Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Pharmacie : Nantes : 2008. / Bibliogr.

Reproduction de : Mémoire du DES : Pharmacie hospitalière et des collectivités : Nantes : 2008. Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Pharmacie : Nantes : 2008. / Bibliogr.

Th. 3e cycle--Chim. thérapeutique--Montpellier 1, 1980.

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine : Nancy 1 : 2004. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

Trois axes sont définis par la Commission Internationale de Radioprotection pour gouverner la radioprotection :la justification, l’optimisation et des règlementations quant aux limites de doses d’irradiation. Ce travail vise à vérifier l’adéquation des méthodes et des techniques appliquées à ces trois axes. Quatre articles originaux sont présentés à cet effet.Concernant la justification, nous avons comparé des situations cliniques présentes/absentes de deux guidelines ainsi que la pertinence des prescriptions :les guidelines établis par Euro-2000 et ceux actualisés proposés par la Société Européenne de Radiologie sous la forme d’une plateforme numérique appelée iGuide. Davantage de cas cliniques rencontrés en pratique courante sont repris dans iGuide par rapport aux Guidelines Euro-2000. Néanmoins, l’inadéquation des recommandations aux situations cliniques auxquelles les prescripteurs sont confrontés contribue à expliquer leur faible adhésion et limite leur contribution à la justification.Concernant l’optimisation, nous avons investigué une technique qui vise à réduire l’irradiation mammaire en tomodensitométrie (TDM) thoracique. Sa conception prévoit une augmentation de l’irradiation en dehors du tissu mammaire afin de maintenir la qualité d’image pulmonaire. Les angles établis sur base anthropomorphique sont inadéquats. Le système risque d’engendrer un excès d’irradiation. Un tel système doit être évalué avant sa mise en œuvre car il peut engendrer une augmentation plutôt qu’une réduction de l’irradiation.Concernant la régulation des limites de doses, deux travaux s’intéressent à leur variabilité en fonction de la taille des échantillons en TDM et en radiographie. En se conformant aux petits échantillons exigés dans les enquêtes périodiques, les résultats sont très variables. Les conditions exigées sont dès lors inadéquates pour proposer des optimisations de doses et il convient d’augmenter le nombre d’examens exigés dans ces enquêtes.En perspective, les guidelines doivent continuer à être améliorés afin d’en accroître l’adhésion des prescripteurs. Les nouvelles technologies qui visent à réduire l’irradiation doivent être validées avant d’être mises en œuvre. Les enquêtes périodiques des doses délivrées en TDM et en radiographie doivent être basées sur de plus grands nombres d’examens. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In radiation treatment, a sufficiently high radiation dose must be delivered to the tissue volumes containing the tumor cells while the lowest possible dose should be deposited in surrounding healthy tissue. We developed an original approach that is fast and easy to implement for the early assessment of the efficiency of radiation sensitizers and protectors. In addition, we characterized a new femtosecond laser pulse irradiation technique. We are able to deposit a considerable dose with a very high dose rate inside a well-controlled macroscopic volume without deposition of energy in front or behind the target volume. The radioprotective efficiency was measured by irradiation of the Fricke solution incorporating a compound under study and measuring the corresponding production of ferric ions G (Fe3+ ). The production of ferric ions is most sensitive to the radical species produced in the radiolysis of water. We studied experimentally and simulated with a full Monte-Carlo computer code the radiation-induced chemistry of Fricke/cystamine solutions. Results clearly indicate that the protective effect of cystamine originates from its radical-capturing ability, which allows this compound to compete with the ferrous ions for the various fre radicals - especially · OH radicals and H· atoms - formed during irradiation of the surrounding water. The sensitizing capacity of radiation sensitizers was measured by irradiation of a polyacrylamide gel (PAG) dosimeter incorporating a compound under study and measuring the corresponding increase in the gradient between spin-spin relaxation rate (R2 ) and absorbed dose. We measured an irradiation energy-dependent increase in R 2 -dose sensitivity for halogenated compounds or a decrease for radioprotectors. Finally, we studied a novel laser irradiation method called "filamentation". We showed that this phenomenon results in an unprecedented deposition of energy and the dose rate thus achieved exceeds by orders of magnitude values previously reported for the most intense clinical radiotherapy systems. Moreover, the length of the dose-fre entrance region was adjusted by selecting the duration of femtosecond laser pulses. In addition, we provided evidence that the biological damage caused by this irradiation was similar to other ionizing radiation sources. [symboles non conformes]

Radiotherapy of malignancies in the head and neck often involves the major and minor salivary glands in the radiation field. Adverse effects, such as dry mouth symptoms, are common after such therapy. The aim of this thesis was to study longitudinal effects of fractionated irradiation to the head and neck on salivary gland function in man and in the rat and to test radioprotection from antioxidant vitamins (retinol, a-tocopherol and ^-carotene). A sharp decrease in parotid saliva flow rate was seen after one week of irradiation in cancer patients, but in some patients recovery was seen two months after completed treatment. Loss and recovery of salivary gland function were dependent on the total dose given. Irradiation with doses of &gt;65 Gy to the parotid glands led to permanent loss of function in the majority of parotid glands, while recovery could be seen after irradiation with doses of &lt;52 Gy. Concentrations of some proteins and electrolytes in saliva were increased during irradiation but no changes remained 18 months after radiotherapy. However, large inter-individual differences were seen. The irradiation effects observed in rats did not greatly differ from those seen in humans, but no recovery of salivary gland function was seen. On the one hand the impairments of saliva flow and composition w ere dose and time dependent, but on the other hand the response pattem differed between salivary components. Morphological alterations were not seen in the rat salivary' glands after tw'O or five weeks but 26 weeks after irradiation. No single model seems to be optimal for studying all parameters. Therefore, to study effects on salivary glands after irradiation the rat model must be adjusted to meet the questions addressed. Supplementation with vitamin A provided no radioprotection, whereas it w'as found that supplementation with a-tocopherol (3.4 mg/day) and ß-carotene (6 mg/day) during irradiation reduced the degree of inflammation and partly preserved salivary gland function. It did not, however, lead to morphometrically detectable differences in proportions of acinar or ductal cells or stroma.Keywords: Irradiation, salivary glands, saliva composition, antioxidants / <p>S. 1-82: sammanfattning, s. 85-152: 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Dans le cadre des activités de maintenance, de décontamination et de démantèlement d’installations nucléaires, il est nécessaire d’effectuer un état des lieux précis des structures potentiellement contaminées ou activées, préalablement à toute intervention. Pour des raisons économiques, cet état des lieux doit être le plus souvent réalisé dans un temps court. Par ailleurs, il est généralement effectué par un opérateur, dont le temps d’exposition aux rayonnements doit être minimisé. Une des difficultés récurrentes réside dans l’éventuelle obsolescence ou de l’inexistence des plans, et dans le cas d’investigations en intérieur, de la perte de signaux GPS, et de la difficulté d’employer des systèmes de localisations externes et pré-calibrés. En effet, l’état des lieux est obtenu en couplant une cartographie de l’environnement avec des mesures nucléaires destinées à évaluer le niveau de radiations dans les lieux étudiés. Dans ce cadre, il est nécessaire de disposer d’un instrument portatif permettant de délivrer une cartographie radiologique et topographique la plus exhaustive possible des locaux afin d’établir des scénarii d’intervention. Afin de minimiser le temps d’exposition de l’opérateur, il est essentiel que les données acquises soient exploitables en temps réel. Ce type d’instrument doit permettre de procéder à des interventions complexes et doit fournir les meilleures prévisions dosimétriques afin d’optimiser les temps d’intervention lors du démantèlement ainsi que la gestion des éventuels déchets. À ces fins, Areva STMI a développé un système autonome de positionnement et de calcul de déplacement de sondes de mesures nucléaires en temps-réel basé sur les techniques de SLAM (Simultaneous Localization And Mapping). Ces développements ont conduit au dépôt d’un brevet. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à poursuive cette étude, et en particulier à décomposer l’ensemble des sous-systèmes, à poursuivre les développements inhérents à la fusion de données topographiques et radiologiques, à proposer des moyens d’optimisation, et à poser les bases d’une technique d’analyse, en temps réel, des incertitudes associées. Les méthodes SLAM utilisent l’odométrie visuelle qui peut reposer sur la capture d’images à l’aide de caméras RGB-D (caméras de type Microsoft Kinect®). Le processus d’acquisition délivre une carte tridimensionnelle contenant la position et l’orientation en 3D des appareils de mesure ainsi que les mesures elles-mêmes (débit de dose et spectrométrie gamma CZT) sans implication d’infrastructure préexistante. Par ailleurs, des méthodes de détections de sources basées sur les techniques d’interpolation spatiale et de rétroprojection de signal en « proche temps-réel » ont été développées. Ainsi, il est possible d’évaluer la position des sources radioactives dans l’environnement acquis. Il est ainsi possible de calculer rapidement des cartes de son état radiologique sans délai après l’acquisition. La dernière partie de ce travail a consisté à poser les bases d’une méthode originale pour l’estimation, en proche temps réel, de la précision des résultats issus de la chaîne d’acquisition et de traitement. Cette première approche nous a permis de formuler l’évaluation et la propagation des incertitudes tout au long de cette chaîne d’acquisition en temps réel, afin d’évaluer les méthodes que nous avons employées en termes de précision et de fiabilité de chaque acquisition réalisée. Enfin, une phase de benchmark permet d’estimer les résultats par rapport à des méthodes de référence. / In the field of nuclear related activities such as maintenance, decontamination and dismantling status reports of potentially contaminated or activated elements are required beforehand. For economic reasons, this status report must be quickly performed. So as to be done quickly, the operation is realized by an operator, and his exposure time must be reduced as much as possible. Concerning indoor environments, it can be hard to make such investigations due to out-of-date plans or maps, loose of GPS signal, pre-positioning of underlying or precalibrated systems. Indeed, the premises status report is obtained by coupling nuclear measurements and topographical mapping. In such kind of situation it is necessary to have a portative instrument that delivers an exhaustive radiological and topographical mapping in order to deliver a decision support concerning the best intervention scenario to set up as fast as possible. Furthermore, and so as to reduce operator’s exposure time, such kind of method must be usable in real time. This method enables to proceed to complex intervention within the best radiological previsions for optimizing operator’s exposition time and waste management. In this goal, Areva STMI then developed a nuclear measurement probes autonomous positioning and motion estimation system based on visual SLAM (Simultaneous Localization And Mapping). These developments led to apply a patent. This thesis consisted in pursuing this survey, especially decomposing all the underlying systems, continuing the data fusion developments, proposing optimisations, and setting the basis of a real-time associated uncertainties analysis. SLAM based on visual odometry can be performed with RGB-D sensor (Microsoft Kinect®-like sensors). The acquisition process delivers a 3D map containing radiological sensors poses (positions and orientations in 3D) and measurements (dose rate and CZT gamma spectrometry) without any external signal or device. Moreover, a few radioactive sources localization algorithms based on geostatistics and back projection of measurements can also be performed in near real-time. It is then possible to evaluate the position of radioactive sources in the scene and compute fast radiological mappings of premises close to the acquisition. The last part of this work consisted in developing an original method for real-time evaluation of the process chain and results accuracies. The evaluation of uncertainties and their propagation along the acquisition and process chain in real-time provide feedbacks on employed methods for investigations or intervention processes and enable to evaluate the reliability of acquired data. Finally, a set of benchmarks has been performed in order to estimate the results quality by comparing them to reference methods.

Uma série de testes foi aplicada a medidores portáteis de radiação ionizante para altas taxas de kerma no ar, especificamente medidores do tipo teletector. Estes detectores são do tipo Geiger Müller e são utilizados em rotinas de proteção radiológica em aceleradores, reatores, fontes de alta atividade e ainda em situações de emergência no Brasil, assim como em outros países. Também são encaminhados para calibração no Instituto de Pesquisa Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) e foram analisados para estabelecer parâmetros de comportamento destes detectores, especificando as suas sensibilidades e suas características operacionais. Foram realizados testes de variação da leitura dos equipamentos com a tensão da bateria, efeito de geotropismo, dependência energética, dependência angular. Com este testes foi possível determinar as características mais comuns e importantes destes equipamentos permitindo a elaboração de um programa de controle de qualidade. Foram calibrados 17 teletectors durante este trabalho e destes, 10 foram testados. Os testes foram realizados para caracterizar o sis tema gama de irradiação (dosimetria de feixe de radiação) que possui maior atividade e permite testes em medidores do tipo teletectors em uma maior faixa de medição. Desse modo foi feito o aperfeiçoamento do programa de controle de qualidade de medidores portáteis de radiação ionizante para altas taxas de kerma no ar no LCI, oque beneficiou os usuários deste tipo de equipamento, e ainda com medições e calibrações mais consistentes e com melhor controle de qualidade dos processos. / A series of tests was applied to portable survey meters for high rates of kerma in the air, specifically meters type teletector. These detectors are the Geiger- Müller type and are used in radioprotection routines in accelerators, nuclear reactors, irradiators systems with high activity sources and even in emergency situations in Brazil, as in other countries. They are also sent for calibration at the Instruments Calibration Laboratory (LCI) at the Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research (IPEN) and were analyzed to establish behavior parameters of these detectors, specifying their sensitivities and their operational characteristics. The reading variation tests were performed with the equipment battery voltage variation, geotropism effect, energy dependence, angular dependence; with these tests was possible to determine the most common and important features of these devices, allowing the development of a quality control program. In this work 17 teletectors were analyzed and ten detectors tested. The tests were performed to characterize the gamma irradiator system (dosimetry of dosimetry beam) which has higher activity and allows test in meters type teletector in a higher measuring range. Thus, it was made the improvement of the quality control program of portable survey meters of high rates of kerma in the air in the LCI, benefiting the users of such equipment and with measurements and calibrations more consistent and better quality control processes.

Uma série de testes foi aplicada a medidores portáteis de radiação ionizante para altas taxas de kerma no ar, especificamente medidores do tipo teletector. Estes detectores são do tipo Geiger Müller e são utilizados em rotinas de proteção radiológica em aceleradores, reatores, fontes de alta atividade e ainda em situações de emergência no Brasil, assim como em outros países. Também são encaminhados para calibração no Instituto de Pesquisa Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) e foram analisados para estabelecer parâmetros de comportamento destes detectores, especificando as suas sensibilidades e suas características operacionais. Foram realizados testes de variação da leitura dos equipamentos com a tensão da bateria, efeito de geotropismo, dependência energética, dependência angular. Com este testes foi possível determinar as características mais comuns e importantes destes equipamentos permitindo a elaboração de um programa de controle de qualidade. Foram calibrados 17 teletectors durante este trabalho e destes, 10 foram testados. Os testes foram realizados para caracterizar o sis tema gama de irradiação (dosimetria de feixe de radiação) que possui maior atividade e permite testes em medidores do tipo teletectors em uma maior faixa de medição. Desse modo foi feito o aperfeiçoamento do programa de controle de qualidade de medidores portáteis de radiação ionizante para altas taxas de kerma no ar no LCI, oque beneficiou os usuários deste tipo de equipamento, e ainda com medições e calibrações mais consistentes e com melhor controle de qualidade dos processos. / A series of tests was applied to portable survey meters for high rates of kerma in the air, specifically meters type teletector. These detectors are the Geiger- Müller type and are used in radioprotection routines in accelerators, nuclear reactors, irradiators systems with high activity sources and even in emergency situations in Brazil, as in other countries. They are also sent for calibration at the Instruments Calibration Laboratory (LCI) at the Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research (IPEN) and were analyzed to establish behavior parameters of these detectors, specifying their sensitivities and their operational characteristics. The reading variation tests were performed with the equipment battery voltage variation, geotropism effect, energy dependence, angular dependence; with these tests was possible to determine the most common and important features of these devices, allowing the development of a quality control program. In this work 17 teletectors were analyzed and ten detectors tested. The tests were performed to characterize the gamma irradiator system (dosimetry of dosimetry beam) which has higher activity and allows test in meters type teletector in a higher measuring range. Thus, it was made the improvement of the quality control program of portable survey meters of high rates of kerma in the air in the LCI, benefiting the users of such equipment and with measurements and calibrations more consistent and better quality control processes.