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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Colecalciferol regula os parâmetros hematológicos e a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias renais em camundongos diabéticos e nas células RAW 264.7 / Colecalciferol regulates haematological parameters and the production of renal proinflammatory cytokines in diabetic mice and RAW 264.7 cells

Bella, Leonardo Mendes 07 December 2018 (has links)
Os efeitos causados pelo tratamento em conjunto da insulina e do colecalciferol em indivíduos diabéticos não estão completamente elucidados. O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito de ambos os hormônios nos rins, no fígado, no coração e nos parâmetros hematológicos de camundongos machos (C57BL/6) sadios e diabéticos, bem como a ação do colecalciferol (in vitro) na resposta imunológica desenvolvida pelas células RAW 264.7 e pelos macrófagos peritoneais (MP) após estímulo com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Após dez dias da administração da aloxana (60 mg/kg), animais diabéticos exibiram redução do ganho de peso corporal e hiperglicemia quando comparados aos animais que receberam salina. No sétimo dia do período experimental, foi verificado que animais diabéticos que não receberam nenhum hormônio, em relação aos não diabéticos, exibiram redução do peso corporal, dos níveis de hemoglobina (Hb), hematócrito, hematimetria, insulina, TNF-α e IL-6 (coração) e aumento da glicemia, da relação peso corpóreo/peso rim esquerdo, das concentrações séricas de ureia, creatinina, Fosfatase Alcalina (FAL), Lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e lactato, fator de necrose tumoral (TNF)-α, interleucina (IL)-6 e IL-10 (no rim); o tratamento com insulina (1 UI/300 mg/dL glicemia), em relação aos animais diabéticos não tratados, promoveu aumento do peso corporal, das concentrações séricas de insulina e redução da glicemia, das concentrações séricas de ureia e da razão TNF-α/IL-10 (coração); o tratamento com colecalciferol (800 UI/dia), em relação aos animais diabéticos não tratados, promoveu aumento das concentrações séricas de 25-hidroxicolecalciferol [25(OH)D], Hb, hematócrito, hematimetria, IL-10 (coração) e reduziu IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α e EPO (rim); os animais diabéticos tratados com insulina, em relação aos animais diabéticos suplementados com colecalciferol apresentaram aumento do peso corpóreo, de ureia sérica, IL-6 e TNF-α (coração) e redução da glicemia, das concentrações séricas de lactato, de IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 e EPO (rim); os animais -que receberam ambos os hormônios, em relação aos animais tratados com insulina, apresentaram aumento sérico de insulina e lactato; os animais diabéticos que receberam ambos os hormônios, em relação aos animais diabéticos tratados com colecalciferol, exibiram aumento sérico de 25(OH)D, de insulina, além da redução das concentrações de IL-10, da razão de TNF-α/IL-10 e TNF-α/IL-6 (coração); animais diabéticos que receberam ambos os hormônios, em relação aos diabéticos não suplementados com colecalciferol, exibiram: aumento de insulina sérica e redução das concentrações séricas de ureia e das razões renal e hepática de TNF-α/IL-6; células RAW 264.7 estimuladas pelo LPS e tratadas com 100 nM colecalciferol exibiram maior expressão da CYP27B1 e redução na liberação de mediadores inflamatórios quando comparadas ao grupo estimulado pelo LPS. Entretanto, não foi observado o mesmo efeito nos MP. Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem que: 1) em animais diabéticos, o colecalciferol pode modular parâmetros hematológicos e que a insulina pode melhorar a função renal, bem como a recuperação do peso corporal; 2) o colecalciferol pode ser metabolizado pelas células RAW 264.7 e modular a resposta imunológica desencadeada pelo LPS. / The effects caused by the treatment of insulin and cholecalciferol in diabetic subjects are not completely elucidated. The present study evaluated the effect of both hormones on the kidneys, liver, heart and hematological parameters of healthy and diabetic male mice (C57BL/6), as well as the action of cholecalciferol (in vitro) on the immune response developed by the cells RAW 264.7 and peritoneal macrophages (MP) after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After ten days of alloxan administration (60 mg/kg), diabetic animals exhibited a reduction in body weight gain and hyperglycemia when compared to animals that received saline. On the seventh day of the experimental period, it was verified that diabetic animals that did not receive any hormones, in relation to non-diabetics, showed reduction of body weight, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit, hematimetry, insulin, TNF-α and IL- 6 (heart) and increased glycemia, body weight / left kidney weight, serum urea, creatinine, Phosphatase Alkaline, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lactate levels, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) interleukin (IL) -6 and IL-10 (in the kidney); diabetic mice treated with insulin (1 IU / 300 mg/dL glycemia) in relation to untreated diabetic animals promoted increased body weight, serum insulin levels and blood glucose lowering, serum urea levels and TNF-α ratio / IL-10 (heart); diabetic animals treated with cholecalciferol (800 IU/day), in relation to untreated diabetic animals, exhibited increased serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25 (OH) D], Hb, hematocrit, hematimetry, IL-10 (heart) and reduced IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and EPO (kidney);insulin-treated diabetic animals compared to diabetic animals supplemented with cholecalciferol exhibited an increase of body weight, serum urea, IL-6 and TNF-α (heart) and a reduction of glycaemia, serum lactate levels, IL-6, TNF- α, IL-10 and EPO (kidney); animals that received both hormones, compared to animals treated with insulin exhibited an increase of insulin and lactate serum levels; diabetic animals that received both hormones, compared to diabetic animals treated with cholecalciferol, exhibited an increase of 25(OH)D and insulin serum levels, and a reduction of IL-10, TNF-α/IL-10 and TNF-α/IL-6 ratios (heart); diabetic animals that received both hormones, compared to diabetic animals not supplemented with cholecalciferol, exhibited an increase of insulin and reduced urea serum levels and reduced renal and hepatic TNF-α/IL-6 ratios; LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and treated with 100 nM cholecalciferol exhibited greater CYP27B1 expression and reduced release of inflammatory mediators when compared to the LPS-stimulated group. However, the same effect was not observed in PM. Taken together, the results suggest that: 1) in diabetic animals, cholecalciferol may modulate hematological parameters and that insulin may improve renal function as well as recovery of body weight; 2) cholecalciferol can be metabolized by RAW 264.7 cells and modulate the immune response triggered by LPS.
2

Efeito da toxina distensora citoletal de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans na atividade osteoclástica. / Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin effect in osteoclast activity.

Kawamoto, Dione 22 May 2014 (has links)
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans está associado à periodontite agressiva, caracterizada pela intensa reabsorção do osso alveolar. Esta espécie produz a toxina distensora citoletal (AaCDT) que possui atividade de DNAse, e promove o bloqueio das células alvo na fase G2 ou G1/ G2. Por outro lado, CDT ativa a cascata apoptótica pela atividade de PIP3, regulando a proliferação e sobrevivência de linfócitos, pelo bloqueio de Akt. Em monócitos, AaCDT induz aumento da produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e inibe a produção de óxido nítrico e fagocitose. Células precursoras de osteoclastos têm origem hematopoiética e sofrem diferenciação em osteoclastos, mediada pelo RANKL, mas outros fatores co-estimulatórios estão envolvidos. A AaCDT induz a produção de RANKL por fibroblastos. Assim, formulamos a hipótese se CDT influenciaria a homeostase óssea por afetar a diferenciação de células precursoras de osteoclastos. O estudo visou determinar o efeito de AaCDT sobre a sobrevivência, diferenciação e atividade em RAW264.7 e BMC. Os dados sugerem que a CDT interfere na homeostase óssea, favorecendo a indução da diferenciação de células precursoras de osteoclastos e alterando o perfil de citocinas produzidas. / Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with aggressive periodontitis, characterized by severe alveolar bone resorption. This species produces a distending toxin cytolethal (AaCDT) which has DNase activity, and promotes the blocking of target cells in G2 or G1 / G2 phase. On the other hand, CDT activates the apoptotic cascade by PIP3 activity, regulating lymphocyte proliferation and survival by blocking Akt. In monocytes, AaCDT enhances the production of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide production and phagocytosis. Osteoclast precursor cells are of hematopoietic origin and must undergo differentiation into osteoclasts mediated by RANKL although other co-stimulatory factors are involved. AaCDT induces the production of RANKL by fibroblasts. Thus, CDT is hypothesized to influence bone homeostasis by affecting the differentiation of precursor cells into osteoclasts. This study aimed to determine the effect of AaCDT on survival, differentiation and activity of osteoclasts precursor cells. The data suggested that CDT interfere in bone homeostasis, favoring the differentiation of osteoclasts precursors cells and by altering their cytokines profile.
3

Efeito da toxina distensora citoletal de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans na atividade osteoclástica. / Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin effect in osteoclast activity.

Dione Kawamoto 22 May 2014 (has links)
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans está associado à periodontite agressiva, caracterizada pela intensa reabsorção do osso alveolar. Esta espécie produz a toxina distensora citoletal (AaCDT) que possui atividade de DNAse, e promove o bloqueio das células alvo na fase G2 ou G1/ G2. Por outro lado, CDT ativa a cascata apoptótica pela atividade de PIP3, regulando a proliferação e sobrevivência de linfócitos, pelo bloqueio de Akt. Em monócitos, AaCDT induz aumento da produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e inibe a produção de óxido nítrico e fagocitose. Células precursoras de osteoclastos têm origem hematopoiética e sofrem diferenciação em osteoclastos, mediada pelo RANKL, mas outros fatores co-estimulatórios estão envolvidos. A AaCDT induz a produção de RANKL por fibroblastos. Assim, formulamos a hipótese se CDT influenciaria a homeostase óssea por afetar a diferenciação de células precursoras de osteoclastos. O estudo visou determinar o efeito de AaCDT sobre a sobrevivência, diferenciação e atividade em RAW264.7 e BMC. Os dados sugerem que a CDT interfere na homeostase óssea, favorecendo a indução da diferenciação de células precursoras de osteoclastos e alterando o perfil de citocinas produzidas. / Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with aggressive periodontitis, characterized by severe alveolar bone resorption. This species produces a distending toxin cytolethal (AaCDT) which has DNase activity, and promotes the blocking of target cells in G2 or G1 / G2 phase. On the other hand, CDT activates the apoptotic cascade by PIP3 activity, regulating lymphocyte proliferation and survival by blocking Akt. In monocytes, AaCDT enhances the production of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibits nitric oxide production and phagocytosis. Osteoclast precursor cells are of hematopoietic origin and must undergo differentiation into osteoclasts mediated by RANKL although other co-stimulatory factors are involved. AaCDT induces the production of RANKL by fibroblasts. Thus, CDT is hypothesized to influence bone homeostasis by affecting the differentiation of precursor cells into osteoclasts. This study aimed to determine the effect of AaCDT on survival, differentiation and activity of osteoclasts precursor cells. The data suggested that CDT interfere in bone homeostasis, favoring the differentiation of osteoclasts precursors cells and by altering their cytokines profile.
4

Inflammatory studies on bone cement

Modugu, Asha January 2012 (has links)
Simvastatin, a cholesterol lowering drug, has the capacity to stimulate bone formation along with having anti-inflammatory effects. Incorporating simvastatin to the calcium phosphate cement would result in slow release of the drug stimulating bone formation and by preventing a local inflammation and bone resorption. The main aim is to study and examine the inflammatory response towards calcium phosphate cements in vitro and compare it with cements incorporated with simvastatin.
5

Etude in vitro de la toxicité de nanoparticules de boehmite.

Pailleux, Mélanie 02 March 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Cette étude a pour objectif d'apporter des éléments de réponse à la compréhension de la nature et de l'origine des effets biologiques des nanoparticules (NP) de boehmite en réalisant des tests de contacts in vitro sur des macrophages de culture (RAW 264.7), les macrophages étant la cible cellulaire privilégiée au niveau du tractus respiratoire. Différents domaines de la réponse cellulaire en relation avec les propriétés physico-chimiques des particules ont été étudiés. Dans une première partie l'activité biologique a été mesurée sur des NP de boehmite puis après broyage ou dispersion permettant d'observer en particulier l'influence de la taille des particules dans la réponse cellulaire.Les résultats soulignent que les particules industrielles de boehmite sont principalement caractérisées par une activité modérée au niveau de la réponse inflammatoire, mais sans effet cytotoxique ou sans stress oxydant significatif. Des différences en fonction de la taille des particules ont été observées sur les paramètres inflammatoire et cytotoxique.Toutefois, les mesures des biomolécules libérées dans les surnageants de culture cellulaire peuvent être biaisées par l'adsorption de ces biomolécules sur les NP en présence. Ainsi, ce mécanisme d'adsorption doit être pleinement compris pour éviter une interprétation erronée des données obtenues. Dans un second temps l'objectif a donc été d'élaborer une méthodologie afin d'évaluer les interactions organo-minérales en terme d'affinité et de quantité de biomolécules adsorbées sur les nanoparticules à l'équilibre thermodynamique et de déterminer une loi de correction. Dans ce contexte nous nous sommes intéressés en particulier au TNF-α.
6

Proteomics Analysis of an Anti-inflammatory Marine-derived Compound

Hung, Han-Chun 29 August 2011 (has links)
Many inflammatory diseases are growing increasing common in the aging society of Taiwan. Inflammation cascades can cause diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, chronic asthma, multiple sclerosis, and so on. The clinically used anti-inflammatory drugs have many side effects and are expensive. Therefore, it is imperative that we find alternatives to these drugs. Marine natural compounds offer great hope in the development of drugs for treating inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we found that Chao-10, which is a marine-derived compound isolated from Formosan soft coral, significantly inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. We suggest that Chao-10 may serve as a potential new anti-inflammatory agent. However, the mechanism by which the anti-inflammatory effects of Chao-10 are mediated is yet unclear. Therefore, we performed two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) to investigate the regulatory mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of Chao-10. We isolated some proteins that may be involved in the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Chao-10. In addition, we used immunoprecipitation to find that nucleophosmin (NPM) could interact with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-£eB). Therefore, we hypothesize that nucleophosminmay be involved in the regulation of NF-£eB to enhance the down-regulation of iNOS proteins. In summary, the anti-inflammatory effects of Chao-10 are probably mediated through the some other signaling pathway. Importantly, Chao-10 not only offers some new biomarkers of inflammation but also provides an encouraging outlook on therapeutic approaches.
7

The evaluation of novel anti-inflammatory compounds in cell culture and experimental arthritis and identification of an inhibitor to early-stage loblolly pine somatic embryo growth

Lucrezi, Jacob 12 January 2015 (has links)
The interactions between the immune and nervous systems play an important role in immune and inflammatory conditions. Substance P (SP), the unidecapeptide RPKPQQFFGLM-NH2, is known to upregulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We report here that 5 (Acetylamino) 4 oxo-6-phenyl-2-hexenoic acid methyl ester (AOPHA-Me) and 4 phenyl 3 butenoic acid (PBA), two anti-inflammatory compounds developed in our laboratory, reduce SP stimulated TNF-α expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We also show that AOPHA Me and PBA both inhibit SP stimulated phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies indicate that both AOPHA Me and PBA dock at the ATP binding site of apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) with predicted docking energies of -7.0 kcal/mol and 5.9 kcal/mol, respectively; this binding overlaps with that of staurosporine, a known inhibitor of ASK1. Taken together, these findings support the conclusion that AOPHA Me and PBA inhibition of TNF-α expression in SP-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages is a consequence of the inhibition JNK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. We have previously shown that AOPHA-Me and PBA inhibit the amidative bioactivation of SP, which also would be expected to decrease formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is conceivable that this dual action of inhibiting amidation and MAPK phosphorylation may be of some advantage in enhancing the anti-inflammatory activity of a therapeutic molecule. We also encapsulated AOPHA-Me separately in polyketal and poly(lactic co glycolic acid) microparticles. The in-vitro release profiles of AOPHA-Me from these particles were characterized. We have also shown that AOPHA-Me, when encapsulated in PCADK microparticles, is an effective treatment for edema induced by adjuvant arthritis in rats. In separate work, it was determined that myo inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakisphosphate is an inhibitor to early-stage Loblolly pine somatic embryo growth. In addition, it was determined that muco inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakisphosphate is not an inhibitor to early-stage Loblolly pine somatic embryo growth. These experiments demonstrate the stereochemical dependence of myo inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakisphosphates inhibitory activity.
8

Efeito do extrato de Curcuma longa L. sobre infecções in vitro por Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Candida albicans em macrófagos murinos (RAW 264.7) / Effect of Curcuma longa L. extract on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans in vitro infections in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7)

Figueira, Leandro Wagner 19 December 2017 (has links)
Submitted by LEANDRO WAGNER FIGUEIRA null (leandrowf@live.com) on 2017-12-21T15:14:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TRABALHO IMPRESSÃO.pdf: 1390929 bytes, checksum: 89bf6ffe02866e87b54f92901cd88b62 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Silvana Alvarez null (silvana@ict.unesp.br) on 2018-01-04T15:29:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 figueira_lw_me_sjc.pdf: 1390929 bytes, checksum: 89bf6ffe02866e87b54f92901cd88b62 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-04T15:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 figueira_lw_me_sjc.pdf: 1390929 bytes, checksum: 89bf6ffe02866e87b54f92901cd88b62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os seres humanos vivem em constante relação com micro-organismos, comensais e patogênicos, que podem ameaçar a homeostase do hospedeiro. Espécies patogênicas apresentam mecanismos capazes de contornar as barreiras de defesa do hospedeiro, facilitando sua disseminação e proliferação nos tecidos invadidos. Cepas resistentes aos antimicrobianos disponíveis surgem diariamente, por isso, é relevante encontrar métodos alternativos para controla-las. Produtos de plantas medicinais vem sendo investigados para essa finalidade. No presente estudo, foi avaliada a capacidade do extrato de C. longa em controlar infecções in vitro por S. aureus, P. aeruginosa e C. albicans em macrófagos murinos (RAW 264.7). Para isto, foram aplicadas as concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) do extrato vegetal nas infecções e por meio de análise da fagocitose foi analisado a contribuição delas para a eliminação destes micro-organismos. A viabilidade dos macrófagos foi analisada por meio de teste colorimétrico com corante vermelho neutro. Foram checadas a produção de citocinas inflamatórias (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α e IL-10) e óxido nítrico (NO), por ELISA e com reagente de Griess, respectivamente. Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA e Tukey’s Test (P ≤ 0.05). Foi verificado que o extrato de C. Longa auxiliou de maneira efetiva os macrófagos na fagocitose dos micro-organismos avaliados, apresentando reduções significativas de unidades formadoras de colônia por mililitro (UFC/mL), e atuou mediação da síntese de citocinas e NO. Os macrófagos apresentaram-se viáveis durante a infecção. Desta forma, foi constatado que o extrato de C. longa foi capaz de auxiliar in vitro os macrófagos na eliminação de S. aureus, P. aeruginosa e C. albicans, além de proporcionar efeito imunomodulador na síntese de IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10 e NO, no intuito de controlar as infecções microbianas in vitro.
9

ADHESION OCH AKTIVERING AV EN MAKROFAG CELLINJE I KONTAKT MED OLIKA YTBELÄGGNINGAR

Abdelraouf, Kaci January 2018 (has links)
Utveckling av biokompatibla ytor anses vara en stor utmaning inom medicinsk forskning. I allmänhet kommer medicinska implantat att beläggas av ett lager av icke-specifika proteiner några sekunder efter implantation. Detta sker oavsett implantatens konstruktionsmaterial. Det adsorberade skikt av proteiner aktiverar en värdförsvarsmekanism, känd som den främmande kroppsreaktionen, vilket slutligen resulterar i en fibrös icke vaskulär kapsel som isolerar implantatet från dess målvävnader. Utveckling av biokompatibla ytor är ett intressant forskningsområde och framförallt inom medicinsk forskning. Det är viktigt att använda en beläggning som inte leder till någon inflammatorisk respons eller vidhäftning av oönskade celler. Makrofager är en cellinje som är involverade i kroppens immunsystem vilket gör den intressanta i dylika studier. Syftet med studien var att undersöka celladhesion och inflammatorisk respons hos en makrofag cellinje in vitro. Undersökningen utfördes med polydopamine (PDA), polyetylenglykol (PEG) och proteas beklädda ytor. RAW 264.7-celler är en mus makrofag cellinje. Undersökningen av celladhesion utförs genom att odla celler i kontakt med olika ytbeläggningar och utvärderades genom att fotografera ytorna vid olika tider. Cytokinuttrycket avseende TNF-α analyseras med ELISA. Cellernas adhesionsförmåga och inflammatorisk respons studeras i olika fetalserumkoncentrationer. Resultatet visade ingen skillnad i celladhesion vid odling med olika fetalserumkoncentrationer. RAW 264.7-cellernas adhesionsförmåga varierade mellan olika ytbeläggningarna. RAW 264.7-cellerna visade även en starkare bindningsförmåga i de om ytbeläggningen gjorts under statiska förhållanden. RAW 264.7-cellerna visade preliminärt ingen skillnad i inflammatorisk respons mellan de olika ytorna som undersökts / Development of biocompatible surfaces are considered a great challenge within the medical research. In general a medical implant will be coated of a layer of non-specific proteins a few seconds after implantation. This happens regardless of the construction material of the implant. The adsorbed protein layer will activate a host-defense mechanism, known as the foreign body reaction, which evidently will result in a fibrous non-vesicular capsule that isolates the implant from its goal tissues. The development of biocompatible surface is an interesting research field. It is important to use a surface coating that does not contribute to an inflammatory response or adhesion of unwanted cells. Macrophages is a cell line that is naturally involved in the immune system in the body, which is interesting for such studies. The aim of this study is to examine cell adhesion and inflammatory response of a macrophage cell line in vitro. The investigation was performed using surfaces modified by polydopamine (PDA), polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and protease and combination thereof. RAW 264.7- cells is a mouse macrophage cell-line. The investigation of cell adhesion was performed using cells in contact with different surface coatings and evaluated by photographing the surfaces at various occasions. The cells ability to adhesion and the inflammatory response was studied in different fetal sera concentrations. The result show no difference in cell adhesion at different fetal sera concentrations. The RAW 264.7-cells adhesion varied for the different surface coatings. The RAW 264.7 cells showed a stronger adherence when the surface coating was done purely by diffusion. The RAW 264.7 cells preliminary showed no inflammatory response related to the tested surface coatings.
10

Avaliação in vitro do efeito pró-inflamatório e oxidativo dos pesticidas mancozebe, clorotalonil e tiofanato metílico / In vitro evaluation of pro-inflammatory and oxidative effect of mancozeb, chlorothalonil and thiophanate methyl pesticides

Weis, Grazielle Castanha Cezimbra 02 March 2017 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Pesticides are widely used in agriculture and public health for pest control and prevention. The indiscriminate use of these compounds can trigger environmental contamination by pesticides and increase the risk of human exposure. Human exposure to pesticides can occur directly, through occupational activity, or indirectly, through the environment and food. Chronic exposure to pesticides may result in neurological, reproductive, teratogenic and immunological disorders. Mancozeb, chlorothalonil and thiophanate methyl are fungicides widely used in the world. Despite their characteristics of low acute toxicity and low persistence in the environment, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the cytotoxic effects of these compounds. However, the immunological effects that these pesticides can trigger are unexplored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the pro-inflammatory and oxidative effects of mancozeb, chlorothalonil and thiophanate methyl pesticides. RAW 264.7 (ATCC® TIB-71™) macrophages were exposed to different concentrations (0.1-100 μg/mL) of each pesticide for 72 hours, and maintained in 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C. The pesticides were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide, which was used as negative control. Phytohemagglutinin was used as positive control for inflammatory activation. The evaluation of cell proliferation, oxidative metabolism and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and caspases (Casp1, Casp3, Casp8) levels were performed by fluorimetric and molecular tests. The results showed a significant pro-inflammatory effect of mancozeb, chlorothalonil and thiophanate methyl pesticides at respective concentrations of 1, 3 and 100 μg/mL, with increase in cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokines and caspases levels. However, the oxidative effect was only observed in macrophages exposed to chlorothalonil at 3 μg/mL. Thus, in these analysis conditions, the studied pesticides acted by activation of the immune system. The results found contribute to better understanding of immunological effects caused by exposure to these pesticides. / Os pesticidas são amplamente utilizados na agricultura e na saúde pública para o controle e prevenção de pragas. O uso indiscriminado desses compostos pode desencadear a contaminação ambiental por agrotóxicos e aumentar o risco de exposição dos seres humanos. A exposição aos agrotóxicos pelos humanos pode ocorrer de forma direta, através de atividade ocupacional, ou de forma indireta, pelo ambiente e pela alimentação. A exposição crônica aos pesticidas pode resultar em distúrbios neurológicos, reprodutivos, teratogênicos e imunológicos. Os pesticidas mancozebe, clorotalonil e tiofanato metílico são fungicidas amplamente utilizados no mundo. Apesar de suas características de baixa toxicidade aguda e baixa persistência no ambiente, estudos in vitro e in vivo demonstram os efeitos citotóxicos desses compostos. Entretanto, os efeitos imunológicos que esses pesticidas podem desencadear são pouco explorados. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro o efeito pró-inflamatório e oxidativo dos pesticidas mancozebe, clorotalonil e tiofanato metílico. Os macrófagos RAW 264.7 (ATCC® TIB-71™) foram expostos a diferentes concentrações (0,1 – 100 μg/mL) de cada pesticida por 72 horas, sendo mantidos em atmosfera com 5% CO2 a 37oC. Os pesticidas foram dissolvidos em dimetilsulfóxido, o qual foi utilizado como controle negativo. Como controle positivo para a ativação inflamatória, utilizou-se a fitohemaglutinina. A avaliação da proliferação celular, do metabolismo oxidativo e dos níveis das citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α e IFN-γ), da citocina anti-inflamatória (IL-10) e das caspases (Casp1, Casp3, Casp8) foi realizada por testes fluorimétricos e moleculares. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram efeito pró-inflamatório significativo dos pesticidas mancozebe, clorotalonil e tiofanato metílico nas respectivas concentrações de 1, 3 e 100 μg/mL, ocorrendo aumento da proliferação celular e dos níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e caspases. Entretanto, o efeito oxidativo somente foi observado nos macrófagos expostos ao clorotalonil na concentração de 3 μg/mL. Assim, nessas condições de análise, os pesticidas estudados atuam ativando o sistema imune. Os resultados encontrados contribuem para a melhor compreensão dos efeitos imunológicos que a exposição a estes pesticidas pode desencadear.

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