Neracionalus antimikrobinių vaistų vartojimas didina mikroorganizmų atsparumą šiems preparatams. Tai problema, aktuali visame pasaulyje. Šio tyrimo tikslas - kokybiškai ir kiekybiškai įvertinti AMV skyrimą nefrologijos klinikos dializės skyriuje 2008 ir 2009m., taip pat įvertinti skyrimų atitikimą racionalaus antimikrobinių vaistų vartojimo rekomendacijoms bei palyginti su ankstesnių metų analogiškų tyrimų duomenimis. Tyrimo metu nefrologijos klinikos dializės skyriuje gydomų pacientų ambulatorinės kortelės ir išanalizuoti visi antibiotikų skyrimo atvejai. Statistiškai duomenys įvertinti naudojant kompiuterinį SPSS 16.0 versijos statistinį duomenų analizės paketą. Nustatyta, kad 2008m. 46,15 proc. ir 2009m. 53,86 proc. pacientų skirti AMV. Vyrams 2009 m. skyrimas buvo ženkliai didesnis nei 2008m. Vyresni nei 61m. amžiaus pacientai 2008 ir 2009m. sudarė beveik 2/3 visų AMV skyrimo atvejų. Iš viso vartotų 25 AMV, 51,91 proc. visų AMV skyrimo atvejų 2008 ir 2009 m. sudarė 3 antibiotikų vartojimas – cefuroksimo, amoksicilino ir cefazolino. AMV vartojimas iki 10 dienų gydymo kursu - 2008 ir 2009m. sudarė daugiau nei 2/3 visų AMV skyrimo atvejų skaičiaus (76,51 proc.). 2009m. lyginant su 2008m padidėjo šlapimo takų infekcijų, peritoninės dializės peritonitų atvejų, tuo tarpu sumažėjo odos, tame tarpe ir kateterinių infekcijų bei kvėpavimo takų infekcijų skaičius. Bakteriologiniai testai buvo nustatinėjami 41,18 proc. 2008 ir 46,22 proc. 2009 metais. AMV skyrimų atitikimo atvejų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Irrationale Verwendung antimikrobieller Wirkstoffe erhöht die Widerstandskraft auf diese Produkte. Dies ist ein Problem auf der ganzen Welt. Ziel dieser Studie - sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ zu beurteilen die Verordnung von antimikrobiellen Wirkstoffen (AMW) in Dialyse Abteilung der Nephrologie Klinik in Jahren 2008 und 2009, sowie die Prüfung der rationellen Nutzung von antimikrobiellen Wirkstoffen und Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit Daten der Vorjahre. Es wurden die Krankengeschichten der Patienten der Dialyse Station auf Fälle von aller Antibiotikaverordnungen überprüft. Statistische Auswertung der Daten per Computer wurde mit SPSS Version 16.0 der statistischen Paket für die Datenanalyse durchgeführt Es wurde festgestellt, dass im Jahr 2008- 46,15 Prozent und in 2009- 53,86 Prozent AMW für die Patienten verordnet wurde. Die Zahl der männlicher Patienten 2009 war höher als 2008. Patienten im Alter über 61 Jahre in 2008 und 2009 bildeten fast zwei Drittel aller Fälle. Vom Gesamtverbrauch von 25 AMW, 51,91 Prozent, bildeten drei Antibiotika - Cefuroxim, Cefazolin und Amoxicillin. AMW zu verwenden in 10-tägigen Behandlung - in 2008 und 2009 entfielen mehr als zwei Drittel aller Fälle - 76,51 Prozent. Im Jahre 2009 im Vergleich zu 2008 erhöhte sich die Zahl der Harnwegsinfektionen, Peritonealdialyse Peritonitis Fälle, während des Rückgangs der Haut, sowie Katheterinfektionen und Infektionen der Atemwege. Bakteriologische Untersuchungen waren in 41,18 Prozent... [to full text]

As mentioned in the introduction, the objective of this work has been to get a more realistic understanding of economic decision making processes by adopting an interdisciplinary approach which takes into consideration at the same time economic and psychological issues. The research in particular has been focused on the psychological concept of categorization, which in the standard economic theory has received until now no attention, and on its implications for decision making. The three experimental studies conducted in this work provide empirical evidence that individuals don not behave according to the perfect rationality and maximization assumptions which underly the SEUT, but rather as bounded rational satisfiers who try to simplify the decision problems they face through the process of categorization. The results of the first experimental study, on bilateral integrative negotiation, show that most of the people categorize a continuum of outcomes in two categories (satisfying/not satisfying), and treat all the options within each category as equivalent. This process of categorization leads the negotiators to make suboptimal agreements and to what I call the ?Zone of Agreement Bias? (ZAB). The experimental study on committees? decision making with logrolling provides evidence of how the categorization of outcomes in satisfying/not satisfying can affect the process of coalition formation in multi-issue decisions. In the first experiment, involving 3-issues and 3-parties decisions under majority rule, the categorization of outcomes leads most of the individuals to form suboptimal coalitions and make Pareto-dominated agreements. The second experiment, aimed at comparing the suboptimizing effect of categorization under majority and unanimity rule, shows that the unanimity rule can lead to a much higher rate of optimal agreements than the majority rule. The third experiment, involving 4-issues and 4-parties decisions provides evidence that the results of experiments 1 and 2 hold even when the level of complexity of the decision problem increases.

As mentioned in the introduction, the objective of this work has been to get a more realistic understanding of economic decision making processes by adopting an interdisciplinary approach which takes into consideration at the same time economic and psychological issues. The research in particular has been focused on the psychological concept of categorization, which in the standard economic theory has received until now no attention, and on its implications for decision making. The three experimental studies conducted in this work provide empirical evidence that individuals don not behave according to the perfect rationality and maximization assumptions which underly the SEUT, but rather as bounded rational satisfiers who try to simplify the decision problems they face through the process of categorization. The results of the first experimental study, on bilateral integrative negotiation, show that most of the people categorize a continuum of outcomes in two categories (satisfying/not satisfying), and treat all the options within each category as equivalent. This process of categorization leads the negotiators to make suboptimal agreements and to what I call the ?Zone of Agreement Bias? (ZAB). The experimental study on committees? decision making with logrolling provides evidence of how the categorization of outcomes in satisfying/not satisfying can affect the process of coalition formation in multi-issue decisions. In the first experiment, involving 3-issues and 3-parties decisions under majority rule, the categorization of outcomes leads most of the individuals to form suboptimal coalitions and make Pareto-dominated agreements. The second experiment, aimed at comparing the suboptimizing effect of categorization under majority and unanimity rule, shows that the unanimity rule can lead to a much higher rate of optimal agreements than the majority rule. The third experiment, involving 4-issues and 4-parties decisions provides evidence that the results of experiments 1 and 2 hold even when the level of complexity of the decision problem increases.