Orientador: Mirna Lucia Gigante / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T22:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanvido_GustavoBraga_M.pdf: 1185267 bytes, checksum: f431ac8d0bd92eae958bb8236d2d65bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de armazenamento do leite cru e da temperatura de estocagem do leite pasteurizado sobre sua qualidade físicoquímica, microbiológica e vida de prateleira. Para cada experimento utilizouse 150 litros de leite cru que foram divididos em 3 latões de 50 litros armazenados por 0, 4 ou 7 dias a 5 ± 1ºC antes da pasteurização. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado, amostras de leite cru foram avaliadas quando a presença de resíduos de antibióticos, contagem de células somáticas, pH, acidez, densidade, extrato seco total, gordura, nitrogênio total e solúvel em pH 4,6 e em TCA 24%, coliformes a 3035 ºC e a 45ºC e a contagem dos seguintes microorganismos: aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos, Pseudomonas spp., termodúricos mesófilos e psicrotróficos, esporos mesófilos e psicrotróficos. Após o período de armazenamento refrigerado o leite foi pasteurizado (7275 ºC/1520 segundos), refrigerado (5±1ºC) e envasado em embalagens plásticas de polietileno, as quais foram divididas em dois lotes e estocadas a 5±1ºC ou a 10±1ºC. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado amostras dos leites pasteurizados foram avaliadas para as mesmas características, excetuandose contagem de células somáticas e a presença de resíduos de antibióticos e incluindose os testes de eficiência de pasteurização (peroxidase e fosfatase) e a pesquisa de Salmonela spp. O final da vida de prateleira do leite pasteurizado foi estabelecido como sendo o primeiro dia em que as amostras apresentassem contagem total de microorganismos mesófilos aeróbios superior a 8 x 10 4 UFC/mL. O experimento completo foi repetido três vezes e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Splitsplitplot com três fatores. Durante o armazenamento refrigerado do leite cru observouse o aumento significativo da proteólise, da acidez e das contagens de todas as classes de microrganismos avaliadas. A contagem total de microrganismo, cujo valor máximo permitido pela legislação brasileira é 10 6 UFC/ml foi plenamente atendida no dia de recebimento do leite, entretanto atingiu valores de 6,10 x 10 6 e 1,83 x10 8 UFC/ml após 4 e 7 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. Todas as amostras de leite pasteurizado apresentaram teste negativo para fosfatase e positivo para peroxidase e atenderam aos padrões microbiológicos definidos pela Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, que estabelece a tolerância indicativa de coliformes 45ºC igual a 4 NMP/mL e ausência de Salmonela spp/25 mL. A contagem inicial de microorganismos mesófilos aeróbios no leite pasteurizado aumentou significativamente com o aumento do tempo de armazenamento do leite cru e foi, em média, de 5,2x10, 1,9 x10 2 e 4,0 x10 2 UFC/mL, para o leite cru armazenado por 0, 4 e 7 dias respectivamente. Além disso, quanto maior a temperatura de estocagem do leite pasteurizado, maior a contagem de microorganismos, que foi, em média, de 1,5x10 2 e 2,8x10 2 UFC/mL para o leite estocado a 5±1 e 10±1ºC, respectivamente. A interação entre os tratamentos afetou significativamente a fase lag de todas as classes de microorganismo estudadas, exceto esporos mesófilos e psicrotróficos. O tempo de fase lag apresentou tendência de ser maior quanto menor o tempo de armazenamento do leite cru (0 dia) e menor a temperatura (5±1ºC) de estocagem do leite pasteurizado. Nesta condição a vida de prateleira do leite pasteurizado foi de 10,7 dias. Quando o leite cru foi armazenado por 7 dias antes da pasteurização e foi estocado a 10±1ºC a vida de prateleira foi apenas de 2,3 dias. Estes resultados confirmam que para aumentar a vida de prateleira do leite pasteurizado é necessário, além da boa qualidade, um curto tempo de armazenamento do leite cru e uma baixa temperatura para a estocagem do leite pasteurizado / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of raw milk storage time and pasteurized milk storage temperature on milk physical, chemical and microbiological quality and shelf life. For each experiment, 150 liters of raw milk were used, divided into three 50 liter milk cans, stored during 0, 4 or 7 days at 5 ± 1ºC before pasteurization. During refrigerated storage, samples of raw milk were evaluated with respect to the presence of antibiotic residues, somatic cell count, pH, acidity, density, total dry extract, fat, total nitrogen and nitrogen soluble at pH 4.6 and in 24% TCA, total and fecal coliforms and the counts of the following microorganisms: aerobic mesophiles, psychrotrophs, Pseudomonas spp., thermoduric mesophiles and psychrotrophs, mesophilic and psychrotrophic spores. After the refrigerated storage period, the milk was pasteurized (7275 ºC/1520 seconds), refrigerated (5 ± 1ºC) and packaged in polyethylene plastic bags, which were divided into two lots and stored at 5 ± 1ºC or at 10 ± 1ºC. During the refrigerated storage, samples of the pasteurized milks were evaluated for the same characteristics as the raw milk, except for somatic cell count and the presence of antibiotic residues, and including pasteurization efficiency tests (peroxidase and phosphatase) and testing for Salmonella spp. The end of the shelf life of the pasteurized milk was established as the first day in which the samples presented a total count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms above 8 x 10 4 CFU/mL. The complete experiment was repeated three times and the experimental design used was the Splitsplitplot with three factors. During the refrigerated storage of the raw milk, a significant increase of proteolysis, acidity and counts of all the classes of microorganisms evaluated was observed. The total microorganism count, which was within the limit permitted by the Brazilian legislation of 10 6 CFU/mL on the day of reception, reached values of 6.10 x 10 6 and 1.83 x 10 8 CFU/mL, after 4 and 7 days of refrigerated storage, respectively. All the samples of pasteurized milk presented a negative test for phosphatase and a positive test for peroxidase and attended the microbiological standards defined by the Brazilian Sanitary Vigilance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), that establishes an indicative tolerance for fecal coliforms equal to 4 MPN/mL and the absence of Salmonella spp/25 mL. The initial count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms in the pasteurized milk increased significantly with the increase of the raw milk storage time and was, in average, of 5.2 x 10, 1.9 x 10 2 and 4.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL, for the raw milk stored for 0, 4 and 7 days, respectively. Furthermore, the higher the pasteurized milk storage temperature, the higher the microorganism count, that was, in average, of 1.5 x 10 2 and 2.8 x 10 2 CFU/mL for the milk stored at 5 ± 1 and 10 ± 1ºC, respectively. The interaction between the treatments significantly affected the lag phase of all the classes of microorganisms studied, except for mesophilic and psychrotrophic spores. The lag phase period presented a tendency to be greater for shorter raw milk storage times (0 day) and lower pasteurized milk storage temperatures (5 ± 1ºC). In this condition, the shelf life of the pasteurized milk was 10.7 days. When the raw milk was stored for 7 days before pasteurization and stored at 10 ± 1ºC, the shelf life was only 2.3 days. These results confirm that to increase the shelf life of pasteurized milk, apart from good quality, a short raw milk storage time and a low pasteurized milk storage temperature are necessary / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

A aflatoxina M1 (AFM1) é um metabólito hidroxilado da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1), e é detectada no leite, após a ingestão de alimentos contaminados com a AFB1. Foram avaliadas durante o período de dez meses (julho/2009 a abril/2010): a ocorrência de AFM1 em leite bovino cru, produzido em 45 fazendas de três mesorregiões produtoras de leite do Estado de São Paulo (Araçatuba, Bauru e Vale do Paraíba); a variação da contaminação entre as mesorregiões produtoras; e a correlação da concentração de AFM1 com parâmetros de qualidade (contagem bacteriana total e contagem de células somáticas) e composição (teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais). A análise de AFM1 foi realizada empregando-se coluna de imunoafinidade para purificação associada à cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, com detector de fluorescência. Os valores do limite de detecção e de quantificação foram 0,003 µg L-1 e 0,01 µg L-1, respectivamente. A recuperação média da metodologia avaliada com amostras artificialmente contaminada em três concentrações (0,04, 0,1 e 0,2 µg L-1) foi 83%. A AFM1 foi detectada em 210 (49%) das 429 amostras analisadas numa faixa de concentração de traços a 0,617 µg L-1 com média de 0,017 µg L-1 e mediana igual a não detectada (LD<0,003 µg L-1). A concentração média de AFM1 das amostras da mesorregião de Bauru (0,031 µg L-1) foi estatisticamente maior do que da mesorregião de Araçatuba (0,015 µg L-1) e do Vale do Paraíba (traços). Apenas 3 amostras (0,7%) encontraram-se acima do limite máximo permitido no Brasil (0,5 µg L-1) e 28 amostras (6,5%) apresentaram contaminação acima do limite da Comunidade Européia (0,05 µg L-1). A média dos valores de contagem de células somáticas e de contagem bacteriana total foi de 497 103 células mL-1 e 515 103 UFC mL-1, com faixa de 72 a 1411 103 células mL-1 e 17 a 5014 103 UFC mL-1, respectivamente. Os valores médios dos parâmetros de composição do leite foram: gordura 3,59%, proteína 3,15%, lactose 4,50% e sólidos totais 12,22%. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre a ocorrência de AFM1 e os parâmetros de qualidade e de composição do leite. / The AFM1 is a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and is detected in milk, after ingestion of food/feed contaminated with B1. During the period of ten months (July/2009 to April/2010), it was evaluated: the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw cow milk produced in 45 farms of three mesoregions of São Paulo State (Araçatuba, Bauru and Vale do Paraíba); the variability of contamination among mesoregions; and the correlation of AFM1 contamination with quality parameters (total bacterial count and somatic cell count) and composition (fat, protein, lactose and total solid contents) of raw milk. The AFM1 analysis were performed using an immunoaffinity column for clean up, and high performance liquid chromatography, with fluorescence detection. The detection and quantification limits were 0.003 µg L-1 and 0.01 µg L-1, respectively. The mean recovery of the methodology obtained with spiked aflatoxin-free milk samples at three concentrations (0.04, 0.1 and 0.2 µg L-1) was 83%. The AFM1 was detected in 210 (49%) of 429 samples ranged from traces to 0.617 µg L-1 with a mean level of 0.017 µg L-1 and median not detected (LOD <0.003 µg L-1). The mean AFM1 concentration of samples from Bauru mesoregion (0.031 µg L-1) was statistically higher than Araçatuba (0.015 µg L-1) and Vale do Paraíba (traces) mesorregions. Only 3 samples (0.7%) were above the maximum limit allowed in Brazil (0.5 µg L-1) and 28 samples (6.5%) were above the limit of the European Community (0.05 µg L-1). The mean values of somatic cell count and total bacterial count was 497 103 cells mL-1 and 515 103 CFU mL-1 ranged from 72-1411 103 cells mL-1 and from 17-5014 103 CFU mL-1, respectively. The mean values of the parameters of milk composition were: fat 3.59%, protein 3.15%, lactose 4.50% and total solids 12.22%. There was no significant correlation among the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 and the quality and composition parameters of milk.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo saber la incidencia de la exoneración del IGV de la leche cruda entera en los costos de producción y precio de venta de las empresas del sector ganadero lechero de Lima, año 2019. Para ello se ha dividido la investigación en 5 capítulos. En el capítulo I se encuentra el marco teórico, que nos permite conocer las opiniones y posturas de diversos autores y expertos en el tema que nos proporciona la base teórica de la investigación. En el capítulo II, tenemos el plan de investigación donde se detalla el problema principal, la justificación, los objetivos e hipótesis generales y específicas que se validan en el presente trabajo. En el capítulo III, se presenta la metodología de la investigación, también se define la muestra y los instrumentos a utilizar de acuerdo a la metodología elegida. En el capítulo IV, se realiza el caso práctico que busca mejorar la comprensión del tema, mostrando la realidad de una empresa que goza del beneficio de la exoneración. Asimismo, se desarrolla y presenta los resultados obtenidos de los instrumentos elegidos según la metodología empleada, en el caso de la presente investigación, las entrevistas a profundidad y las encuestas. Finalmente, en el capítulo V, se analiza los resultados obtenidos de los instrumentos cualitativos y cuantitativos utilizados, así como del caso práctico, con la finalidad de concluir con la validación de las hipótesis presentadas y establecer recomendaciones a las empresas del sector. / The objective of this research work is to know the incidence of the exemption of the IGV of the whole raw milk in the production costs and sale price of the companies of the dairy sector of Lima, year 2019. To this end, the research has been divided in 5 chapters Chapter I contains the theoretical framework, which allows us to know the opinions and positions of various authors and experts on the subject that provides us with the theoretical basis of the research. In Chapter II, we have the research plan detailing the main problem, the justification, the general and specific objectives and hypotheses that are validated in this work. In Chapter III, the research methodology is presented, the sample and the instruments to be used are also defined according to the chosen methodology. In Chapter IV, the case study is carried out that seeks to improve the understanding of the subject, showing the reality of a company that enjoys the benefit of exoneration. Likewise, the results obtained from the instruments chosen according to the methodology used are developed and presented, in the case of this research, in-depth interviews and surveys. Finally, in chapter V, the results obtained from the qualitative and quantitative instruments used, as well as the case study, are analyzed in order to conclude with the validation of the hypotheses presented and establish recommendations to the companies in the sector. / Tesis

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Raw milk sales are legal in 30 states, including Mississippi, where regulations are largely management-based and not food-safety related. The research objectives were to analyze the microbial profile of raw goat milk from Mississippi farms and assess food safety practices and perceptions of dairy goat farmers. Deficiencies and opportunities for improvement in raw goat milk safety were identified. Staphylococcus spp. was present in most (70%) milk samples but aligned with drying-off. E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and coliforms were observed in 4, 10, and 12 samples, respectively; no Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes were detected. The survey highlighted farmers' need for educational opportunities on safe milk handling with emphasis on handwashing. Most producers (80.8%) are willing to invest more in their farms, creating strategic opportunities for extension outreach to help with market expansion and sustainability. Overall, training accessibility could help producers nationwide by encouraging safe milk handling and best management practices.

Thesis (M. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008 / In this study, the development and implementation of a quality-monitoring program for raw milk as part of the quality management system of a milk processor was studied. Various aspects that contribute to raw milk quality were also included. Ten factors that are important in the production of good quality raw milk were summarised in the Ten Point Plan for the production of quality raw milk. Thirty-eight producers, who have supplied raw milk to the processor over a period of five year, were involved in this program. The producers are located all over the Northwest Province. Sixty thousand litres of milk is processed at the processor daily. The milk is taken in from the farms on alternative days by tankers supplied by the processor. A mark sheet was developed to evaluate control points during milking that can be measured directly from the laboratory. This was done monthly. Factors that could not be measured in the laboratory were evaluated when visits to the milk parlours were done twice a year. At the end of the year, the results of the mark sheet as well as the results of the parlour audits were compiled on a quality chart and the results were calculated as a percentage. The processor used the results of the quality charts to reward producers for quality milk. It was found that producers do not have the necessary infrastructure and knowledge to analyse milk. Analysing the raw milk and releasing the results to the producer are important measures to identify and manage problem areas that can pose a risk to the production of good quality raw milk. It is very important to supply the producer with the correct and relevant information because most of the representatives of companies, which visit the farms, supply information to the benefit of the product they sell. A formal monitoring program ensures that raw milk adhere to quality measures due to the fact that producers know the basic principles necessary for the production of good quality raw milk and the fact that the producer can implement measures in his/her own unique farm environment. The implementation of the Ten Point Plan for the production of quality raw milk at the processor had a significant influence on the quality of raw milk that was bought from producers. During times of milk shortages, the processor had to buy milk from alternative sources, which have no quality-monitoring program. Most of the times, this milk did not comply with the law regarding the total bacterial count, the coliform count, and the E. coli count. Record keeping is an important part of the management system of a dairy. Results from this study stressed a meaningful relationship between the keeping of records as mentioned in the Ten Point Plan and the production of good quality raw milk. It is recommended that producers be sharpened regarding the requirements for the production of good quality raw milk. Purchasing good quality raw milk assured the marketing of the best quality dairy products to the consumer. The contribution of this study to the dairy industry is the fact that the implementation of a quality-monitoring program ensures the maintenance of a sustainable quality of raw milk to the industry.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute- Animal Sciences and Industry / Kelly J. K. Getty / The Food and Drug Administration’s Bacteriological Analytical Manual recommends two enumeration methods for Bacillus spp.: 1) standard plating method using mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin (MYP) agar and 2) most probable number (MPN) method with tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.1% polymyxin sulfate. Preliminary research evaluated three inoculum preparation methods using EZ-Spore™ B. cereus pellets. Two methods involved EZ-Spore™ B. cereus pellets that were dissolved in deionized (DI) water, grown in brain heart infusion broth with manganese sulfate, and then heated to produce spores. The third inoculum preparation method of dissolving EZ-Spore™ pellets only in DI water was the most efficient due to 100% spores being present in the inoculum. Preliminary research also determined that MPN method recovered greater (p<0.05) B. cereus populations than MYP method in inoculated ultra-high temperature pasteurized skim and 2% milk. The objective of the main study was to compare the MYP and MPN method for detection and enumeration of B. cereus in raw and high-temperature-short-time pasteurized skim, 2%, and whole milk at 4 °C for 96 h. Milk samples were inoculated with B. cereus EZ-Spores™ dissolved in DI water and sampled at 0, 48, and 96 h after inoculation. No differences (p>0.05) were observed among sampling times so data was pooled for overall mean values for each treatment. The overall B. cereus population mean of pooled sampling times for MPN method (2.59 log CFU/mL) was greater (p<0.05) than MYP plating method (1.89 log CFU/mL). B. cereus populations ranged from 3.40 log CFU/mL to 2.40 log CFU/mL for inoculated milk treatments for MYP and MPN methods, which is well below the necessary level for toxin production. Even though MPN method enumerated more B. cereus, the MYP method should be used by industry for enumeration of B. cereus due to its ease of use and rapid turnover time (2 d compared to 5 d with MPN). However, MPN method should be used for validation research due to its greater populations recovered. EZ-Spore™ B. cereus pellets were found to be an acceptable spore inoculum for validation research because the inoculum consists of 100% spores and does not contain vegetative cells.

The vast majority of earned agricultural dollars in Vermont come from the dairy industry, but with volatility in the market in recent years, including rising costs of feed and the fluctuating price of milk, state officials have begun to recommend diversification of farm activities to instill resiliency into the system. The research presented in this thesis explores two avenues for diversification, farm-to-consumer sales of raw milk and local beef production. The second chapter utilizes diffusion theory to understand the prevalence of raw milk consumption in Vermont, develop a profile of the raw milk consumer, document the motivations of raw milk consumers, and identify sources and channels of information for raw milk consumers. The results of a general population telephone survey indicate that 11.6% of those surveyed reported consuming raw milk and are on average educated, middle-aged, and middle-income earners in small households. Compared to US Census data, there are no demographic differences between raw milk consumers and the average Vermonter. Motivations for consumption include preference for raw milk's flavor, believed health benefits, and knowing or being a farmer. The primary sources of information are dairy farmers, friends, family, and co-workers. The primary channel through which information is obtained is person-to-person discussions. We conclude by discussing the implication of our findings on food protection trends and future research The third chapter investigates beef processing in the state and through the Agriculture of the Middle paradigm develops a firmographic profile of processors, identifies the frequency of use of a set of industry best practices and articulates the current opportunities and barriers to beef processing. The results of the firmographic profile show that most processors utilize both fee-for-service processing and buy-in processing and that each model is an equal percentage of revenue for business. Most processors indicated clearly demarcated busy and slow seasons with no change in the number of employees during these times and little change in operation capacity. Most processors are involved with some industry best practices and most had at least one anchor client to stabilize their operations. There are opportunities in marketing and opening up new markets but the seasonality, infrastructure and consistency of supply are and may remain a hindrance to this advancement. We conclude that there is little difference between models and that most farmers and processors are already in the stages of developing positive and equitable business relationships and that the future of beef production in Vermont is strong.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as possíveis correlações entre os índices de mastite e a qualidade microbiológica do leite cru, em 36 propriedades com atividade exploratória leiteira, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Examinou-se 4662 quartos mamários de 1180 animais em lactação para se verificar a presença de mastite pelos Testes de Caneca de Fundo Escuro e CMT, e coletou-se uma amostra de cada quarto mamário positivo em pelo menos um dos testes para exame microbiológico. Para se avaliar a qualidade microbiológica do leite cru, coletou-se uma amostra de cada propriedade e fez-se a Contagem de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios facultativos viáveis, Contagem de microrganismos psicrotróficos aeróbios facultativos viáveis, Contagem de microrganismos termófilos aeróbios facultativos viáveis, Contagem de Enterococcus spp., Contagem de Stapylococcus spp., Contagem de Streptococcus spp., Contagem de Corynebacterium spp., Contagem de bolores e leveduras, Número Mais Provável de coliformes totais e Número Mais Provável de coliformes fecais. Aplicou-se teste de Correlação de Pearson e Regressão Linear. Para comparação entre os índices de mastite, a melhor correlação foi entre o índice de resultados positivos ao teste CMT e os casos de mastite por causa infecciosa (r = 0,920 e R2 = 84,7%). Comparando-se o índice de mastite e a qualidade microbiológica do leite cru, o melhor resultado que apresentou correlação significativa foi entre o índice de casos de mastite por Staphylococcus spp. e a Contagem de microrganismos termófilos aeróbios facultativos viáveis (r = 0,522 e R2 = 27,3%). Pelo baixo número de análises que apresentaram resultado de Correlação significativa, notou-se que o índice mastite em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros não interfere na qualidade microbiológica do leite cru, nas condições estudadas neste experimento. / The purpose of this research was to investigate the possible correlations between the mastitis rate and raw milk microbiology quality, from 36 dairy farms, in São Paulo State, Brazil. It was investigated 4662 mammary quarters of 1180 lactant animals to examine mastitis cases using Tamis test and CMT. It was collected one sample of each positive mammary quarter in one test at least to microbiological analysis. To estimate the raw milk microbiological quality, it was colected one sample from each farm and realized one aerobic plate count of microorganisms mesophilic, aerobic plate count of microorganisms psychrotrophic, aerobic plate count of microorganisms termophilic, Enterococcus spp. plate count, Stahylococcus spp. plate count, Streptococcus spp. plate count, Corynebacterium spp. plate count, Yeast and Molds plate count, Most Probable Number of coliforms, Most Probable Number of fecal coliforms. It was used Pearson Correlation test and Linear Regression. In order to compare mastitis rates, the best correlation was between positives CMT test rate and the cases of mastitis caused by infections disease (r = 0,920 and R2 = 84,7%). Analysing the mastitis rate and the raw milk microbiological quality, the best result of correlation was between Staphylococcus mastitis rate and the aerobic plate count of microorganisms termophilic (r = 0,522 e R2 = 27,3%). Because of the low number of significant correlation, it was observed that the mastitis heard in dairy bovines herds do not interfere in raw milk microbiological quality, in the condition of this experiment.