Orientador: Eduardo Luiz de Oliveira / Banca: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Banca: Eliane Viviani / Resumo: A erosão provocada pela água no leito e nas margens das estradas rurais de terra está intimamente relacionada à má drenagem, sendo um dos principais fatores para sua degradação. Para que o sistema de drenagem seja feito de forma adequada é necessário o conhecimento da erodibilidade, capacidade de infiltração de água no solo e adoção de práticas mecânicas de elevação do greide e interceptação de águas através de dispositivos de captação. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi desenvolver um sistema de contenção de águas pluviais em trecho de estrada rural encaixada no terreno, em solo do tipo Argissolo Distrófico Abrúptico de textura arenosa, com base em técnicas de abatimento de taludes, elevação do greide da estrada com abaulamento transversal e desviador do fluxo das águas, seguido de segmentos de terraços embutidos associados a bacias de captação. A área de estudo é em contorno a um trecho da estrada Rural PLA 06 localizada na região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo com coordenadas geográficas no espigão: Latitude 22º 34'54"S e Longitude 49º 25'02"O e altitude 594 metros e, na parte baixa do trecho: Latitude 22º34'53"S e longitude 49º24'34"O e altitude 544 metros. 22º34'53"S e longitude 49º24'34"O e altitude 544 metros. As frações granulométricas ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The erosion caused by water in the roadbeds and at the margins of terrene roads in rural areas is closely related to poor drainage, one of the main factors to their degradation. For the drainage system is done in an appropriate manner, knowledge of the erosionability and of the ability of water infiltration into the soil is necessary as well as the adoption of practices of mechanical roadbed lifting and interception of water through reception devices. The goal of this research was to develop a system to contain rain water in a rural stretch of road seated on the ground in the soil type Abruptic Distrophic Argisol of sandy texture, based on techniques for abatement of embankments, raising the roadbeds across the road with bulging deflector and the flow of water, followed by segments of terraces built in association with the catchment basins. The study outline comprehends a stretch of the rural road PLA 06 located in the Central West of Sao Paulo State in the jetty with geographic coordinates: latitude 22 ° 34 '54" S and longitude 49 ° 25' 02"; the altitude is of 594 meters and, at the bottom of the extension: latitude 22 ° 34'53" S and longitude 49 ° 24'34". The altitude in this stretch is 544 meters... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Neste trabalho, o método de extração em fase sólida (SPE) com análises por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) foi desenvolvido para a determinação de levoglucosano em amostras de água de chuva da região de Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil. O monossacarídeo levoglucosano foi proposto como um marcador específico para queima de biomassa, uma vez que o mesmo é liberado durante a pirólise da celulose em temperaturas acima de 300ºC. Após a otimização das variáveis SPE, as melhores condições dentre as avaliadas foram as seguintes: cartuchos SPE recheados com a fase extratora quitosana (1,0 g), volume de amostra igual a 5,0 mL, vazão de 1,0 mL min-1, solvente de eluição: metanol (volume igual a 2,5 mL), sem a adição de sal. O método SPE/GC-MS para a determinação de levoglucosano em amostras de chuva apresentou faixa linear no intervalo de concentração de 0,05 µg mL-1 a 0,50 µg mL-1, r 0,9967, exatidão de 95 a 110% e precisão inter ensaios com coeficientes de variação (CV) menores que 15%, exceto para o limite de quantificação (0,05 µg mL-1) o qual apresentou CV inferior a 20%. Segundo as determinações (SPE/GC-MS) de levoglucosano em amostras de água de chuva coletadas no período 03/08/2011 à 09/04/2012, as concentrações médias de levoglucosano na safra de cana-de-açúcar são aproximadamente quatro vezes superior ao período de entressafra. Este fato é justificado pela elevada taxa de queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar na região de Ribeirão Preto-SP no período safra, e consequentemente, maior emissão de material particulado para a atmosfera incluindo levoglucosano, COD, entre outros. / In this work, the method of solid phase extraction (SPE) with gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was developed for the determination of levoglucosan in rainwater samples collected in the region of Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil. The monosaccharide levoglucosan (1,6-Anhydro--D- Glucopyranose) was proposed as a specific marker for biomass burning, since it is released during the pyrolysis of cellulose at temperatures above 300 ° C. After optimization of the SPE variables, the best conditions were found to be as follows: SPE cartridges filled with the extraction phase chitosan (1,0 g), sample volume equal to 5,0 mL, flow rate of 1,0 mL.min-1 and elution with methanol (volume of 2,5 mL) without added salt. The use of the method SPE/GC-MS for to determination of levoglucosan in rainwater samples was in the range of concentration going from 0,05 to 0,50 g.mL-1, r 0,9967. The accuracy was 95-110%, determination of the inter assay precision gare coefficients of variation (CV) less than 15%, except for the limit of quantification (0,05 g.mL-1), for which CV was less than 20%. According to SPE/GC-MS determinations of levoglucosan in rainwater samples collected between 03/08/2011 and 09/04/2012, the average concentrations of this compound found during the harvest of sugar cane were approximately four times those obtained during the off-season. This fact is explained by the high rate of sugar cane burning in Ribeirão Preto-SP during harvest, which culminates in larger emissions of particulate matter to the atmosphere, including levoglucosano and COD, among others.

A escassez de água no planeta já é uma realidade pontual, inclusive já despontando no horizonte, em nosso país, fora do polígono da seca: na região metropolitana de São Paulo, o modelo de adução, a partir de bacias circunvizinhas, está perto de exaurir, pelos custos que esse tipo de solução adotada desde a época do império romano acarreta nas tarifas para o consumidor final. Assim, a busca pelas chamadas soluções racionais têm, cada vez mais, ganhado adeptos e, dentre estas, a que se tem mostrado mais eficiente e mais eficaz é a tecnologia do esgotamento sanitário a vácuo, visto ser a bacia sanitária a responsável por aproximadamente 40% do consumo residencial de água, e por um percentual semelhante também em edifícios comerciais. A partir do estudo de caso no edifício-sede da Secretaria de Orçamento Federal SOF, em Brasília, foi constatada economia de 30% no consumo médio de água, medido em metros cúbicos, depois da implantação do sistema a vácuo - em substituição ao sistema gravitacional, ocorrida em janeiro de 2008 a par de um aumento de apenas 2% no consumo de energia elétrica, medido em kWh, não produzindo ônus, por força do contrato com a concessionária local de eletricidade, do tipo azul. Foram feitas, ainda, comparações com alternativas de abastecimento, quais sejam água de reuso e o aproveitamento de águas pluviais, este mais comum no Brasil embora nitidamente mais recomendável para construções com até dois pavimentos, enquanto aquele, por enquanto, pode ser considerado uma prospecção teórica para as condições de nosso país / The water shortage in the planet is already a punctual reality that is already rising in our country outside the drought polygon (in northeastern part of Brazil). In the metropolitan area of São Paulo the adduction model coming from the neighboring basins is on the brinks of exhaustion, because this kind of solution costs, adopted since the Roman Empire times, brings up to tariffs to the final customer. In this manner, the search for the so called rational solutions has gained more and more followers and among these the one that has shown more efficiency and accuracy is the vacuum sewerage technology, considering that sanitary basin is responsible for almost 40% of the residential water consumption and a similar percentage occurs also in trade buildings. Taking the case study in the headquarter building of Secretaria de Orçamento Federal (SOF), in Brasília, it was verified a 30% economy in the average water consumption, measured in cubic meters, since the vacuum system was established (replacing the gravitational system), on January 2008, informed about only 2% increase in the electricity consumption, measured in kWh, it means that there was no effective increase in the electricity bill, once the local provide company contract, of the blue type, has foretold small oscillations in the supply without deduction on the bill. It was still done some comparative descriptions with others alternatives water supplies, whichever be grey water and rainwater harvesting, this one widely used in Brazil although it is more suggested to up to two floor buildings while the other, for the time being, can be considered as a theoretical prospection in our country

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de contribuições de natureza técnica para uma proposta de política pública visando a criação de um novo modelo de gestão de águas urbanas, por meio do desenvolvimento e implantação, em escala de lote residencial, de um sistema de gestão integrada da drenagem seletiva e aproveitamento de águas pluviais, e reúso de esgotos sanitários tratados, denominado \"Sistema de Drenagem e Reúso Inteligente\" (SiDRI). A pesquisa foi realizada em um sítio experimental peri- urbano, chamado de Lote Experimental Peri-Urbano, provido de cobertura de telhas de zinco, e os dados resultantes comparados com dados gerados em estudo prévio realizado em outros dois sítios experimentais urbanos, a saber: Laboratórios de Apoio ao Ensino de Graduação-1 e 2 (LAEGs-1 e 2), na área 1 do Campus-1 da USP de São Carlos, respectivamente providos de: telhas prensadas à base de embalagens longa vida recicladas (LAEG -1); e Cobertura Verde Leve CVL (LAEG-2). Para o manejo das águas urbanas em escala de lote residencial foram considerados dois tipos principais de contribuições: 1) Águas advindas de esgotamento sanitário, tratadas em uma fossa séptica biodigestora (FSB) modelo EMBRAPA, e 2) Águas pluviais, captadas e tratadas em um Sistema de Aproveitamento de Águas Pluviais (SAP), cuja concepção básica foi a mesma para os três sítios experimentais. Foram realizadas para o Telhado de Zinco seis séries amostrais consecutivas, para seis eventos de precipitação, em sete pontos de amostragem do SAP, e analisadas 38 (trinta e oito) variáveis de qualidade de água físico-químicas e biológicas. A análise dos resultados, comparada aos demais telhados, sugeriu, face à legislação pertinente, um aproveitamento predominantemente para fins não- potáveis, e desde que mediante prévia desinfecção das águas pluviais. Para a FSB, 15 campanhas de amostragem foram realizadas alternadamente, cujos resultados apontaram uma possibilidade ainda limitada de reuso para o esgoto tratado. Apesar dos resultados do presente estudo indicarem que o novo modelo de gestão de águas urbanas requer adequações, oferecem uma possibilidade de solução para desafios antigos e atuais na gestão das águas urbanas, tendo fornecido elementos para a configuração de uma nova política pública aqui chamada de \"Política Nacional de Gestão de Águas Urbanas\", a qual apresenta interfaces com políticas anteriores, como a Lei das Águas. / This research aimed as its main goal the development of contributions to a proposal for a public policy to the creation of a new urban waters management model, through the development and establishment, at urban lot scale, of an integrated selective drainage system and rainwater use, and reuse of treated domestic sewage, named \"Smart Drainage and Reuse System\" (SD&RS). The research was accomplished at an experimental peri-urban site, named Peri-Urban Experimental Lot, provided by a cover of zinc roof tiles, and its resulting data compared to data generated on a previous study accomplished at another two experimental sites, namely: Undergraduate Learning Support Laboratory-1 and 2 (LAEGs-1 and 2), respectively provided of: compressed tiles made of recycled long-life milk packaging (LAEG-1); and extensive green roof (LAEG-2). For handling of urban waters in residential lot scale, two main types of contribution were considered: 1) Waters from sanitary sewers, treated in a Septic Cesspool Biodigester (SCB) EMBRAPA Model, and 2) Rainwater, collected and treated in a Rainwater Use System (RUS), whose basic conception was the same for the three experimental sites. For the zinc roof, 6 (six) successive sampling series were performed, for 6 (six) rainfall events, in 7 (seven) sampling points of the Rainwater Use System (RUS), and 38 (thirty-eight) physicochemical and biological water quality variables were analysed. The results analysis, compared to the other roofs, suggested, according to the related regulations, a predominant use to non-potable purposes, and since previous rainwater disinfection. For the SCB, 15 (fifteen) alternated sampling series were performed, whose results indicated a still limitated reuse possibility for sanitary sewage. Despite of the results of the present study indicated that the new urban waters management model requires suitability, they offer a possibility of solution to old and actual challenges in urban waters management, since they provided elements for the design of a new public policy named here \"Urban Waters Management Federal Policy\", which presents interfaces with previous policies, like the Water Law.

Modeling is a powerful tool that can be used to identify important relationships between organisms and their habitat (Guisan & Zimmermann, 2000). Understanding the dynamics of how the two relate to one another is important for conserving and managing ecosystems, but the extreme complexity of those ecosystems makes it very difficult to fully diagram. Unlike many other modeling techniques, Multivariate Regression Trees (MRTs) are not limited by a prior assumptions, pre-determined relationships, transformations, or correlations. MRTs have the power to provide both explanation and prediction of ecological data by producing simple models that are easy to interpret. This study proposed to use MRTs to evaluate and model relationships between Lucania parva and the environment and habitat of Florida Bay. Counts were transformed to presence-absence and abundance groupings. Models were first run using a variety of combination of response variables and all explanatory variables. Results of these models were used to select the best combination of response and explanatory variables in an effort to create a best fit model. Models indicated that Lucania parva populations are found in the dense (cover ≥50%), shallow water (<1.8 m) grass beds that occur in the western portion of Florida Bay. A best fit model was able to explain 63.7% of the variance with predictive error of 0.43.

La gestion des eaux a pendant longtemps été associée à des préoccupations sanitaires afin d'éviter la dissémination de maladie hydrique. Au cours du temps, l'aspect sanitaire a été remplacé par des préoccupations environnementales. A ce jour, des questions sur les potentiels risques sanitaires dues aux ouvrages de gestion des eaux sont récurrentes. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés au comportement d'un bassin sec de rétention de l'est lyonnais en étudiant les liens existant entre la présence de bactéries pathogènes opportunistes, le fonctionnement hydraulique et la capacité de piégeage des polluants de ce bassin. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé 6 campagnes de prélèvements sur un an et demi. Les prélèvements ont été caractérisés au niveau physico-chimique et microbiologique (A. caviae, P. aeruginosa, Nocardia, E. coli, coliformes, entérocoques). Les caractéristiques physico-chimiques trouvées sont comparables à celles obtenues dans des bassins similaires. L'ensemble du bassin est régulièrement contaminé par les bactéries suivies (0 à 1.92E+07 UFC/g sec). Des concentrations plus fortes en été et un apport par les pluies ont pu être observés. Des analyses de corrélation de type Pearson ont mis en évidence de rares liens entre la présence de bactéries et de polluants chimiques, comme par exemple entre P. aeruginosa et les HAPs. Une corrélation entre les Nocardia et des caractéristiques sédimentaires (teneur en masse organique volatile et densité) a aussi pu être observée. Une étude plus poussée sur le genre Nocardia a permis: d'isoler pour la première fois en France des N. cyriacigeorgica dans l'environnement, de mettre au point une qPCR (spécifique de cette espèce) utilisable en milieu complexe et de développer un test rapide sur nématode afin de connaitre la virulence d'isolats bactériens au niveau du SNC / Water management has been associated during a long time with health concerns to prevent the spread of waterborne disease. Over time, the health aspect was replaced by environmental concerns. Nowadays, questions about the potential health risks due to water management structures are recurrent. In this work, we studied the behavior of a dry retention basin at the eastern part of Lyon, in particular the links between the presence of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, the hydraulic behaviour and the trapping capacity of pollutants in the basin. For that purpose, we carried out 6 sampling campaigns during a year and a half. The samples were characterized at a physicochemical and microbiological level (A. caviae, P. aeruginosa, Nocardia, E. coli, coliforms, enterococci). The physicochemical characteristics found are comparable to those obtained in similar basins. The entire basin is regularly contaminated by bacteria followed (0 to 1.92E +07 CFU/g dm). Higher concentrations in summer and during rain periods were observed. Pearson correlation analysis revealed some rare links between the presence of bacteria and chemical pollutants, such as between P. aeruginosa and PAHs. A correlation between Nocardia and sedimentary characteristics (volatile organic content and mass density) was also observed. For the first time in France, further study on the genus Nocardia has permitted: to isolate N. cyriacigeorgica in the environment, to develop a qPCR (specific of this species) used in complex environments and to develop a quick test on nematode in order to identify the virulence of bacterial isolates in the NSC

Stable isotope ratios in rainwater and water vapor act as a tracers of the hydrological cycle. The data on stable isotopic composition in rainwater and water vapor are limited due to the lack of observational studies across the Indian subcontinent and over the ocean. These present day observations are important database to deduce the paleo-climatic condition from geological archives. In majority of the cases, isotopic records are translated into physical factors with the present background knowledge where relationships with physical variables are well established. In case of tropical region, the primary controlling factor identified behind the stable isotopic variations is the amount of rainfall. However recent observations contradict such relationships challenging the role of amount effect and identified source moisture effect on stable isotope ratios in rainwater at Indian stations. The thesis investigated the amount effect relationship of isotopes at seasonal time scales. The long period observation covering 4 years, where daily time interval rainwater samples collected were used for our study. We used two different station locations; Thiruvananthapuram and Bangalore, where monsoonal rainfall is received for Southwest and Northeast periods. The role of mesoscale and synoptic convection and rainout along the transport pathways were found responsible for the isotopic variance. The role of moisture source regions, rainout over the advection pathways, high rainfall producing systems such as depression and cyclones, and continental recycling of water on rainwater and water isotopes ratios were major findings of the thesis work which are detailed in the chapters. Upon knowing the atmospheric and oceanic condition at the moisture source region based on satellite data and reanalysis data set we modeled our observations using the governing equations of isotope fractionation and well accepted Rayliegh’s distillation model. The observations on rainwater and water vapor isotope ratios in oceanic region are extremely limited due to difficulties in conducting sampling. Water vapor and rainwater observations over the Southern Ocean during the expedition of 2013 and estimation of the moisture recycling across the latitudes over the oceanic regions is a novel work in this thesis.

Apesar da grande área ocupada pelo Cerrado no território brasileiro e de sua importância ecológica e hidrológica, ainda é desconhecida a repartição da água das chuvas no gradiente fisionômico da vegetação nesse bioma. No presente estudo quantificamos a interceptação da água das chuvas e a umidade do solo, para estabelecer correlações entre as características estruturais da vegetação, representadas principalmente pela área basal, e os dados hidrológicos. Para tanto, quantificamos a transprecipitação e o escoamento pelo tronco das árvores, em 15 parcelas representativas do gradiente fisionômico entre o cerrado típico e o cerradão, localizados na Estação Ecológica de Assis (EEcA), SP, para obtenção da proporção da precipitação efetiva que atravessa o dossel e chega à superfície do solo, em comparação com a precipitação total, quantificada a céu aberto. Os indivíduos lenhosos em cada parcela com DAP 5 cm foram identificados e medidos. A quantidade de transprecipitação foi tanto maior quanto menos complexa a estrutura da vegetação, sendo também influenciada pelas características da chuva incidente. A proporção da transprecipitação também foi fortemente influenciada pela estrutura da vegetação, porém, não foi detectada influência das características das chuvas. Assim, foi possível concluir que, em ambiente de Cerrado, é a estrutura da vegetação que influencia de forma decisiva a proporção de água que alcançará o solo sob forma difusa. A facilidade em captar a água da chuva e escoá-la pelo tronco variou em função de atributos da árvore, sendo que árvores mais altas e com copa volumosa escoaram maior quantidade, enquanto árvores de crescimento monopodial, tronco ereto e reto e copa compacta têm maior eficiência de captação. O agrupamento das parcelas em diferentes fisionomias resultou em diferenças significativas nas taxas de precipitação efetiva e interceptação, indicando que elas devem ser caracterizadas hidrologicamente como ambientes distintos, onde há gradação na quantidade de água que chega ao solo em função do gradiente de biomassa. A transição da entrada de água ao solo no gradiente do Cerrrado é crescente e contínua, desde as comunidades menos densas (cerrado típico) até as comunidades mais densas (cerradão). A dinâmica e a disponibilidade de água do solo foram mais influenciadas pelas propriedades do solo do que pela cobertura vegetal, quando ambos os fatores são variáveis. Concluímos que, em regiões nas quais a água é um recurso escasso, o manejo visando controlar a biomassa da vegetação é um recurso válido, visto que os resultados apontam para a importância das fisionomias mais abertas do Cerrado para a produção hídrica. / Despite the large area occupied by the Cerrado in Brazil and its ecological and hydrological importance, the rainfall partioning in the physiognomy gradient of the vegetation in this biome is still to be ellucidated. In this study, we quantified rainfall interception and the of soil moisture to establish correlations between vegetation structure, represented by the basal area, and hydrological data. Therefore, we quantified the troughfall and stemflow of trees in 15 plots representing the physiognomic gradient between typical cerradão and cerradão, located at Assis Ecological Station (EEcA), SP, to obtain the net rainfall reaching the ground, compared to the total precipitation quantified at open adjacent area. The woody plants with DBH 5 cm were identified and measured in every plot. Troughfall was lower when the vegetation structure was more complex, and was not influenced by micrometeorological factors. We concluded that, in Cerrado, vegetation structure decisively influences the proportion of rainfall to reaching the soil. The stemflow amount was greater the larger the tree and the tree canopy, while trees with monopodial growing, erect and straight trunk and compact canopy had more capture efficiency. Grouping plots by Cerrado physiognomies resulted in significant differences in both net precipitation and interception, indicating that they must be categorizes as hydrologically distinct environments. There is increasing and continuous transition from the more open communities (cerrado típico) to the forest physiognomies (cerradão) in the proportion of rainfall retained by the canopies. The dynamics and the availability of soil water were more influenced by soil properties than the vegetation cover, when both factors varies. This study points out the importance of low biomassa Cerrado physiognomies for hydric production and we concluded that, when and where water is a scarce resource, controlling vegetation biomass can be recommended to aiming at water production.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-08-24T00:22:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O UEFS-1.pdf: 4397842 bytes, checksum: 5bbf7864e46035d01b3cd15d9b25b50d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-24T00:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O UEFS-1.pdf: 4397842 bytes, checksum: 5bbf7864e46035d01b3cd15d9b25b50d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01 / It is important to emphasize that both the quality of the water as the quantity and regularity of supply are determining factors for the emergence of diseases in humans. Therefore, we used the epidemiological ecological study, quantitative, in order to assess the consumption of rainwater and the incidence of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age: the exposed, which use capture systems roof rain water which is stored in tanks for potable purposes, composed of 111 children of the city of Lowland Ro?a-Ba; and not exposed, which use public water supply, composed also by 111 children of the city of Baixa Grande-Ba. Health indicators were adopted that diarrhea and measured over a period of 90 days. They were applied form, spreadsheet and field observation form with the families and children participating in the survey. The analysis of data obtained from said diarrhea and measured showed a significant association between episodes of diarrhea in the total sample of children studied and the spatial distribution where the highest concentrations occurred. Children who drank rain water had higher risk in percentage and time of occurrence, to have episodes of diarrhea than children who drink tap water, but with a difference not very acentuda. The incidence in children who consume rainwater stored in cisterns was 11.1%, and 5.8% in families who drink tap water. / ? importante ressaltar que tanto a qualidade da ?gua quanto a sua quantidade e regularidade de fornecimento s?o fatores determinantes para o surgimento de doen?as no ser humano. Portanto, utilizou-se o estudo epidemiol?gico do tipo ecol?gico, de natureza quantitativa, a fim de avaliar o consumo de ?gua da chuva e a incid?ncia de diarreia em crian?as menores de 5 anos de idade: as expostas, as quais utilizam sistemas de capta??o de ?gua de chuva do telhado e que ? armazenada em cisternas para fins pot?veis, compostas por 111 crian?as da cidade de V?rzea da Ro?a?Ba; e as n?o expostas, as quais utilizam ?gua da rede p?blica de abastecimento, compostas, tamb?m, por 111 crian?as da cidade de Baixa Grande-Ba. Os indicadores de sa?de adotados foram diarreia referida e mensurada, durante um per?odo de 90 dias. Foram aplicados formul?rio, planilha e ficha de observa??o de campo junto ?s fam?lias e crian?as participantes da pesquisa. A an?lise dos dados obtidos da diarreia referida e da mensurada apresentou uma associa??o significante entre os epis?dios de diarreia na amostra total de crian?as estudadas e na distribui??o espacial onde ocorreram as maiores concentra??es. As crian?as que beberam ?gua de chuva apresentaram maior risco, em percentual e tempo de ocorr?ncia, de ter epis?dios de diarreia do que as crian?as que bebem ?gua da rede p?blica, por?m com uma diferen?a n?o muito acentuda. A incid?ncia nas crian?as que consomem ?gua da chuva armazenada em cisternas foi de 11,1%, e de 5,8% nas fam?lias que bebem ?gua da rede p?blica.

El Perú es uno de los países con mayores reservas de agua dulce en el mundo, ocupando el octavo lugar con una reserva de 1.89% de la disponibilidad mundial de agua dulce superficial. Sin embargo, a pesar de que existe abundante oferta del recurso hídrico, las brechas de acceso al agua son cada vez mayores. Los pueblos de la sierra peruana, no son ajenos a esta realidad, ya que, no cuentan con un eficiente abastecimiento de agua. Frente a esta problemática, el objetivo de la presente investigación es proponer un sistema de abastecimiento de agua en la I.E. Manuel de Piérola Castro, aprovechando la alta precipitación del distrito de Celendín. Para ello, se visitó la zona de estudio para determinar la oferta hídrica pluvial, estimar la demanda de consumo de agua de la I.E. Manuel de Piérola Castro y conocer la realidad problemática del distrito de Celendín. En el distrito de Celendín se registra precipitaciones medias de 6.28 mm por día, equivalentes a 5.1 litros de agua por metro cuadrado de cubierta de captación, lo cual, representa una alta capacidad de aprovechamiento de agua de lluvias para uso sanitario. A su vez, la instalación del sistema de aprovechamiento propuesto resulta factible debido al bajo costo que este representa. Finalmente, se evidencia beneficios de utilizar agua de lluvia, puesto que, significarían un ahorro en el pago a la entidad administradora de agua potable, se garantiza la continuidad del servicio de agua y se contribuye al manejo sostenible de los recursos hídricos. / Peru is a country that has one of the largest freshwater reserves in the world with it ranking 8th globally with a reserve of 1.89% of the total global amount of surface freshwater in the world. However, despite the abundance of this resource, the gaps in access to water are increasing. This situation is common among people living in the Peruvian highlands because they don’t have access to freshwater. The objective of this current investigation is to propose the use of a water supply system at I.E. Manuel de Piérola Castro that takes advantage of the high amount of rainfall in the district of Celendín. To do this, the study area was visited in order to determine the rainwater supply, estimate the demand for water consumption at I.E. Manuel de Piérola Castro and learn about the problematic reality that the Celendín district is going through. In the district of Celendín, 6.28 mm of average rainfall is recorded per day, which is equivalent to 5.1 liters of water in one square meter of catchment cover. This demonstrates the potential of using rainwater for sanitary use as the catchment cover of the Educational Institution Manuel de Piérola Castro covers more than 1300 square meters. Additionally, the installation of the proposed harvesting system is feasible due to its low cost. Finally, there are many benefits to using the proposed system such as savings on bills to the drinking water administration entity, guaranteed continuity of water, and sustainable water mismanagement. / Tesis