary to remove the protective housing in its present configuration. This operation puts the service engineers backs in unfavorable positions because it is very inaccessible to retrieve and has a weight of more than 25 kg. The reason for this weight is because that the protective housing needs to be constructed with walls of pure lead to protect the outside environment from the radiation. It is also important for sawmills that the time of the service is as short as possible because it prevents interruption of the runway, from which sawmills loses money. To solve this assignment the problem has been divided into sub problems that have been solved with different methods. Different concept solutions have been creating using CAD. These concepts have been evaluated and a final solution has been created that meets the requirement from RemaControl. To ensure that its practical properties are sufficient, a prototype has also been developed.

Darbo tikslas - nustatyti ir įvertinti asmens svaikatos priežiūros įstaigų medicinos personalo (gydytojų radiologų ir radiologijos laborantų) informuotumą apie pacientų gaunamą apšvitą ir radiacinę saugą Vilniaus mieste. Tyrimo objektas – gydytojai radiologai ir radiologijos laborantai. Tyrimo metu buvo apklausti 140 respondentų iš 15 asmens sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų. Viso buvo apklausta 35 gydytojai radiologai (iš jų 15 vyrų ir 20 moterų) ir 105 radiologijos laborantai (iš jų 4 vyrai ir 101 moteris), o tai atitinkamai sudarė 25,0% ir 75,0%. Apklaustųjų amžius svyruoja nuo 23 iki 71 metų (vidurkis 47,43). Tyrimo tikslui ir uždaviniams pasiekti panaudotas aprašomasis tyrimo tipas bei anketinės apklausos metodas. Statistinė duomenų analizė atlikta naudojant SPSS 13 programos versiją. Pateikiamas rodiklių pasiskirstymas absoliučiais skaičiais ir procentais, apskaičiuotas chi kvadratas (Chi-kv.). Sirtumas statistiškai reikšmingas kai pasikliovimo lygmuo p<0,05. Atlikta mokslinių straipsnių, sveikatos sistemos teisinės ir normatyvinės medžiagos ir t.t., analizė. Gautos šios išvados: įvertinus bendrą žinių lygį tarp apklaustų respondentų, galima teigti, kad gydytojai radiologai ir radiologijos laborantai pakankamai gerai žino radiacinės saugos principus bei apšvitos keliamą pavojų. Tačiau atliktas tyrimas taip pat parodė, kad jiems vis dar trūksta žinių kai kuriais specifiniais klausimais, pavyzdžiui tokiais kaip tipinės efektinės dozės gaunamos atliekant įvairias procedūras... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Main task – to estimate and evaluate medical personnel’s of health care (doctors of radiology and radiology assistants) informativeness about receivable irradiance towards patients and radiational safety in city of Vilnius. Object of research - doctors of radiology and radiology assistants. During this research 140 respondents were questioned from 15 health care institutions. Overall 35 radiologists were questioned (15 men and 20 women), 105 radiology assistants (4 men and 101 women) and that’s accordingly 20, 0% and 75, 0%. Age variance of the respondents is from 23 up to 71 years old (average of 47.43 years old). Descriptive research type and survey was used in order to achieve the goals of this research. Statistical data analysis was performed by using SPSS program, version 13. The given distribution of index is in natural numbers and in percentage, Chi-square is counted (Chi-sq). Statistically the difference is meaningful when the level of probability is p<0,05. The analysis of science articles, law normative materials, health care systems, etc. was accomplished. The conclusion: after the evaluation of knowledge of the respondents it is clear that, doctors of radiology and radiology assistants have enough knowledge about radiational safety and dangers of irradiance. The research also revealed that they do not have enough knowledge concerning the specific topics, for example the doses that are received during variable procedures, the dependence of the dose, the observation... [to full text]

iThemba LABS is a particle accelerator facility housing a radionuclide production facility that uses a 66 MeV proton beam to produce radionuclides for medical and industrial use. Ionising radiation is produced by a variety of sources at Themba LABS. Ionising is a health hazard. High doses can cause acute radiation syndrome, i.e. "radiation sickness". Lower doses cannot cause acute symptom, but carry a risk of radiation-related cancer. Ionising radiation is also detrimental to materials, and can damage polymers and lubricants e.g. Shielding is used to reduce radiation levels to values that should be safe for the intended level of human occupancy. Shield performance is vital to human health and the life expectancy of polymers and lubricants, so that quality management in shield design is very important. However, until 2003, there has been no formal system at iThemba LABS to evaluate and improve all radiation shield designs and layouts from a radiation protection perspective. This study deals with evaluating and redesigning radiation shielding in the radionuclide production facility of iThemba LABS. There are several designs and layouts in the radionuclide production building of iThemba LABS that lead to unnecessary exposure of personnel to ionising radiation. The shielding in these areas are sub-standard. Performance criteria for radiation shields are developed. Inadequate radiation shields are identified. The identified inadequate shields are: the processing hotcells, the target store room and the hotcells in the radiopharmaceutical dispensing laboratory, Point-Kernel radiation shielding calculations are done to specify materials and material thickness that will adequately protect workers against ionising radiation. / Thesis (MSc. ARST) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2004

Thesis (DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The widespread application of nuclear science and technology has been the subject of much concern as well as nuclear safety issues. And to ensure the safety of public life, property and environment, it is indispensable to improve the emergency system for nuclear accidents and the environmental monitoring system for nuclear radiation, so that the occurrence of nuclear accidents, terrorist incidents and the resulting hazards can be prevented or minimized. Due to the benefits of radiation which were earlier and now recognized in the use of X-rays for medical diagnosis and then later with the discoveries of radiation and radioactivity, there was rush in exploiting the medical benefits which eventually led fairly to the recognition of the risks and induced harm associated with it. Thus, only the most obvious harms resulting from high doses of radiation, such as radiation burns, were initially observed and protection efforts were focused on their prevention, mainly for practitioners rather than patients. Subsequently, it was gradually recognized that there were other, less obvious, harmful radiation effects such as radiation-induced cancer, for which there is certain risk even at low doses of radiation.

Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis goes into the czech nuclear law, i.e. the set of legal norms adjusting the terms of use of ionizing radiation and nuclear energy in order to ensure the protection of citizens, workers, property and environment against ill-effects of irradiation. The thesis has two main objectives. The first one is to provide a systematic insight into the corresponding existing czech legislation and its structure. To that end, the object and the subject matter of the nuclear law including the legal and real substance of its basic terms are analyzed. Furthermore, the text concerns itself with the international and european enactment, i.e. international treaties effective in the Czech Republic, organizations, in which the Czech Republic participates, Euratom and its secondary law. The role, recent importance and also original intent of organizations and treaties are emphasized. It is followed by the analysis of the existing municipal law of the Czech Republic, which is mainly inherent in the nuclear act and subsequent implementing legislation. The principles of nuclear law, framework of administration and competence of state agencies or other public institutions, character of activities within the use of ionizing radiation and nuclear energy and liability for nuclear damage are discussed. The second objective is to...

The effective dose equivalent, H (or the effective dose, E ) to an individual is the primary limiting quantity in radiation protection. However, techniques for measuring H for neutrons have not been fully developed. In this regard a new tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) based on a gas electron multiplier (GEM) for measuring H*(10), which is a conservative estimate of H, for neutrons was designed and constructed. The deposited energy distribution for two different neutron sources (a Cf-252 source and a AmBe source) was measured using the new TEPC. The measurements were performed using two different proportional gases: P-10 gas and a propane-based tissue equivalent gas at various pressures. A computer simulation of the new TEPC, based on the Monte Carlo method, was performed in order to obtain the pulse height distributions for the two neutron sources. The simulated results and the measured results were compared. Results show that the experimental results agree with the computational results within 20% of accuracy for both Cf-252 and AmBe neutron sources. A new model GEM-based TEPC was developed for use in obtaining H*(10). The value of H*(10) for the Cf-252 source and for the AmBe source using experimental measurements was obtained. These results are presented in this study. The study shows that the GEM-based TEPC can successfully estimate H*(10). With these results and some refinements, this GEM-based TEPC can directly be used as a neutron rem meter.

published_or_final_version / Radioisotope / Master / Master of Philosophy

Bakgrund: Hög kompetens hos röntgensjuksköterskorna är essentiellt för att upprätthålla hög patient- samt personalsäkerhet inom strålskydd. Ett flertal studier har undersökt röntgensjuksköterskans kunskap och behov av vidareutbildning ur olika aspekter. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur röntgensjuksköterskor på två sjukhus upplevde sina kunskaper i strålsäkerhet, tillgång till skyddsutrustning och behovet av vidareutbildning. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervjustudie med tio intervjuer. Analysen för studien gjordes i form av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en deduktiv form. Resultat: Resultaten av studien visade att det fanns skillnad mellan röntgensjuksköterskans säkerhetskunskap och hur rutiner efterlevdes på arbetsplatsen inom strålsäkerhetsområdet. Även om de flesta initialt uppskattade sin kunskap till god eller tillräcklig så fanns skillnader som till största delen grundades på vilket sjukhus informanten arbetade på. När det gällde grundläggande säkerhetsutrustning fanns det en skillnad mellan sjukhusen, både när det gällde tillgång och lättillgänglighet. Tillgången till vidareutbildning skilde sig också mellan sjukhusen. Slutsats: Röntgensjuksköterskors förmåga att arbeta patientsäkert ur strålskyddssynpunkt var sammankopplat med deras kunskap i strålsäkerhet och arbetsplatsens tillgång till strålningsförebyggande hjälpmedel. Studien visade på skillnader mellan de två röntgenavdelningar som undersöktes främst när det gällde tillgång på regelbunden utbildning inom strålsäkerhet och tillgången på strålförebyggande utrustning, men också användandet av utrustningen i det dagliga arbetet. / Background: The radiographers’ competences in the field of radiation protection is essential in ensuring a high standard of patient and staff safety. Several studies have examined various aspects effecting the radiographers’ knowledge and need for further training. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how radiographers from two hospitals experienced their knowledge of radiation safety, access to protective equipment and the need for further training. Method: The study was conducted as a qualitative semi-structured interview study with ten radiographers participating. The analysis for the study was done in the form of a qualitative content analysis using a deductive form. Results: The study found a difference between the radiographers’ knowledge in radiation safety and how radiation safety routines were performed. Although most initially estimated their knowledge to be good or sufficient, there were some differences, based on which hospital the radiographers’ worked at. When it came to basic safety equipment there where differences noted between the hospitals, both in terms of access and availability. The availability of continued education varied significantly between the two hospitals. Conclusion: The ability of radiographers to work patient-safe, from a radiation protection standpoint, is linked to their knowledge of radiation safety and the workplace's access to radiation protection equipment. The study showed differences between the two radiography departments that were examined. Differences were noted mainly in terms of access to continued radiation safety education, the availability of radiation protection equipment and the use of protective equipment in daily work.

Medical radiation is estimated to contribute to over 200,000 deaths annually. Recent increases in the use of radiation-producing medical imaging examinations have led to increasing cumulative radiation dose to the general public. Multiple measures have been taken to address this alarming trend, including physician education, technologist education on dose reduction, and equipment-facilitated dose reduction techniques. Shield use can reduce the primary beam by up to 95%. Medical imaging technologists are the primary individuals responsible for applying shielding during an examination. Currently, literature shows that technologists are not shielding individuals as often as they should. After pilot testing, medical imaging technologists were recruited via email to participate in a national cross-sectional survey in September 2017. The survey contained items related to technologists’ demographics, shielding behaviors, and attitudes and beliefs measured at four social-ecological levels – intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and community. The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) provided a list of technologists’ email addresses from their directory. One thousand six-hundred and sixty-one email notifications were sent out in the summer of 2017. Of those, 218 technologists (13%) completed the survey. Among technologists who considered their primary modality to be computed tomography (CT), organizational level factors were a positive significant predictor of shielding behavior. None of the four levels were significant in predicting shielding behavior among diagnostic radiological technologists (x-ray). Individual factors were significantly correlated to shielding behavior among radiologic technologists in the intrapersonal, organizational, and community levels. Study results indicated that interventions implemented at the organizational level may be most effective in increasing shield use among CT technologists. Additional research is needed to better understand factors affecting shield use among medical imaging technologists.