In this work I have tried to design and assess the possibility of infiltration of rainwater for separate buildings. I also performed field tests to determine infiltration ratios. In chapters I described method of design and assess the feasibility of the proposal. The resulting proposals have examined in terms of return on investment.

Att samla in regnvatten för att använda till olika syften har under de senaste åren blivit allt vanligare i flera länder. Denna metod är fördelaktig ur flera miljömässiga och samhällsekonomiska aspekter då den bidrar till minskad dricksvattenförbrukning och förbättrad dagvattenhantering. I Sverige är tekniken relativt obeprövad men flera stora byggnader där det ska implementeras är nu under byggnation. En av dessa är Celsiushuset i Uppsala där regnvatten ska samlas in på taket för att användas till toalettspolning. I dagsläget finns bristfällig kunskap om sådana system inom sektorn för samhällsbyggnad. Syftet med examensarbetet var dels att undersöka effektiviteten (andelen av toalettspolningen som sker med regnvatten) hos Celsiushusets system och utifrån det föreslå en lämplig magasinstorlek, och dels att rekommendera vattenreningsmetoder för att inte mikrobiell tillväxt eller algtillväxt ska uppstå eller att regnvattnet ska bli missfärgat eller orsaka luktproblematik.  Effektiviteten undersöktes, tillsammans med relaterade parametrar såsom nederbörd, avrinning och insamlad nederbördsmängd, genom att utföra dagliga simuleringar för tre olika femårsperioder. Tidsperioderna motsvarade en nederbördsfattig period, en genomsnittsperiod och en nederbördsrik period mellan åren 1961-2017 och simuleringarna utgick från dygnsvärden för nederbörd och temperatur. Även förenklade kostnadsberäkningar utfördes för att undersöka kostnadens variation med varierande magasinstorlek. Reningsmetoderna rekommenderades utifrån en litteraturstudie samt beräkningar av takavrinningens föroreningsbelastning som utfördes med StormTac. För den planerade magasinstorleken på 50 m3 är systemets effektivitet störst under sommaren och hösten (60-100 % ett genomsnittsår) och lägst under årets första månader (30-40 % ett genomsnittsår). Den sammantagna effektiviteten för den planerade storleken är för den nederbördsfattiga perioden 40 %, för genomsnittsperioden 51 % och för den nederbördsrika perioden 56 %. En magasinstorlek på mellan 50 m3 och 75 m3 är lämplig för att uppnå relativt hög genomsnittlig effektivitet och årlig insamlad nederbördsmängd, utan att medföra alltför höga kostnader. Magasinet bör inte vara mindre än 50 m3 och en volym närmare 75 m3 vore fördelaktigt för den insamlade nederbördsmängden. Reningsmetoderna som rekommenderas för systemet är takbrunnar med kupolsil, avskiljning av det första flödet, sedimentering i sandfångsbrunnar och i magasinet samt ett snabbt sandfilter och UV-behandling. / In recent years, there has been an increased usage of rainwater harvesting globally. The technology reduces drinking water consumption and improves stormwater management. In Sweden, the implementation of rainwater harvesting is still at an early stage but several systems are now under construction. One of them is in Celsiushuset in Uppsala where rainwater will be used for toilet flushing. One aim of the project was to calculate the efficiency (the ratio between the volume of used rainwater and the water demand for toilet flushing) of the system. Based on the efficiency and economic calculations, an appropiate storage tank size was to be identified. An additional aim was to recommend water treatment methods that would prevent color or odour in water in the toilets and also prevent microbe and algae growth. The efficiency, along with other parameters, was examined with simulations for three periods between 1961-2017 with different precipitation amounts. Also, a simplified calculation of the systems' costs depending on tank size was carried out. The recommendation of treatment methods was made based on a literature review combined with a calculation of the roof runoff quality, which was performed in StormTac. For a tank size of 50 m3, the highest efficiency of the system is obtained during summer and autumn and varies between 60 % and 100 %. The mean efficiency for the different periods has a higher value with increased precipitation amount and the efficiency is 40 %, 51 % and 56 %, respectively. An appropiate size of the rainwater storage tank would be between 50 m3 and 75 m3. The recommended treatment methods include strainers on the roof, a first flush diverter, sedimentation, a rapid sand filter and UV treatment.

This diploma thesis is devoted to a rainwater management in commercial and administrative buildings. The goal of this work is to describe rainwater management system with a focus on its later usage. The work is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The first part examines the binding conditions, as well as the individual technologies and devices that must be included in the implementation of a rainwater management system. The practical part of the work is an analysis of the possibility of using rainwater for the needs of the fire brigade in Havlíčkův Brod. The result of this work is a calculation of the approximate payback period of the proposed system.

Vattenbesparing och alternativa lösningar för att tillgodose vattenbehovet har blivit mer aktuellt de senaste åren med torka. Regnvatteninsamling för hushållsanvändning används redan på många platser runtom i världen men är begränsad i Sverige idag. Syftet är att dels undersöka en lämplig dimensionering av ett system för regnvatteninsamling för hushåll i Jälåsa och att identifiera olika drivkrafter och hinder. Metoden i denna studie har varit dels massbalans- och effektivitetsberäkningar för att se hur mycket regnvatten som kan samlas in och dels intervjuer med två teknikleverantörer och fem kommuner för att utvärdera den juridiska, sociala och ekonomiska potentialen. Resultatet visade att tankstorlek på mellan 1000 och 4000 liter är rimligt för hushållsanvändning till toalett eller toalett och tvättmaskin och ger en effektivitet (procent av vattenbehovet som täcks av regnvatten) på mellan 83,6 % och 96,0 %. Vilken storlek som är mest lämplig beror på faktorer såsom vad regnvattnet används till, takyta, antal personer i hushållet och om first-flushbortledning används. Beräkningar visar att ungefär 19-29 % av den totala dricksvattenförbrukningen skulle kunna sparas i Järlåsa, vilket motsvarar ungefär 4 400 till 6 700 kubikmeter dricksvatten per år. Resultatet visar även att torrperioder då tanken är tom blir kortare med en större tankstorlek och det finns tydliga skillnader i volym vatten i tanken mellan olika nederbördsrika år. Enligt kommuner ansågs potentialen för regnvatteninsamling vara störst för bevattning i dagsläget men att de även var positivt inställda till annan användning såsom toalettspolning och tvättmaskin. Identifierade hinder var oro kring kontamination av dricksvatten, brist på ekonomisk lönsamhet till följd av låga dricksvattenpriser i Sverige och behov av förtydligande av krav och vilka risker som finns med regnvatteninsamling. Idag är potentialen och motivationen som störst för de som har dålig tillgång på vatten och en ökad miljömässig medvetenhet skulle kunna öka implementeringen av regnvatteninsamling i Sverige. Slutsatsen är att det finns potential för regnvatteninsamling men att det fortfarande krävs viss utveckling och mer kunskap om regnvatteninsamling under svenska förhållanden. / Water saving and alternative solutions to supply drinking water have become more important due to several consecutive droughts in recent years in Sweden. Rainwater harvesting for households is already being used in many places around the world but still has limited application in Sweden. The purpose with this study is to investigate a suitable sizing of a rainwater harvesting system in Järlåsa and to identify drivers and obstacles for implementation. The methods used in this study were firstly calculations based on mass balance and efficiency estimates and secondly interviews with two technology providers and five municipalities. The results showed that a tank size between 1000 and 4000 liters would be suitable for the purpose of supplying water for flushing toilets and for washing machines and the efficiency (percentage of water demand being met by rainwater) would be between 83,6% and 96,0%. What size tank is recommended depends on factors such as what rainwater is used for, roof area, number of people in household and whether first-flush is diverted. Results show that around 19-29%, around 4 400 to 6 700 cubic meters per year, of the total potable water consumption could be saved in Järlåsa every year using rainwater harvesting. The results also show that the dry periods, when the tank was empty, become shorter with a larger tank size and that there are distinct differences in the volume rainwater in the tank between years with varying precipitation. According to municipalities the potential was highest for irrigation purposes today but there was also potential for use in household for flushing toilets and supplying washing machines. The identified obstacles were concern regarding contamination of the drinking water supply, lack of economic profitability as a consequence of low water prices and the need for clarification of requirements and risks with rainwater harvesting. Today the potential and motivation is highest for those with an insufficient water supply and an increase in the environmental awareness could possibly enhance implementation further. The conclusion is that there is potential for rainwater harvesting but that there still is a need for some development and more knowledge regarding rainwater harvesting under Swedish conditions.

The Master's thesis solves questions about sanitation installations in a multiple dwelling house with underground garages in Brno. The theoretical part of this work focuses on the analysis of the topic with an emphasis on the management with rainwater. The work also focuses on the possible alternative solutions of the given specialization. Technical part solves the installation of sanitary of this apartment building in the selected variant. It is a multiple storey building, where five floors are used for housing and two underground floors are used mostly for parking.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T13:41:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Cristina da Costa.pdf: 2443313 bytes, checksum: df3d1e0d636be7307896158776a53208 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-25 / The objective of this study was to size the reservoir for rainwater harvesting system in the Campos Gerais of Paraná according to the methodologies proposed by the ABNT (2007), considering the impacts of climate change projected until the end of the 21st century on the fifth report of the IPCC. On this paper, the methodologies for calculation of final volume of rainwater reservoir proposed by ABNT (2007) were used, as well the historical series of rainfall data and those projected for two possible climatic scenarios were used. Through the PGECLIMA_R tool, it was possible to project the precipitation levels predicted in the best and the worst climatic scenario by the end of the century, in order to size the reservoir and analyze the impacts caused by climate change under the final volume of the rainwater reservoir. It was concluded that the designer should take into account the expected climate changes for the design of storage reservoirs and the use of rainwater, since these presented large volume variations according to each applied methodology and for each simulated scenario. When designing future precipitation data, the PGECLIMA_R software presented itself as an important tool to be used in the area of civil construction, urban and development planning. / O objetivo deste estudo foi dimensionar o reservatório para águas pluviais para a Região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná de acordo com as metodologias propostas pela ABNT (2007), considerando para tanto os impactos das alterações climáticas projetadas até o final do século XXI do quinto relatório do IPCC. Para realização deste trabalho foram utilizadas as metodologias de cálculo de volume final de reservatório de água pluvial propostas pela ABNT (2007), série histórica de dados pluviométricos assim como os projetados para dois possíveis cenários climáticos. Através da ferramenta PGECLIMA_R foi possível projetar os níveis de precipitação previstos no melhor e no pior cenário climático para o final do século, e desta forma dimensionar o reservatório e analisar os impactos causados pelas alterações climáticas sob o volume final do reservatório para águas pluviais. Concluiu-se que os métodos de dimensionamento estudados possuem grande sensibilidade quanto às alterações climáticas, sendo assim o projetista deve levar em consideração as alterações climáticas previstas para proceder com o dimensionamento de reservatórios de armazenamento e utilização das águas pluviais, uma vez que estes apresentaram grandes variações de volume de acordo com cada metodologia aplicada e para cada cenário simulado. Ao projetar dados de precipitação futuros, o software PGECLIMA_R apresentou-se como uma importante ferramenta a ser utilizada na área da construção civil, de planejamento e desenvolvimento urbano.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-09-26T19:00:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Luciana Cristina da Costa.pdf: 9370898 bytes, checksum: 7b508cff344555ff949952d7da020a01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T19:00:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Luciana Cristina da Costa.pdf: 9370898 bytes, checksum: 7b508cff344555ff949952d7da020a01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-25 / O objetivo deste estudo foi dimensionar o reservatório para águas pluviais para a Região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná de acordo com as metodologias propostas pela Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), considerando para tanto os impactos das alterações climáticas projetadas até o final do século XXI do quinto relatório do Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas. Para realização deste trabalho foram utilizadas as metodologias de cálculo de volume final de reservatório de água pluvial propostas pela ABNT, série histórica de dados pluviométricos assim como os projetados para dois possíveis cenários climáticos. Através da ferramenta PGECLIMA_R foi possível projetar os níveis de precipitação previstos no melhor e no pior cenário climático para o final do século, e desta forma dimensionar o reservatório e analisar os impactos causados pelas alterações climáticas sob o volume final do reservatório para águas pluviais. Concluiu-se que os métodos de dimensionamento estudados possuem grande sensibilidade quanto às alterações climáticas, sendo assim o projetista deve levar em consideração as alterações climáticas previstas para proceder com o dimensionamento de reservatórios de armazenamento e utilização das águas pluviais, uma vez que estes apresentaram grandes variações de volume de acordo com cada metodologia aplicada e para cada cenário simulado. Ao projetar dados de precipitação futuros, o software PGECLIMA_R apresentou-se como uma importante ferramenta a ser utilizada na área da construção civil, de planejamento e desenvolvimento urbano. / The objective of this study was to size the reservoir for rainwater harvesting system in the Campos Gerais of Paraná according to the methodologies proposed by the ABNT (2007), considering the impacts of climate change projected until the end of the 21st century on the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. On this paper, the methodologies for calculation of final volume of rainwater reservoir proposed by ABNT (2007) were used, as well the historical series of rainfall data and those projected for two possible climatic scenarios were used. Through the PGECLIMA_R tool, it was possible to project the precipitation levels predicted in the best and the worst climatic scenario by the end of the century, in order to size the reservoir and analyze the impacts caused by climate change under the final volume of the rainwater reservoir. It was concluded that the designer should take into account the expected climate changes for the design of storage reservoirs and the use of rainwater, since these presented large volume variations according to each applied methodology and for each simulated scenario. When designing future precipitation data, the PGECLIMA_R software presented itself as an important tool to be used in the area of civil construction, urban and development planning.

The diploma thesis is focused on Storm water management in urban areas. The first task for processing thesis was to arrange meeting with MČ Brno - Bohunice Ing. Antonín Crha, who has provided necessary information about the targeted location the and the reservoir for accumulation of rainwater collected. The practical part of the thesis is to capture the rainwater drainage in the existing rainwater sewerage system using the newly built pumping station and then pumping into the existing, unused reservoir. Accumulated water in the reservoir is planned to be used for the needs of the city, gardeners and other customers. The first part of the diploma thesis describes the management of refined water in the Czech Republic, Denmark and Germany. The first part also provides description of measures and technologies for the management of rainwater. Finally, there is description of the pumping station and borehole objects and the program for calculating the rainfall from the urbanized area. In the practical part of the diploma thesis the selected variants are described, rewarded and evaluated. The diploma thesis deals with two variants, that are guided along the same route, with the difference of the construction of the drilled well in the second variant. Both variants are handled by pumping. The option of the gravity inflow was rejected because of the large countersink of rainwater sewerage.

Com o desenvolvimento da espécie humana, a sociedade humana passou demandar quantidades cada vez maiores de diversos elementos naturais, principalmente a água. Por estar presente em uma pequena quantidade no planeta (3%), com relação a toda hidrosfera, as águas disponíveis para consumo humano (Ex: Mananciais) são as que mais sofrem com a ação antrópica. A degradação destes recursos se dá por fatores como: poluição, desperdício e falta de políticas públicas sobre conservação dos recursos hídricos. Buscando a implementação de estratégias para a melhor gestão dos recursos hídricos, a utilização de águas pluviais como fonte hídrica alternativa, ganha importância diante desse cenário. Além de uma fonte hídrica de fácil acesso em muitas regiões (com média anual de precipitação em 1589 mm na região da Tijuca Alerta Rio, 2013), estudos demonstram que sua qualidade permite sua utilização em atividades não potáveis, resultando na economia de águas que são tratadas e destinadas para consumo humano. Visando colaborar com as questões expostas anteriormente, a presente dissertação de mestrado buscou avaliar a qualidade das águas de chuva em uma determinada região e os fatores que possam interferir na qualidade das águas pluviais, como: tipo de material da superfície de captação, proximidade a focos de poluição atmosférica e período de estiagem antecedente ao evento pluviométrico. Para tal tarefa, foi instalado um sistema de captação de águas pluviais no Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, localizado no bairro do Rio Comprido, região norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os parâmetros físico-químicos para qualidade da água pH, turbidez, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais dissolvidos, potencial de oxi-redução e condutividade foram analisados com o auxílio da sonda multiparâmetro. Ao correlacionar a presença de sólidos na água de chuva com os períodos de estiagem, verificou-se que quanto maior o período de seca, maior a quantidade de sólidos nas amostras. Com relação aos marcos regulatórios (Portaria 2914/2011, MS; Padrões de potabilidade, OMS; CONAMA 357 e NBR 15.527) , os resultados para estes parâmetros ficaram de acordo com os limites exigidos pelas mesmas, exceto o pH. Com a análise dos resultados, recomenda-se estudos para determinar quais fatores podem estar interferindo na acidificação das águas coletadas no estudo. / Society has demanded increasing amounts of various natural elements, mainly water. Because fresh water occurs in relatively small amounts on the planet (3%), the water available for human consumption are the most impacted by anthropic action. The degradation of these resources occurs by factors such as pollution, waste and lack of public policies on conservation of water resources. In order to implement strategies for better management of water resources, the use of rainwater as an alternative water source became important. Besides a water source easily accessible in many regions (with mean annual rainfall 1589 mm in the Tijuca area Alerta Rio, 2013), studies show that their quality allows their use in non-potable activities, resulting in water savings that are treated and intended to human consumption. Aiming to collaborate with the issues previously exposed, this dissertation sought to evaluate the quality of rainwater in a particular region and factors that might interfere in the quality of the rainwater, as the type of the material on the uptake surface, proximity to air pollution sources and drought period preceding the rainfall event. For this task, it was installed a system of rainwater harvesting at the Institute Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, where CAp UERJ, located in municipally Rio Comprido, northern of Rio de Janeiro. The physico-chemical parameters: pH water, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, oxi-reduction potential and conductivity were analyzed with the aid of water quality multiparameter probe. By correlating the presence of solids in rainwater with drought periods, it was found that the longer the dry period, greater is the amount of solids in the samples. Except foi pH, all parameters (physical-chemical) met, regulatory limits (Decree 2914/11, MS; Standards of potability). It is recommended that further investigation is developed in order to better intently factors interfering with water acidification found in this study.

Com o desenvolvimento da espécie humana, a sociedade humana passou demandar quantidades cada vez maiores de diversos elementos naturais, principalmente a água. Por estar presente em uma pequena quantidade no planeta (3%), com relação a toda hidrosfera, as águas disponíveis para consumo humano (Ex: Mananciais) são as que mais sofrem com a ação antrópica. A degradação destes recursos se dá por fatores como: poluição, desperdício e falta de políticas públicas sobre conservação dos recursos hídricos. Buscando a implementação de estratégias para a melhor gestão dos recursos hídricos, a utilização de águas pluviais como fonte hídrica alternativa, ganha importância diante desse cenário. Além de uma fonte hídrica de fácil acesso em muitas regiões (com média anual de precipitação em 1589 mm na região da Tijuca Alerta Rio, 2013), estudos demonstram que sua qualidade permite sua utilização em atividades não potáveis, resultando na economia de águas que são tratadas e destinadas para consumo humano. Visando colaborar com as questões expostas anteriormente, a presente dissertação de mestrado buscou avaliar a qualidade das águas de chuva em uma determinada região e os fatores que possam interferir na qualidade das águas pluviais, como: tipo de material da superfície de captação, proximidade a focos de poluição atmosférica e período de estiagem antecedente ao evento pluviométrico. Para tal tarefa, foi instalado um sistema de captação de águas pluviais no Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, localizado no bairro do Rio Comprido, região norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os parâmetros físico-químicos para qualidade da água pH, turbidez, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos totais dissolvidos, potencial de oxi-redução e condutividade foram analisados com o auxílio da sonda multiparâmetro. Ao correlacionar a presença de sólidos na água de chuva com os períodos de estiagem, verificou-se que quanto maior o período de seca, maior a quantidade de sólidos nas amostras. Com relação aos marcos regulatórios (Portaria 2914/2011, MS; Padrões de potabilidade, OMS; CONAMA 357 e NBR 15.527) , os resultados para estes parâmetros ficaram de acordo com os limites exigidos pelas mesmas, exceto o pH. Com a análise dos resultados, recomenda-se estudos para determinar quais fatores podem estar interferindo na acidificação das águas coletadas no estudo. / Society has demanded increasing amounts of various natural elements, mainly water. Because fresh water occurs in relatively small amounts on the planet (3%), the water available for human consumption are the most impacted by anthropic action. The degradation of these resources occurs by factors such as pollution, waste and lack of public policies on conservation of water resources. In order to implement strategies for better management of water resources, the use of rainwater as an alternative water source became important. Besides a water source easily accessible in many regions (with mean annual rainfall 1589 mm in the Tijuca area Alerta Rio, 2013), studies show that their quality allows their use in non-potable activities, resulting in water savings that are treated and intended to human consumption. Aiming to collaborate with the issues previously exposed, this dissertation sought to evaluate the quality of rainwater in a particular region and factors that might interfere in the quality of the rainwater, as the type of the material on the uptake surface, proximity to air pollution sources and drought period preceding the rainfall event. For this task, it was installed a system of rainwater harvesting at the Institute Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, where CAp UERJ, located in municipally Rio Comprido, northern of Rio de Janeiro. The physico-chemical parameters: pH water, turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, oxi-reduction potential and conductivity were analyzed with the aid of water quality multiparameter probe. By correlating the presence of solids in rainwater with drought periods, it was found that the longer the dry period, greater is the amount of solids in the samples. Except foi pH, all parameters (physical-chemical) met, regulatory limits (Decree 2914/11, MS; Standards of potability). It is recommended that further investigation is developed in order to better intently factors interfering with water acidification found in this study.