Vattenbrist är ett stort problem i många delar av världen. En lösning som tar vara på nederbörden och eventuellt kan säkerställa vattenförsörjningen lokalt är rainwater harvesting metoden. Det som denna rapporten analyserar är huruvida det finns potential att implementera rainwater harvesting system på Storsudret, på södra Gotland. Projektet inleddes med en litteraturstudie över befintliga metoder för rainwater harvesting. En sammanställning och utvärdering har gjorts för vad som lämpar sig för området. Detta tillsammans med data från lokala myndigheter, SMHI och Lantmäteriet har analyserats och sammanställts med hjälp av programmen Excel och ArcMap för att bedöma potentialen. Resultatet av rapporten visar att, utifrån de beräkningar och kartanalyser som gjorts, potential finns för rainwater harvesting metoder på Storsudret, Gotland. De bidragande faktorerna till hur stor potential metoden har är nederbördens fördelning över året, den totala mängden nederbörd samt boendesituationen som råder på Storsudret. Boendesituationen handlar främst om storleken på takytor i relation till antalet människor som är bosatta i de fem socknar som utgör området. Slutsatsen av i hur stor grad rainwater harvesting lösningar kan påverka det enskilda hushållets vattenförsörjning är individuellt, och beror på främst på hushållens förbrukning, takyta och lagringspotential. Lösningar som denna bidrar inte enbart med minskad belastning på grundvattendepåerna, utan hjälper även de hushåll där vattnet är otjänligt och/eller där det kommunala vattennätet inte är tillgängligt. Rainwater harvesting är därför en ingenjörsteknik som kan vara en del av det vattenbristproblem som råder, inte bara på Storsudret, utan även på andra platser i Sverige och världen med vattenbrist på grund av gällande hydrogeologiska förutsättningarna. / Many places around the world, including parts of Sweden, suffers from seasonal lack of water. This can be dealt with by storing precipitation in times when the availability is good. One example of such an area is Storsudret on the southernmost part of Gotland. The focus of this report was to analyze the potential of implementing rainwater harvesting methods in Storsudret. The project was initiated with a literature study of existing methods for rainwater harvesting and an evaluation was made whether or not they were suited for the area and data from SMHI and Lantmäteriet was analyzed and compiled in Excel and ArcMap to assess the potential for rainwater harvesting. What this report shows, according to the calculations and map analysis made, is that there is potential in applying rainwater harvesting methods to the area Storsudret, Gotland. The main factors include the meteorological conditions, more specifically, the general spread of precipitation over a year and to the total amount of precipitation in a year. This together with the other factors is needed to evaluate if rainwater harvesting is a viable option for water supply at Storsudret. The other factors are mainly the size of rooftops in relation to the amount of people living in this area. Depending on each households’ own conditions, mainly water usage, rooftop size and storage capacity, the extent of which rainwater harvesting can be applied, varies. These types of solutions can not only help with a less stress on the groundwater storage, but it can also help those households that doesn’t have acceptable groundwater quality or cannot be connected to the municipal water systems. What this comes to show is that rainwater harvesting is an engineering technique that could help solve problems concerning shortage of water, not only at Storsudret, but also in other places in Sweden or in the world.

The work is devoted to the definition of rainwater by applicable legislation. Furthermore, it defines the term of restraint systems and infiltration of rainwater, with their brief description. Documenting the calculation of retention volumes for the three selected watersheds in combination accumulation, regulated runoff and infiltration. The work is processed simplified design documentation of accumulation of rainwater in the selected property. Thesis is complemented by photographs liquidation and use of rainwater.

Para superar o problema de disponibilidade de água e preservar os recursos hídricos, têm sido buscadas fontes alternativas de água para as atividades humanas. Dentre as soluções encontradas está a captação da água de chuva. Esta técnica é possível através da captação da precipitação em áreas impermeáveis e de seu armazenamento em reservatórios para viabilizar seu uso. Como o reservatório é, em geral, a parte mais dispendiosa para a implantação desse tipo de sistema, é necessário avaliar qual método de dimensionamento é o mais adequado. Para tanto, este trabalho analisou os métodos de dimensionamento de reservatórios para sistemas de captação de água de chuva sugeridos pela Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), apresentados na norma NBR 15527/07. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi constatado que o Método Simulação Mensal se destaca por resultar em volumes de reservatórios com garantias de abastecimento elevadas e com capacidades não exageradas. Este método de dimensionamento foi utilizado para desenvolver uma ferramenta eletrônica no Excel®, a fim de auxiliar a tomada de decisão em relação ao pré-dimensionamento de cisternas, localizadas no estado de São Paulo. A ferramenta, denominada SIMCAP, traz como resultados informações técnicas relativas ao volume de reservatório sugerido pelo usuário e a economia resultante da implantação do sistema. Para tanto, a ferramenta necessita que sejam preenchidas as informações sobre a localização, a categoria da edificação e a parcela do consumo a ser abastecido pela captação da água pluvial. A SIMCAP foi testada em estudos de caso com diferentes cenários de consumo de água para uma mesma edificação. Com isso, foi possível concluir que a ferramenta disponibiliza resultados relevantes à tomada de decisão por facilitar a estimativa dos benefícios econômicos e por apresentar a garantia de abastecimento do reservatório analisado. / To overcome the problem of availability of water and to preserve the water resources, there have been sought alternative sources of water for human activities. Among the solutions founded is rainwater harvesting. This technique is based on capturing rainfall in impermeable areas and storing it in reservoirs to enable its use. As the reservoir is usually the most expensive part of the rainwater harvesting system it is necessary to evaluate which method for tank sizing is the most appropriate. Therefore, this paper analyzed the tank sizing methods for rainwater harvesting systems suggested by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas - ABNT), regulated by NBR 15527/07. From the results obtained, the Simulation Monthly Method stands out since it results in volumes of reservoirs with high supply reliability and non exaggerated capabilities. This method of design was used to develop an electronic tool in Excel®, to assist decision-making in relation to presizing tanks, located in the state of São Paulo. The tool, named SIMCAP, brings as results technical information about the volume of reservoir suggested by the user and the savings results from its implementation. Therefore, this tool requires the information regarding the location of this system, the category of the building and the water consumption to be supplied with rainwater. The SIMCAP was tested in case studies with different scenarios of water consumption for the same building. In conclusion, the tool results are relevant for decision making by facilitating the estimation of the economic benefits and by providing the reliability of supply of the evaluated reservoir.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-23T12:43:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Costa Mena Barreto.pdf: 3450302 bytes, checksum: e99f2daba600a6692855f43be888a898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The capture of rainwater can be a quick way to obtain large volumes of water, and of reasonable quality, coupled with the possibility of using the roof of the building, the channeling of water abstracted to a reservoir for later use. Propose a system for rainwater harvesting in order to reduce supply costs with the Federal Institute Amazonas - Manaus Campus Center IFAM - CMC. Introducing calculations with the method Rippl: Analytical and Chart for sizing reservoirs. The use of a confidence interval of 95 % for each month of the years 1961 to 2012 provided by the Institute of Meteorology INMET also capture points considering the entire roof area of the institution the minimum, average and maximum values of potential funding storm water prove the feasibility of implementing a system of rainwater_harvesting. . / A captação da água de chuva pode ser uma maneira rápida de se obter grandes volumes de água, e de razoável qualidade, somado com a possibilidade de aproveitamento do telhado da edificação, a canalização da água captada até um reservatório, para posterior utilização. Propor um sistema de captação de águas pluviais como forma de diminuir custos com abastecimento no Instituto Federal Amazonas - Campus Manaus Centro - IFAM-CMC. Apresentando cálculos com o método de Rippl: Analítico e Gráfico para dimensionamento de reservatórios. A utilização de um intervalo de confiança de 95% para todos os meses dos anos do período de 1961 a 2012 fornecidos pelo Instituto de Meteorologia INMET também os pontos de captação considerando toda a área de telhado da Instituição. Os valores mínimos, médios e máximos de potenciais de captações de águas pluviais comprovam a viabilidade da implantação de um sistema de captação de águas pluviais.

Melbourne, the capital of Victoria Australia leads the world in having the highest quality drinking water. The Victorian State Government has set targets for reducing per capita water consumption by 15%, 25% and 30% by 2010, 2015 and 2020 respectively and has announced stringent water restrictions to curtail water demand. In this resource constraint environment it is opportune to look for alternative sources of water to supplement Melbourne's traditional water supply. In Melbourne, legislation has been changed to make it possible to use rainwater harvested from domestic tanks for non potable purposes. The annual rainfall in Melbourne's metropolitan area varies from 450mm in the West to 850mm in the East to over 1000mm in the North East mountain ranges. The objectives of the current study are to develop a methodology to estimate the optimal size of the rainwater tank at a particular location considering the local rainfall, roof area, demand for water and the reliability of supply (supply security) required; to quantify the rainwater volume that could be harvested at site using domestic rainwater tanks to minimise pressure on the potable water supply secured from traditional catchment sources until the desalination plant is commissioned in 2013; to analyse the efficacy of rainwater tanks to reduce the stormwater runoff and improve the quality of the stormwater that will otherwise flow into urban drains and to estimate the cost effectiveness ratio and payback period of inst alling rainwater tanks. A simple water balance model was developed to calculate the tank size based on daily rainfall, roof area and the expected demand. The concept of 'reliability' was introduced to measure supply security. Rainfall data from 20 rainfall stations scattered around Melbourne were used to determine the variation in the rainwater tank size dependent on the above stated parameters. It was observed that to achieve the same supply reliability (90%) and to meet a specific demand (toilet and garden use), the tank size required in the western side of Melbourne is as high as 7 times as that required in the north-east side. As a result, the

<p>Recurrent crises of food insecurity and poverty are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There is an urgent need to increase food production so as to reduce bad nutrition and alleviate poverty. The availability and management of water contributes crucially to the variation in yields. Since the majority of farmers in SSA practice rain-fed agriculture under adverse climatic conditions, it is crucial to use water-conserving technologies systematically and make rainwater management an integral part of land use and crop management. While rainwater harvesting technologies (RHT) can increase productivity of rain-fed agriculture significantly at reasonable costs, successful adoption of RHT and accompanying high yields still remain primarily at family level and/or in geographical ‘pockets’. The big question is ‘why have farmers not widely adopted these apparently cheap and beneficial practices?’ An adequate understanding of the factors that lead some farmers to adopt RHT, characteristics of households that use RHT as well as technology transfer approaches offer valuable insights. Based on focus group discussions and a questionnaire survey covering adopters and non-adopters of RHT, and interviews with extension officers conducted in two banana growing districts in Uganda, this paper reveals circumstances, incentives, and support that would facilitate widespread adoption of RHT.</p>

Recurrent crises of food insecurity and poverty are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There is an urgent need to increase food production so as to reduce bad nutrition and alleviate poverty. The availability and management of water contributes crucially to the variation in yields. Since the majority of farmers in SSA practice rain-fed agriculture under adverse climatic conditions, it is crucial to use water-conserving technologies systematically and make rainwater management an integral part of land use and crop management. While rainwater harvesting technologies (RHT) can increase productivity of rain-fed agriculture significantly at reasonable costs, successful adoption of RHT and accompanying high yields still remain primarily at family level and/or in geographical ‘pockets’. The big question is ‘why have farmers not widely adopted these apparently cheap and beneficial practices?’ An adequate understanding of the factors that lead some farmers to adopt RHT, characteristics of households that use RHT as well as technology transfer approaches offer valuable insights. Based on focus group discussions and a questionnaire survey covering adopters and non-adopters of RHT, and interviews with extension officers conducted in two banana growing districts in Uganda, this paper reveals circumstances, incentives, and support that would facilitate widespread adoption of RHT.

At the opposite of numerous countries in the world, despite its natural assets and its enormous surface and underground water potential, Cameroon is still trying to put down effective policies for the supply of safe drinking water for its rural population. Many initiatives to supply these communities through a national water distribution network have remained for the most dead letters or fruitless. A very high number of people still endanger their life daily by relying on archaic water supply techniques – when they are working – and by consuming unsafe water. This study therefore investigates if fog and rainwater harvesting could help in securing safe drinking water to these same rural communities, leaving the remaining demand - if any - to be provided by the existing but too often non-reliable supply system. Two pilot sites have been selected for their different climatic conditions; a village in the mountainous Western Province and another in the low-lying area of the Far-North Province of Cameroon. Average climatic data and basic topographical information from each location were used to determine the size and number of required collectors. The potential monthly water-yield at each site was then assessed using an actual climatic data series (8 years) and the theoretical performance simulated based on an increasing per capita daily consumption (10 – 40 l.d-1). An estimate of implementation cost is provided as part of the discussion on the feasibility of using both fog and rainwater harvesting as low-cost approaches to securing safe drinking water in Cameroon.

Rainwater harvesting is a familiar term for Bangladesh. People in areas that lack drinking water, particularly the coastal areas and the rural areas in the country, practice rain water harvesting. The high annual rainfall in the country makes rainwater harvesting a logical solution for the arsenic contamination of ground water in Bangladesh (Rahman et al. 2003). Also, the increasing population in the urban as well as rural areas is putting increased load on underground aquifers which is evident in the fact that the piezometric level in Dhaka has decreased by more than 65 feet in the last decade. The annual rain fall that the city receives may be an effective answer to the recharge of aquifers. Rain water harvesting during the rainy season can reduce the increasing load on groundwater levels. This study aims to provide some guidelines for economic rainwater harvesting system, especially for urban areas for specific user groups. These guidelines were formulated through literature review, analysis of some case studies on rainwater harvesting, and, to a certain extent, practical experience of the researcher. Data from secondary sources have also been used for the purpose. The guidelines have been formulated using existing data on rainwater harvesting systems. Based on these guidelines, a mathematical model has been developed to figure out cistern sizes for collection of rainwater. The solution is applied to a typical plan of an apartment house in Dhaka (multistoried) using programming and visualization so as to demonstrate the scope and benefit of integration of rain water harvesting technique with the architectural design. The harvested rainwater definitely does not meet the basic domestic requirement, but supplements it during the rainy season which, most importantly, is usable for individual household use. Large-scale rainwater harvesting also, hopefully, results in a decrease of seasonal flooding in the urban areas. The products of this research are a) a computer program for sizing cisterns and b) an animation of the proposed rainwater harvesting system that may be used as a tool to demonstrate the benefits of the technique.

The Waimakariri-Avon River system is an important component of the Christchurch aquifer system and has been identified as one of, if not the, primary groundwater flow path. The Waimakariri-Avon River system is ideally suited to geochemical tracing of surface water- groundwater interaction and while many past studies have been undertaken to characterise this system, in terms of its geochemistry and physical hydrogeological components, there is still a large amount of uncertainty as to how long it takes for groundwater to flow from the Waimakariri River, through the Waimakariri-Avon River groundwater system, to the springs that feed the Avon River. The primary goals of this thesis were to; 1) Constrain the residence time of groundwater connecting the Waimakariri-Avon River groundwater system using stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes and analysis of anionic concentrations of: chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, bromide and sulfate, 2) Provide additional evidence of a hydrological connection between the Waimakariri River and the Avon River systems, 3) Present observations of the stable isotopic and anionic response of surface water to rainfall events, 4) Identify stable isotopic and anionic surface water variation along the Waimakariri-Avon River system, and establish the reasons for these. This study presents the use of natural isotopic and anionic tracers to characterise the residence time of the groundwater that flows between the Waimakariri and Avon Rivers, by sampling surface water and meteoric water at sites that are part of the Waimakariri-Avon River system. 375 samples were collected from 10 surface water and 4 rainwater sites distributed across the Waimakariri-Avon River surface water-groundwater flow path between March 5th and August, 2014. Additionally the study provides further stable isotopic evidence of the connection between the Waimakariri and Avon Rivers, as well as presents the variability of surface water chemistry in response to rainfall events. Identification of isotopic and anionic variation along the Waimakariri-Avon River system, by surface water sampling, was also conducted to establish the probable causes of observed variations. This study found that the use of large rainfall events, as natural tracers, was not conclusive in establishing the groundwater residence time of the Waimakariri-Avon River system within the 4.5 month sampling period available. Surface water sampling provided further evidence in support of past studies that have determined an isotopic connection between the Waimakariri River and the Avon River with mean stable isotopic values for the Waimakariri River (-8.85‰ δ18O and-60.65 δD) and Avon River (-8.53‰ δ18O and -58.72 δD) being more similar than those of locally derived meteoric water (-5.48‰ δ18O and -35.13 δD). Observations of surface water chemistry variations thorough time determined and identified clear responses to rainfall events as deviations from baseline values, coinciding with rainfall events. Isotopic variation along the Waimakariri-Avon River system was shown to reflect Waimakariri River derived shallow groundwater with the contributions from rainwater increasing with increased proximity to the Avon River mouth. Anionic profiling of the Waimakariri-Avon River system identified increasing concentrations of chloride, nitrate, sulfate, nitrite and bromide, relative to the Waimakariri River, with increased proximity to the Avon River mouth. Fluoride concentrations were identified in lower concentration, relative to the Waimakariri River, with increased proximity to the Avon River mouth. Fluoride and nitrite concentrations were attributed predominantly, if not entirely, to an atmospheric source as mean concentrations were greater in meteoric waters by a factor of at least 2, compared to surface water samples. Chloride and bromide have been attributed to possible salt water mixing as a result of the interaction of upwelling deeper groundwater with the marine and estuarine sands beneath the upper unconfined aquifer, that act as a confining layer within the Christchurch aquifer system. Nitrate and sulfate concentrations have been attributed to potential fertilizer usage and past land-use impacts. A significant step-change increase in chloride, bromide, nitrate and sulfate concentrations was observed between the surface water sample sites at Avonhead Park and the University of Canterbury. The step-change coincides with the boundary of the upper confining layer within the Christchurch aquifer system, and explains the increases in chloride and bromide concentrations. It also suggests a widely distributed source area as concentrations do not become diluted at the Avon River site, at Hagley Park, , which would be expected from the addition of other tributaries, if they did not have similarly high chloride and bromide concentrations. The area between these two sites has also been identified by Environment Canterbury as potentially impacted by past agricultural land-use practices and may explain the increases in nitrate and sulfate concentrations.