A concepção da interpretação de uma obra musical pode advir de um processo sustentado por reflexão e ímpeto, agregando razão e emoção, o qual é gerado por impulsos e diversos conhecimentos, sendo estes musicais e/ou extra-musicais, objetivos e subjetivos. Estes são criados e reunidos ao longo da vida, durante o período de formação musical e a partir de contatos com diversas artes e normalmente dinamizado ao longo da leitura de uma determinada obra, de maneira consciente e inconsciente. Aprofundam-se através da prática musical, pesquisas e também da chamada tradição oral, através da relação mestre/discípulo. Este memorial disserta sobre meu processo de leitura, estudo e performance das Valsas Nobres e Sentimentais de Maurice Ravel, realizado durante meu curso de mestrado. Procuro reconhecer e esclarecer algumas de minhas escolhas musicais e os conhecimentos que mobilizei, adquiri e transmutei ao longo deste processo, paralelamente às reflexões de meu orientador, Ney Fialkow. Para tanto, foi necessário o registro de alguns dos meus encontros de orientação, momentos de meus estudos, algumas de minhas performances e idéias que foram geradas e despertadas durante todo este percurso. O possível reconhecimento e verbalização de todos estes registros podem muitas vezes tornar-se imprecisos, ou até mesmo impossíveis. Não há aqui a pretensão de desenvolver um guia de estudo, nem tampouco uma versão final da minha interpretação, já que esta se encontra sempre em movimento e renovação. É um registro de um determinado momento e como o mesmo se deu, ora sustentado por argumentos fundamentados em pesquisas ora por um universo fantástico e etéreo. / The interpretation concept of a musical piece may result from a process based on reflection and momentum, adding reason and emotion, which is generated by impulses and diverse knowledge, being this knowledge musical and / or extra-musical, objective and subjective. It is created and gathered throughout lifetime, during the period of musical training and from contacts with various types of art being normally activated while reading a particular piece of music in a consciously and unconsciously manner. This knowledge is deepened through musical practice, research, and the so called oral tradition, and through the master / disciple relationship. This memorial speaks about my process of reading, study and performance of the Noble and Sentimental Waltzes by Maurice Ravel, performed during my Master’s course. I try to recognize and clarify some of my musical choices and the knowledge I activated, acquired and transmuted along this process, in parallel with the reflections of my advisor, Ney Fialkow. Therefore, it was necessary to record some of my meetings with the advisor, moments of personal studies and some of my performances and ideas that were generated and arouse along this period of time. The possibility of recognition and verbalization of all these records can often become inaccurate or even impossible. There is not any intention here to develop a study guide, nor a final version of my interpretation, as this is always dynamic and renewable. It is a record of a particular moment and how it was carried out. At times, supported by arguments based on researches and at other times by a fantastic and ethereal universe.

A concepção da interpretação de uma obra musical pode advir de um processo sustentado por reflexão e ímpeto, agregando razão e emoção, o qual é gerado por impulsos e diversos conhecimentos, sendo estes musicais e/ou extra-musicais, objetivos e subjetivos. Estes são criados e reunidos ao longo da vida, durante o período de formação musical e a partir de contatos com diversas artes e normalmente dinamizado ao longo da leitura de uma determinada obra, de maneira consciente e inconsciente. Aprofundam-se através da prática musical, pesquisas e também da chamada tradição oral, através da relação mestre/discípulo. Este memorial disserta sobre meu processo de leitura, estudo e performance das Valsas Nobres e Sentimentais de Maurice Ravel, realizado durante meu curso de mestrado. Procuro reconhecer e esclarecer algumas de minhas escolhas musicais e os conhecimentos que mobilizei, adquiri e transmutei ao longo deste processo, paralelamente às reflexões de meu orientador, Ney Fialkow. Para tanto, foi necessário o registro de alguns dos meus encontros de orientação, momentos de meus estudos, algumas de minhas performances e idéias que foram geradas e despertadas durante todo este percurso. O possível reconhecimento e verbalização de todos estes registros podem muitas vezes tornar-se imprecisos, ou até mesmo impossíveis. Não há aqui a pretensão de desenvolver um guia de estudo, nem tampouco uma versão final da minha interpretação, já que esta se encontra sempre em movimento e renovação. É um registro de um determinado momento e como o mesmo se deu, ora sustentado por argumentos fundamentados em pesquisas ora por um universo fantástico e etéreo. / The interpretation concept of a musical piece may result from a process based on reflection and momentum, adding reason and emotion, which is generated by impulses and diverse knowledge, being this knowledge musical and / or extra-musical, objective and subjective. It is created and gathered throughout lifetime, during the period of musical training and from contacts with various types of art being normally activated while reading a particular piece of music in a consciously and unconsciously manner. This knowledge is deepened through musical practice, research, and the so called oral tradition, and through the master / disciple relationship. This memorial speaks about my process of reading, study and performance of the Noble and Sentimental Waltzes by Maurice Ravel, performed during my Master’s course. I try to recognize and clarify some of my musical choices and the knowledge I activated, acquired and transmuted along this process, in parallel with the reflections of my advisor, Ney Fialkow. Therefore, it was necessary to record some of my meetings with the advisor, moments of personal studies and some of my performances and ideas that were generated and arouse along this period of time. The possibility of recognition and verbalization of all these records can often become inaccurate or even impossible. There is not any intention here to develop a study guide, nor a final version of my interpretation, as this is always dynamic and renewable. It is a record of a particular moment and how it was carried out. At times, supported by arguments based on researches and at other times by a fantastic and ethereal universe.

Orchestrateur de référence du XXe siècle, Maurice Ravel, avec la Rapsodie espagnole, Daphnis et Chloé, Ma Mère l’Oye, La Valse ou encore avec l’orchestration des Tableaux d’une exposition, ne cesse de nous égarer dans des domaines sonores inattendus. Des réductions pour piano aux enseignements reçus au Conservatoire de Paris, en passant par la lecture des traités d’instrumentation et d’orchestration, Maurice Ravel apprend, dompte et confère à son orchestre une couleur unique qui le place au rang des plus grands orchestrateurs de son temps. Réalisée à partir de quinze œuvres symphoniques du compositeur, une analyse approfondie des aspects de l’instrumentation et de l’orchestration ravélienne a mis en lumière les principaux traits stylistiques de cet orchestrateur. Mais définir la poétique orchestrale de Maurice Ravel ne se limite pas à dresser un inventaire des seuls éléments techniques : c’est également comprendre le rôle et l’impact de ses transcriptions pour orchestre sur son langage et son œuvre. Les orchestrations ravéliennes sont-elles en définitive une simple parure de la version pianistique ou un moyen de créer une œuvre nouvelle ? / Maurice Ravel, a reference among the 20th century composers, has always led his audience into unexpected musical fields with works such as the Rapsodie espagnole, Daphnis et Chloé, Ma Mère l’Oye, La Valse or the orchestration of the Tableaux d’une exposition. While writing piano reductions, while studying at the Conservatoire de Paris and reading treatises on instrumentation and orchestration, Maurice Ravel learned, tamed and gave his orchestra a unique tint, the tint that has made him one of the greatest composer of his time. Based on the study of fifteen of his symphonic works, a thorough analysis of the aspects of Ravelian orchestration has highlighted his main stylistic features. However defining Ravel’s poetical orchestration cannot be restricted to a mere listing of technical elements; it is also trying to understand the role and impact of his orchestra transcriptions on his language and on his work. Are Ravelian orchestrations simply an ornament of the piano version or the creation of a new work?

A concepção da interpretação de uma obra musical pode advir de um processo sustentado por reflexão e ímpeto, agregando razão e emoção, o qual é gerado por impulsos e diversos conhecimentos, sendo estes musicais e/ou extra-musicais, objetivos e subjetivos. Estes são criados e reunidos ao longo da vida, durante o período de formação musical e a partir de contatos com diversas artes e normalmente dinamizado ao longo da leitura de uma determinada obra, de maneira consciente e inconsciente. Aprofundam-se através da prática musical, pesquisas e também da chamada tradição oral, através da relação mestre/discípulo. Este memorial disserta sobre meu processo de leitura, estudo e performance das Valsas Nobres e Sentimentais de Maurice Ravel, realizado durante meu curso de mestrado. Procuro reconhecer e esclarecer algumas de minhas escolhas musicais e os conhecimentos que mobilizei, adquiri e transmutei ao longo deste processo, paralelamente às reflexões de meu orientador, Ney Fialkow. Para tanto, foi necessário o registro de alguns dos meus encontros de orientação, momentos de meus estudos, algumas de minhas performances e idéias que foram geradas e despertadas durante todo este percurso. O possível reconhecimento e verbalização de todos estes registros podem muitas vezes tornar-se imprecisos, ou até mesmo impossíveis. Não há aqui a pretensão de desenvolver um guia de estudo, nem tampouco uma versão final da minha interpretação, já que esta se encontra sempre em movimento e renovação. É um registro de um determinado momento e como o mesmo se deu, ora sustentado por argumentos fundamentados em pesquisas ora por um universo fantástico e etéreo. / The interpretation concept of a musical piece may result from a process based on reflection and momentum, adding reason and emotion, which is generated by impulses and diverse knowledge, being this knowledge musical and / or extra-musical, objective and subjective. It is created and gathered throughout lifetime, during the period of musical training and from contacts with various types of art being normally activated while reading a particular piece of music in a consciously and unconsciously manner. This knowledge is deepened through musical practice, research, and the so called oral tradition, and through the master / disciple relationship. This memorial speaks about my process of reading, study and performance of the Noble and Sentimental Waltzes by Maurice Ravel, performed during my Master’s course. I try to recognize and clarify some of my musical choices and the knowledge I activated, acquired and transmuted along this process, in parallel with the reflections of my advisor, Ney Fialkow. Therefore, it was necessary to record some of my meetings with the advisor, moments of personal studies and some of my performances and ideas that were generated and arouse along this period of time. The possibility of recognition and verbalization of all these records can often become inaccurate or even impossible. There is not any intention here to develop a study guide, nor a final version of my interpretation, as this is always dynamic and renewable. It is a record of a particular moment and how it was carried out. At times, supported by arguments based on researches and at other times by a fantastic and ethereal universe.

Ravel' s "Tombeau de Couperin," a suite for piano, was published in 1918 by Durand. Its first performance was in the Salle Gaveau in Paris in April, 1919. Shortly afterwards Ravel scored four of the six movements of the piano suite for small orchestra, composed of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, and horns in pairs, English horn, trumpet, harp, and strings, The new version was introduced in America in 1920. The four orchestrated movements, Prelude, Forlane, Menuet, and Rigaudon, have no programmatic content and the titles identify the forms used. "Le Tombeau de Couperin" is a souvenir of World War I. Each movement is dedicated to the memory of a French soldier fallen in battle. The "Tombeau" form dates from the seventeenth century and is a musical "homage" to Francois Couperin, clavecinist of Louis XIV, and one of the great names of French music. "The separate movements, cast in eighteenth century dance forms often used by Qouperin have been described as "tonal wreaths," not too somber nor too profuse, laid with tenderness on an unforgotten tomb." This piece represents Ravel's extreme effort to express himself in the simplest possible manner. The music is subtly archaic; form, line and texture artfully suggest eighteenth century, but the harmony suggests twentieth century. "A transparent serenity full of color and feeling pervades this piece of classic purity written in tribute to Ravel's fallen comrades." A study of the piano suite has been made. The pieces are charmingly and precisely orchestrated. They have been used for a ballet which will not be dealt with.

While the data traffic has increased through the years, the average revenue per user (ARPU) remains flat. Thus, mobile network operators need to find a solution for how to support the growing amounts of traffic at fixed revenue per user. Similarly, the number of roaming users has increased, but according to recent European Union (EU) regulations, mobile network operators have to lower their charges for roaming to zero by June 2017. While this decrease in roaming charges will benefit European roaming users, mobile network operators have to cover their expenses for their own roaming subscribers, thus they have to find a way to lower their operational expenses (OPEX). Additionally, it is important for operators to consider how they might actually benefit from the removal of roaming charges. This project will focus on roaming in 4th generation (4G) mobile networks. A common roaming scenario would include three different networks: the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) a transit network, and a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). Normally, both the signaling traffic and the media payloads traverse these networks, thus causing additional latencies and increasing OPEX. However, in recent years, a new mechanism, called local breakout (LBO), was introduced that can lower the costs of roaming and avoid unnecessary traffic while meeting a roaming user's needs. The goal of LBO is to decrease the operator's OPEX when supporting roaming subscribers. A secondary goal of LBO is to reduce the latencies experienced by roaming subscribers during their sessions. Achieving both of these goals will satisfy both operators and consumers. This thesis project analyzes Voice over Long Term Evolution roaming with the aim of presenting the various alternative architectures for Voice over LTE roaming, compare them in different scenarios, and evaluating them based on criteria defined during this project. The conclusion is that the best solution that is applicable to all the mobile network operators for all the possible roaming scenarios does not exist yet. The various VoLTE roaming architectures can be chosen by the mobile network providers according to their needs. / Datatrafiken har ökat genom åren men den genomsnittliga intäkten per användare (ARPU) är fortfarande oförändrad. Mobilnätsoperatörer bör hitta en lösning för att kunna stödja den växande mängden trafik på fasta intäkter per användare. Samtidigt har antalet roaming användare ökat. Enligt de senaste reglerna från Europeiska unionen (EU) måste mobiloperatörer sänka sina roamingkostnader till noll senast juni 2017. Denna minskning av roamingavgifterna kommer att gynna europeiska roaminganvändare, men mobilnätoperatörer måste samtidigt täcka sina kostnader för sina egna roamingabonnenter. Detta medför att mobilnätoperatörer måste hitta ett sätt att sänka sina driftskostnader (OPEX). Dessutom är det viktigt för operatörerna att fundera över hur de faktiskt kan utnyttja denna uteslutning av roamingavgifter. Detta projekt kommer att fokusera på roaming i den 4:e generationens (4G) mobila nät. Ett vanligt roaming scenario skulle omfatta tre olika nätverk: Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN), transitnätverk, och en Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). Vanligen är det både signaleringstrafik och media som passerar dessa nätverk. Det leder till ytterligare latenstider och ökande driftskostnader. Under de senaste åren har en ny mekanism som kallas för Local BreakOut (LBO) införts. Detta används för att sänka kostnaderna för roaming och undvika onödig trafik, samtidigt som den bemöter roaming användarens behov. Målet med LBO är att minska Operatörens OPEX när den stödjer roaming abonnenter. Ett sekundärt mål av LBO är att minska latensen för roamingabonnenter under sina sessioner. Uppnående av båda dessa mål kommer att tillfredsställa både operatörer och konsumenter. Detta examensarbete analyserar Voice over Long Term Evolution roaming i syfte att presentera de olika alternativa arkitekturer för Voice over LTE roaming, jämföra dem i olika scenarier, och utvärdera dem utifrån kriterier som fastställs under detta projekt.

Om du är intresserad av en introduktion till biograforgelhistorien och om du någonsin funderat över hur man egentligen går tillväga om man fått för sig att spela Maurice Ravels stycke Boléro på en gammal Wurlitzerorgel från 1925 har du hittat rätt. Framför dig ligger ett arbete av en kyrkomusikstudent som tycker att det är fascinerande att utforska nya klanger och som av en tillfällighet råkade snubbla in i ett väldigt speciellt instrument. Skandiaorgeln är ett unikt instrument för Sverige, det är den enda klassiska biograforgeln som står i ett publikt rum i vårt land. Jag har satt mig in i biograforgeltraditionerna och jag har jämfört kyrkorganistens och biograforganistens spelstilar. För att undersöka och presentera Skandiaorgeln har jag valt att arbeta med stycket Boléro från 1928 som fungerar som en ouvertyr till instrumentets klangvärld.

I denna studie utförs en närmare analys av Maurice Ravels violinsonat no 2 med fokus på andra satsen, Blues. Det som undersöks är sammanförandet av olika genrer och huruvida Ravels Blues är en autentisk blues, samt hur jag som interpret tolkar verket. I processen av min egen tolkning av verket har jag valt att även analysera Janine Jansens och Sarah Changs interpretationer av andra satsen, för att kunna positionera min tolkning gentemot dem.

Anachronistic appropriation of earlier music or musical styles creates an inherent conflict of temporalities. Ravel's compositions based on historical dance forms present a particularly rich medium for investigating these kinds of historical tensions. Whether the minuet in Minuet antique (1895), the waltz in La valse (1919-20) and Valses nobles et sentimentales (1911), or the forlane or rigaudon in their respective movements of Le tombeau de Couperin (1914-17), these forms bring with them associations regarding historical place, and ties between musical norms and expression of temporality. The temporalities expressed in these works are not straightforward linear dramas but rather tension-laden and multifaceted. This paper selects three of these works -- Valses nobles et sentimentales, the forlane from Le tombeau de Couperin, and La valse -- to show how a complex sense of time is expressed by Ravel in different ways. While these three pieces differ greatly in execution, they are similar in impulse: each of the three takes different approaches to intertextual and intratextual problematicization of temporality. In analyzing these three works, the first framework is one of intertextuality -- to what extent does the work connect itself to a specific work, composer, and style, and what structural and aesthetic expectations are brought into play via these connections. Each of the three works treats this question in differing ways -- the "Forlane" of Le tombeau de Couperin explicitly appropriates the music of Couperin, La valse interacts not as much with a specific work or even composer but with the genre of the waltz as a whole, and Valses nobles et sentimentales creates an intentional rift between the waltzes of Ravel and those of Schubert. But while differing in the degree of influence or quotation, each of these draws in expressive and structural prototypes and creates tensions of temporality that are worked through in the context of each piece -- dialects between past and present, conflicts in both structure and meaning. Through entering into dialogical relationships with the works, forms, and genres of the past, these three works gain potentials for expression. / text

Abstract This research report examines Maurice Ravel’s piano pieces, Miroirs (1905), as texts. These five piano pieces draw on a wide range of sources and conventions across nearly two centuries and yet are utterly integrated in their expression. In the Miroirs, Ravel exhibits a fascinating meshing of historical and contemporary influences that range from Mozart to Chabrier and Fauré. The pieces are also interestingly and very personally related to their cultural and social contexts, in that each individual piece was dedicated to a member of the Apaches, a group of young artists and intellectuals residing in Paris of whom Ravel was himself one. The research examines the significance of the Miroirs both within Ravel’s own and the broader twentieth-century repertoire.